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83 results for “Siphonophorida”
Data from: A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)
With up to 750 legs, the millipede Illacme plenipes Cook and Loomis, 1928 is the leggiest animal known on Earth. It is endemic to the northwestern foothills of the Gabilan Range in San Benito County, California, where it is the only known species of the family Siphonorhinidae in the Western Hemisphere. Illacme plenipes is only known from 3 localities in a 4.5 km2 area; the 1926 holotype locality is uncertain. Individuals of the species are strictly associated with large arkose sandstone boulders, and are extremely rare, with only 18 specimens known to exist in natural history collections. In contrast with its small size and unassuming outward appearance, the microanatomy of the species is strikingly complex. Here we provide a detailed redescription of the species, natural history notes, DNA barcodes for I. plenipes and similar-looking species, and a predictive occurrence map of the species inferred using niche based distribution modeling. Based on functional morphology of related species, the extreme number of legs is hypothesized to be associated with a life spent burrowing deep underground, and clinging to the surface of sandstone boulders.
FIG. 1 in First records of the order Siphonophorida from Madagascar and Mauritius (Diplopoda)
FIG. 1 Siphonorhinus sp., MHNG Mad 89/21, two males, A = smaller male specimen, B-D = largest male specimen, multi-layer photograph and SEM. (A) Habitus, lateral view. (B) First and second legs, anterior view. (C) Head, lateral view. (D) Posterior gonopods and leg pair 10, anterior view. Abbreviations: L1 = leg 1; L2 = leg 2; L10 = leg 10; pG = posterior gonopod (= leg 9); St = sternite fused to stigmatic plate.
FIGURE 7 in Morphological revision of Siphonophora hui (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Siphonophoridae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
FIGURE 7. Adult female of Siphonophora hui Jiang et al., 2019 (NIGP175069), detailed structures under CLSM. A, Dorsal view of the head. B, Ventral view of head. C, Detail structures of 4th to 7th pairs of legs. D, Ventral view of left antenna. E, Detail structures of spiracle. F, Sclerite-like structure behind 2nd pair of coxae. Scale bars: 200 μm in A, B and D; 100 μm in C; 50 μm in others.
FIGURE 1 in Morphological revision of Siphonophora hui (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Siphonophoridae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
FIGURE 1. Adult male of Siphonophora hui Jiang et al., 2019 (NIGP175067). A, Dorsal view. B, Ventral view. C, Ventral view of head. D, Dorsal view of head. E, Ventral view of 8th to 13th pairs of legs. F, Dorsal view of 37th to 41th tergites. G, Ventral view of telson. E–G, Under green fluorescence. Scale bars: 2 mm in A and B; 0.5 mm in C, D, G; 0.2 mm in E and F.
FIGURE 5 in Morphological revision of Siphonophora hui (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Siphonophoridae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
FIGURE 5. Adult male of Siphonophora hui Jiang et al., 2019 (NIGP175068), detailed structures under CLSM. A, Ventral view of head. B, Detail structures of gnathochilarium. C, Gonopores on 2nd pair of coxae. D, Tarsus of 3rd pair of leg. E, Lateral-ventral view of gonopods. F, detail structures of anterior gonopod. Scale bars: 200 μm in B; 100 μm in A and E; 50 μm in others.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological revision of Siphonophora hui (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Siphonophoridae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
FIGURE 4. Adult male of Siphonophora hui Jiang et al., 2019 (NIGP175068). A, Ventral view. B, Ventral view of head. C, Dorsallateral view of 45th to 48th tergites by green fluorescence. Scale bars: 2 mm in A; 0.5 mm in B; 0.2 mm in C.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological revision of Siphonophora hui (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Siphonophoridae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
FIGURE 3. Adult male of Siphonophora hui Jiang et al., 2019 (NIGP175067), detailed structures under CLSM. A, Ventral view of antennomere V to VII (left). B, Dorsal view of antennomere V to VII (left). C, Detailed structures of ozopore. D, Ventral view of gonopods; detailed structures of 1st and 2nd pairs of legs. Scale bars: 500 μm in A and B; 50 μm in C and D.
FIGURE 2 in Morphological revision of Siphonophora hui (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Siphonophoridae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
FIGURE 2. Adult male of Siphonophora hui Jiang et al., 2019 (NIGP175067), detailed structures under CLSM. A, Dorsal view of head. B, Ventral view of head. C, Dorsal view of 2nd to 5th tergites. D, Detail structures of rostrum and gnathochilarium. E, Dorsal view of 38th to 41th tergites. F, Gonopores on 2nd pair of coxae. Scale bars: 50 μm in F; 200 μm in others.
FIGURE 4. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n in Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)
FIGURE 4. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ holotype (ZFMK MYR12534), SEM. A. Head and first segments, lateral view. B. Head, ventral view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Left antenna, lateral view. E. Left antenna, view on disc. F. Mouth opening, distal view. G. Gnathochilarium, ventral view. H. Distal part of gnathochilarium. Abbreviations: I–VII = antennomeres, ac = apical cones, cl = claw, ep = epicranium, fh = forehead, ge = genae, L1 = leg 1, La = labrum, LL = lamella lingualis, md = mandible?, Me = mentum, mz = metazonite, pa = palp-like structure, pl = pleurite, pz = prozonite, sb = sensilla basiconica, ssb = spiniform sensilla, st = sternite, St = gnathochilarial stipes, ta = tarsus, ti = tibia.
FIGURE 5. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n in Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)
FIGURE 5. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ holotype (ZFMK MYR12218), SEM. A. Mid-body segments, lateral view. B. Ozopore. C. Mid-body-rings, dorsal view. D. Mid-body-rings, ventral view. E. Mid-body leg, anterior view. Abbreviations: cl = claw, cs = coxal sac, cx = coxa, fe = femur, mz = metazonite, oz = ozopore, pl = pleurite, pof = postfemur, prf = prefemur, pz = prozonite, st = sternite, ta = tarsus, ti = tibia, tr = trochanter.
FIGURE 7. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n in Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)
FIGURE 7. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ holotype (ZFMK MYR12218), SEM. A. Anterior and posterior gonopods, lateral and mesal view. B. Anterior gonopods and tips of posterior gonopods, ventral view. C. Anterior and posterior gonopods, latero-ventral and meso-ventral view. D. Anterior gonopods, apical view. Abbreviations: a1–a7 = podomeres of the anterior gonopod, cl = claw, cx = coxa, f1 = pointed process of the posterior gonopods' apical podomere, f2 & f3 = paddle shaped processes of the posterior gonopods' apical podomere, p1–p7 = podomeres of the posterior gonopod, st = sternite.
FIGURE 3. Madagascarhinus madagascariensis n. gen., n in Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)
FIGURE 3. Madagascarhinus madagascariensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ paratype (ZFMK MYR12534), SEM. A. Legs 1 and 2, anterior view. B. Left leg 2 with male gonopore, posterior view. C. Left midbody leg, anterior view. D. Left anterior gonopod, ventral view. E. Left anterior gonopod, posterior-lateral view. F. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. G. Posterior gonopods, anterio-lateral view. Abbreviations: a1–a7 = podomeres of the anterior gonopod, cl = claw, cx = coxa, f1 = pointed process of the posterior gonopods' apical podomere, f2 & f3 = paddle shaped processes of the posterior gonopods' apical podomere, fe = femur, go = gonopore/pseudopenis, p1–p7 = podomeres of the posterior gonopod, pof = postfemur, prf = prefemur, st = sternite; ta = tarsus, ti = tibia.
FIGURE 2. Madagascarhinus madagascariensis n. gen., n in Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)
FIGURE 2. Madagascarhinus madagascariensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ paratype (ZFMK MYR12534), SEM. A. Head, lateral view. B. Head, ventral view. C. Gnathochilarium, distal part. D. Left antenna, distal view. E. Ozopore. F. Midbody ring. anterio-lateral view. G. Spiracle, ventral. H. Midbody ring, dorsal view. Abbreviations: I–VII = antennomeres, ac = apical cones, cl = claw, cx = coxa, ep = epicranium, fe = femur, fh = forehead, ge = genae, La = labrum, LL = lamella lingualis, Me = mentum, mz = metazonite, oz = ozopore, pa = palp-like structure, pl = pleurite, pof = postfemur, prf = prefemur, pz = prozonite, sb = sensilla basiconica, sp = spiracle on sternite, ssb = spiniform sensilla, st = sternite, St = gnathochilarial stipes, ta = tarsus, ti = tibia. Square highlights position of ozopore.
FIGURE 6. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n in Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)
FIGURE 6. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ holotype (ZFMK MYR12218), SEM. A. Posterior body end, lateral view. B. Posterior body end, posterior view. C. Posterior body end, ventral view. D. Posterior body end, dorsal view. Abbreviations: hp = hypoproct (subanal scale), oz = ozopore, pl = pleurite, pp = paraproct (anal valve); pr = preanal ring, t = tergite.
FIGURE 1. Madagascarhinus n. gen. habitus. A. Madagascarhinus madagascariensis n. gen., n in Madagascarhinus, a new genus of the family Siphonorhinidae with two new species from Madagascar (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida)
FIGURE 1. Madagascarhinus n. gen. habitus. A. Madagascarhinus madagascariensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ holotype (MHNG Mad-89/21), habitus, lateral view. B–D. Madagascarhinus andasibensis n. gen., n. sp., ♁ holotype (ZFMK MYR12218): B. Habitus, lateral view. C. Anterior body end, lateral view. D. Posterior body end, lateral view. Abbreviations: av = anal valves; Co = collum (tergite 1); Go = gonopods; L1 = leg 1; oz = ozopore; Pre = preanal ring; T63 = tergite 63. Not to scale.
Data from: A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)
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FIG. 2 in First records of the order Siphonophorida from Madagascar and Mauritius (Diplopoda)
FIG. 2 Distribution of Siphonophorida localities on Madagascar.
Figure 22-27 from: Marek P, Shear W, Bond J (2012) A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae). ZooKeys 241: 77-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831
Figure 22-27 - 22 Lateral view of fifth metatergite and prozonite (♂).Square, prozonite highly sculptured, with 5 rows of discoidal flat tubercles; anterior 3 rows staggered and posterior 2 rows aligned. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 23 Ventral view of mid-length sternites, pleurites and legs (♂).Left and right pleurites broadly overlapping sternite, covering spiracles. Scale bar 0.3 mm. 24 Ventral view of mid-length sternites and leg bases (♂). a Medial sternal ridge projecting ventrally, with spiracles and legs oriented ventrally b Eversible sacs membranous, bulging slightly from opening. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 25 Oblique (right) lateral view of sterna and spiracle (♂). Square, spiracles circular, orifice open; oriented dorsally above legs. Scale bar 0.05 mm. 26Ventral (right) view of legs, with posteroventral eversible sac opening (♂). Arrow, large posteroventral D-shaped opening for eversible sac. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 27 Oblique (right) lateral view of pregonopodal legs (♂).Arrow, pregonopodal tarsus with stout bifurcate claw. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Figure 16-21 from: Marek P, Shear W, Bond J (2012) A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae). ZooKeys 241: 77-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831
Figure 16-21 - 16 Ventral view of segments (♂). a Lateral tergal and pleural carinae jagged, pronounced on midbody segments b Pleurite medial margin broad, with scaly carina c Postgonopodal tarsus with thinner claw and without bifurcation, but with stout seta. Scale bar 0.4 mm. 17 Dorsal view of segments (♂). a Metazonite posterior margin (limbus) lined with posteriorly projecting anchor-shaped spikes and a row of conical spikes just dorsal to anchor-shaped spikes b 3 or 4 stout flat tubercles opposite ozopore near anterior margin, lunate arrangement encircling ozopore. Scale bar 0.4 mm. 18 Dorsal view of tergites (♂). Square, tergal setae tipped with silk-like exudate, tangled, appearing adhered to neighboring setae. Scale bar 0.05 mm. 19 Dorsal view of left ozopore (♂).Square, ozopores elevated slightly, with 2 stout posteriorly projecting spines and encircled by 13 – 15 robust setae. Scale bar 0.05 mm. 20 Right lateral view of posterior segments and telson (♂). Arrow, tergites, pleurites and sternites separated by arthrodial membrane. Scale bar 0.4 mm. 21 Oblique (right) ventrolateral view of 2 apodous segments, telson, hypoproct and paraprocts (♂).Apodous segments lacking sterna, pleurites contiguous in midline. Apodous tergites densely setose, covered with unevenly distributed spikes. Scale bar 0.2 mm.
Figures 10-15 from: Marek P, Shear W, Bond J (2012) A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae). ZooKeys 241: 77-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831
Figures 10-15 - 10 Ventral in situ view of gonopods (♂). Arrow, anterior gonopod thick, more robust than posterior gonopod. Scale bar 0.1 mm 11 Medial view of right gonopods (♂). Arrow, Anterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6) shovel-shaped; in repose cupped sheath-like around flagelliform posterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6). Scale bar 0.05 mm. 12 Oblique (right) view of right posterior gonopodal apex (♂). 2 dorsal-most, longest articles laminate distally and recurved laterally, with denticulate posterior margins appearing claw-like. Scale bar 0.02 mm. 13 Antennomere 7 apex (♂). a Four apical cones (AS) oriented in a trapezoidal cluster on 7th antennomere, with longitudinally grooved outer surface and apical circular invagination b Spiniform basiconic sensilla (Bs3) in cluster of 5, oriented apical dorsally on 7th antennomere; tips facing apical cones (on longitudinal axis with Bs2 on antennomeres 5, 6); each sensillum with 2 barbules. Scale bar 0.02 mm.14 Lateral (right) view of right antenna (♂). a Chaetiform sensilla (CS) widely spaced on antennomeres 1-7, each sensillum with 2 or 3 barbules b Trichoid sensilla (TS) oriented apically encircling antennomeres 1–7, lacking barbules. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 15 Lateral (right) view of head, collum and segments 2, 3 (♂).Arrow, collum with carina present on anterolateral margin, appearing scaly. Carina repeated serially on lateral tergal and pleural margins (absent from telson). Scale bar 0.1 mm.
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