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FIG. 3 in Fifty shades of white: morphological and molecular diversity of the Cadlina laevis species complex (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the North-West Pacific

FIG. 3. COI haplotype network of Cadlina laevis species complex produced with TCS method in PopART. Colours of circles refer to the geographic origin of each haplotype. The relative size of circles is proportional to the number of sequences of that same haplotype. РИС. 3. Сеть гаплотипов COI комплекса видов Cadlina laevis, полученнаЯ методом TCS в PopART. Цвета круЖков обоЗначают географическое происхоЖдение каЖдого гаплотипа. Относительный раЗмер круЖков пропорционален количеству последовательностей одного и того Же гаплотипа.

FIG. 4 in Fifty shades of white: morphological and molecular diversity of the Cadlina laevis species complex (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the North-West Pacific

FIG. 4. Photos of studied specimens from different localities, all measurements are indicated in preserved state. A. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47953, White Sea, 16 mm in length. B. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47970, Barents Sea, 13 mm in length. C. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47948, White Sea, 10 mm in length. D. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47965, White Sea, 9 mm in length. E. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47958, White Sea, 10 mm in length. F. Cadlina sp. 1, MIMB47971, Urup Is., Sea of Okhotsk, 22 mm in length. G. Cadlina sp. 2, MIMB42230, Iturup Is., Sea of Okhotsk, 18 mm in length. H. Cadlina sp. 3, MIMB47974, Sea of Japan, 10 mm in length. I. Cadlina sp. 3, MIMB47972, Sea of Japan, 15 mm in length. K. Cadlina sp. 5, MIMB47979, Iturup Is., Sea of Okhotsk, 11 mm in length. L. Cadlina sp. 7, MIMB47981, Sea of Japan, 25 mm in length. M. Cadlina sp. 6, MIMB47980, Shikotan Is., Sea of Okhotsk, 29 mm in length. N. Cadlina umiushi, MIMB48000, Sea of Japan, 17 mm in length. РИС. 4. Фотографии иЗученных ЭкЗемплЯров иЗ раЗных регионов, раЗмер тела укаЗан длЯ фиксированного состоЯниЯ. А. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47953, Белое море, длина 16 мм. B. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47970, Баренцево море, длина 13 мм. C. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47948, Белое море, длина 10 мм. D. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47965, Белое море, длина 9 мм. E. Cadlina laevis, MIMB47958, Белое море, длина 10 мм. F. Cadlina sp. 1, MIMB47971, о. Уруп, Охотское море, длина 22 мм. G. Cadlina sp. 2, MIMB42230, о. Итуруп, Охотское море, длина 18 мм. H. Cadlina sp. 3, MIMB47974, Японское море, длина 10 мм. I. Cadlina sp. 3, MIMB47972, Японское море, длина 15 мм. К. Cadlina sp. 5, MIMB47979, о. Итуруп, Охотское море, длина 11 мм. L. Cadlina sp. 7, MIMB47981, Японское море, длина 25 мм. М. Cadlina sp. 6, MIMB47980, о. Шикотан, Охотское море, длина 29 мм. N. Cadlina umiushi, MIMB48000, Японское море, длина 17 мм.

FIG. 2 in Fifty shades of white: morphological and molecular diversity of the Cadlina laevis species complex (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the North-West Pacific

FIG. 2. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the COI-based dataset, species-level clades and outgroups are collapsed to a single branch, except representatives of the Cadlina laevis species complex. Specimens studied in this work are highlighted in bold. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities from Bayesian inference, numbers bellow branches show bootstrap supports from Maximum likelihood analysis. Blocks on the right indicate species delimitation results, number refers to respective operational taxonomical unit. Respective photographs of studied specimens are given on the right. РИС. 2. Филогенетическое дерево, построенное методом максимального правдоподобиЯ, основанное на выравнивании по гену COI, клады и внешние группы на уровне вида сколлапсированы в одну ветвь, За исключением представителей видового комплекса Cadlina laevis. ОбраЗцы, иЗученные в данной работе, выделены Жирным шрифтом. Числа над ветвЯми обоЗначают апостериорные вероЯтности байесовского аналиЗа, числа под ветвЯми покаЗывают бутстрепподдерЖку аналиЗа максимального правдоподобиЯ. Блоки справа обоЗначают реЗультаты тестов на определение видовых границ, номер относитсЯ к соответствуюЩей оперативной таксономической единице. Справа приведены фотографии иЗученных ЭкЗемплЯров.

FIG. 1 in Fifty shades of white: morphological and molecular diversity of the Cadlina laevis species complex (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the North-West Pacific

FIG. 1. Map of the North-West Pacific and Russian Arctic representing collection sites and type localities of described species of the Cadlina laevis species complex. РИС. 1. Карта Северо-Западной части Тихого океана и Российской Арктики, с укаЗанием точек сбора и типовых местонахоЖдений описанных видов иЗ комплекса Cadlina laevis.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Estimating global transpiration from TROPOMI SIF with angular normalization and separation for sunlit and shaded leaves

All three types of SIF-driven T models integrate canopy conductance (gc) with the Penman-Monteith model, differing in how gc is derived: from a SIFobs driven semi-mechanistic equation, a SIFsunlit and SIFshaded driven semi-mechanistic equation, and a SIFsunlit and SIFshaded driven machine learning model.  The difference between a simplified SIF-gc equation and a SIF-gc equation is the treatment of some parameters and is shown in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2024.114586" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2024.114586</a>. In this dataset, the temporal resolution is 1 day, and the spatial resolution is 0.2 degree. BL: SIFobs driven semi-mechanistic model TL: SIFsunlit and SIFshaded driven semi-mechanistic model hybrid models: SIFsunlit and SIFshaded driven machine learning model.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Datasets for Background and Shading Correction of Optical Microscopy Images by BaSiC

This repository holds all the example data for publication: "A BaSiC tool for background and shading correction of optical microscopy images, Nature Communications (2017)" DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14836">https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14836</a>. A downsampled version is available at Zenodo repository with DOI: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6974039#.YvD8G3ZBxD8">10.5281/zenodo.6974039</a>.

opencc-by-4.0May 2017View details →

How does STICS crop model simulate crop growth and productivity under shade conditions ?

The STICS crop model has been used to predict the response of winter wheat to different shade conditions from an artificial shade treatment. Detailed information on the modeling procedure will be available in the following paper: “ How does STICS crop model simulate crop growth and productivity under shade conditions ” in Field Crops Research Journal. To launch a simulation with STICS, several input data files and parameters are required. The files used in this study are available below: The different inputs files required to launch a simulation: <ul> <li>The complete plant parameters file “Winter_wheat_adjusted_plt.txt”</li> <li>The weather data used “Weather_tot.txt”</li> </ul> The data are compiled at a daily time scale for each treatment: CS constant shade; PS periodic shade; NS no shade. In this data frame, “Temp_min” and “Temp_max” are the minimal and maximal air temperature in degree celcius; “Global_radiation” is the daily cumulated global radiation in MJ/m²; “Rainfall” is the daily cumulated rainfall in mm; “Wind” is the mean wind speed in m/s; and “Relative_humidity” is the mean air relative humidity in %. <ul> <li>The initial soil parameters “INI_2014-2015_ini.txt” and “INI_2015-2016_ini.txt” respectively for the growing season 2014-15 and 2015-16</li> <li>The general soil parameters for both growing season : “Soil_sols.txt”</li> <li>The technical itinerary “TEC_2015_tec.txt” and “TEC_2016_tec.txt” respectively for the growing season 2014-15 and 2015-16.</li> </ul>

Figure 6 in Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings

Figure 6. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in leaves (a) and o roots (b, c, d) ofCampomanesia xanthocarpa seedlings as a function of shading (0, 30 and 70%), continuous irrigation (CI) and intermittent (II) conditions, and experimental period (start - T0, 1st and 2nd photosynthesis zero – P0, 1st and 2nd Recovery - REC and END). Uppercase letters compare the same shading and irrigation conditions in different experimental periods.Lowercase letters compare the same irrigation condition and period in different shading.The asterisk compares irrigation conditions in the same shading and period (a). Uppercase letters compare the same condition shading in the different period (d). Lowercase letters compare different irrigation conditions in the different periods (b) and same shading (c) and same period in the different shading (d). The means of shading were compared by the Tukey test, the experimental periods by the Scott Knott test, and the irrigation conditions by the Bonferroni T test. In all cases, 5% probability was used.

Figure 5 in Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings

Figure 5. Peroxidase activity (POD) in leaves (a) and roots (b, c, d) of Campomanesia xanthocarpa seedlings as a function of shading (0, 30 and 70%), continuous irrigation (CI) and intermittent (II) conditions, and experimental period (Start - T0, 1st and 2nd Photosynthesis Zero – P0, 1st and 2nd Recovery - REC and END). Uppercase letters compare the same shading and irrigation conditions in different experimental periods. Lowercase letters compare the same irrigation condition and period in different shading. The asterisk compares irrigation conditions in the same shading and period (a). Upper case letters compare the same irrigation condition in different shading and the same shading in the different period (d). Lowercase letters compare different irrigation conditions in the different periods (b) and same shading (c) and same period in the different shading (d). The means of shading were compared by the Tukey test, the experimental periods by the Scott Knott test, and the irrigation conditions by the Bonferroni T test. In all cases, 5% probability was used.

Figure 1 in Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings

Figure 1. Water potential (Ψw) of Campomanesia xanthocarpa seedlings as a function of continuous irrigation (CI) and intermittent (II) conditions, shading (0, 30, and 70%) (a) and experimental period (Start: T0, 1st and 2nd Photosynthesis Zero: P0, 1st and 2nd Recovery: REC and END); (b). Uppercase letters compare the same irrigation condition in different shading. Lowercase letters compare the same shading in different irrigation conditions and shading (Figure 1a).

Figure 7 in Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings

Figure 7. Schematic representation of the effects of shading (0, 30, and 70%) on the reduction (%) of water potential (Ψw) in the1st and 2nd photosynthesis zero (P0) in relation to initial fluorescence (F0), basal quantum production of the non-photochemical processes of photosystem II (F0/Fm), potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), maximum efficiency of the photochemical process in photosystem II (Fv/F0), and peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the leaves of Campomanesia xanthocarpa.

Figure 3 in Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings

Figure 3. Maximum efficiency of the photochemical process in photosystem II – Fv/F0 (a, b) and basal quantum production of the non-photochemical processes of photosystem – F0/Fm (c) of Campomanesia xanthocarpa seedlings as a function of continuous irrigation (CI) and intermittent (II) conditions, shading (0, 30, and 70%) and experimental period (Start - T0, 1st and 2nd Photosynthesis Zero – P0, 1st and 2nd Recovery - REC and END). Uppercase letters compare the same irrigation condition in different shading (a) and different experimental periods (b). Lowercase letters compare different irrigation conditions in the same shading (a) and different experimental periods (b). Uppercase letters compare the same shading and irrigation conditions in different experimental periods. Lowercase letters compare the same irrigation condition and period in different shading. The asterisk compares irrigation conditions in the same shading and period (c). The means of shading were compared by the Tukey test, the experimental periods by the Scott Knott test, and the irrigation conditions by the Bonferroni T test. In all cases, 5% probability was used.

Figure 4 in Shading minimizes the effects of water deficit in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg seedlings

Figure 4. Dickson quality index (DQI) (a, b) and chlorophyll index (c) of Campomanesia xanthocarpa seedlings as a function of continuous irrigation (CI) and intermittent (II) conditions, shading (0, 30, and 70%) and experimental period (Start: T0, 1st and 2nd Photosynthesis Zero: P0, 1st and 2nd Recovery: REC and END). Uppercase letters compare the same irrigation condition in different shading. Lowercase letters compare different irrigation conditions in the same shading (a). The means of shading were compared with the Tukey test; experimental periods, Scott Knott test; and irrigation conditions, Bonferroni t-test. In all cases, 5% probability was used.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

dryad40/100

Data for: Altered Circadian Rhythm, Sleep, and Rhodopsin 7-Dependent Shade Preference During Diapause in Drosophila Melanogaster

To survive adverse environments, many animals enter a dormant state such as hibernation, dauer, or diapause. Various Drosophila species undergo adult reproductive diapause in response to cool temperatures and/or short day-length. While it is known that flies are less active during diapause, an in-depth understanding of diapause effects on circadian rhythms and sleep is lacking. Here we show that, in diapause-inducing conditions, Drosophila melanogaster exhibit altered circadian activity profiles, including a severely reduced morning activity peak and an advanced evening activity peak. Consequently, the flies have a single activity peak at a time similar to when non-diapausing flies have a siesta. Temperatures ≤15 °C, rather than short day-length, primarily drive the behavior. At cool temperatures, flies also rapidly enter a deep sleep state that lacks the sleep cycles of flies at higher temperatures and requires particularly high levels of stimulation for arousal. Furthermore, we show that at 18–25 °C, flies prefer to siesta in the shade, a preference that is virtually eliminated at 10 °C. Resting in the shade is driven by an aversion to blue light, sensed by rhodopsin 7 (Rh7) outside of the eyes. Flies at 10 ˚C show neuronal markers of elevated sleep pressure, including increased expression of Bruchpilot and elevated Ca2+ in the R5 ellipsoid body neurons. Therefore, sleep pressure might overcome blue light aversion. Thus at temperatures known to cause reproductive arrest, preserve germline stem cells, and extend lifespan, Drosophila melanogaster are prone to deep sleep and exhibit dramatically altered - yet rhythmic - daily activity patterns.

Figure 5 in Shade avoidance cues reduce Beto vulgoris growth

Figure 5. Effect of reflected light from grass and colored plastic mulch on leaf number of Beto vulgoris varieties in at 90 d after planting in 2014 field study, Laramie, WY. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the estimates.

Figure 6 in Shade avoidance cues reduce Beto vulgoris growth

Figure 6. Effect of reflected light from grass on sugar beet leaf number in 2015 greenhouse study, Laramie,WY.Regression equation and parameter estimates are provided in Table 2.

Figure 4 in Shade avoidance cues reduce Beto vulgoris growth

Figure 4. Effect of reflected light from bare soil, grass, and colored plastic mulch on leaf number of Beto vulgoris varieties in 2014 field study, Laramie, WY. Regression equation and parameter estimates are provided in Table 1.

Figure 3 in Shade avoidance cues reduce Beto vulgoris growth

Figure 3. Effect of reflected light from colored plastic mulch on leaf number of Beto vulgoris varieties in 2013 field study, Laramie, WY. Regression equation and parameter estimates are provided in Table 1.

Figure 2 in Shade avoidance cues reduce Beto vulgoris growth

Figure 2. Greenhouse experiment setup. Each tray was one replicate (with 8 pseudo-replicates) and 28 × 58 cm in size. Each sugar beet was surrounded on all sides by cones either containing potting mix (bare-soil treatment, left) or planted with Kentucky bluegrass (grass treatment, right). Planting into separate cones ensured there was no belowground interaction between sugar beet and grass.

Figure 1 in Shade avoidance cues reduce Beto vulgoris growth

Figure 1. Illustration of the grass treatment used in the field experiment showing the top view (left) and a cross-section (right); modeled after Green-Tracewicz et al. (2011). Beto vulgoris was planted into the center ring and was allowed to grow using the full depth (35 cm) of the 21-L pail. Grass roots were constrained to the top 7.5 cm and outer 9 cm of the pail, and were isolated from the B. vulgoris roots using plastic. Grass was clipped as needed to minimize any direct shading of the B. vulgoris plant in the center. For the soil treatment, the design was the same, except no grass was planted into the potting media in the outer ring. Drawing by Jessica Perry.