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694 results for “Size effect”
Data for empirical example in: An effect size for comparing the strength of morphological integration across studies
<p>Understanding how and why phenotypic traits covary is a major interest in evolutionary biology. Biologists have long sought to characterize the extent of morphological integration in organisms, but comparing levels of integration for a set of traits across taxa has been hampered by the lack of a reliable summary measure and testing procedure. Here we propose a standardized effect size for this purpose, calculated from the relative eigenvalue variance, Vrel. First we evaluate several eigenvalue dispersion indices under various conditions, and show that only Vrel remains stable across samples size and the number of variables. We then demonstrate that Vrel accurately characterizes input patterns of covariation, so long as redundant dimensions are excluded from the calculations. However, we also show that the variance of the sampling distribution of Vrel depends on input levels of trait covariation, making Vrel unsuitable for direct comparisons. As a solution, we propose transforming Vrel to a standardized effect size (Z-score) for representing the magnitude of integration for a set of traits. We also propose a two-sample test for comparing the strength of integration between taxa, and show that this test displays appropriate statistical properties. We provide software for implementing the procedure, and an empirical example illustrates its use.</p>
A quantitative interphase model for polymer nanocomposites: Verification, validation, and consequences regarding size effects: dataset
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong><br> (from [1])</p> <blockquote> <p>The enhanced mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites with spherical filler particles is attributed to the formation of matrix-filler interphases. The nano-scale leads to particularly high interphase volume fractions while rendering experimental investigations extremely difficult. Previously, we introduced a molecular dynamics-based interphase model capturing the crucial spatial profiles of elastic and inelastic properties inside the interphase. This contribution demonstrates that our model captures polymer nanocomposites’ essential characteristics reported from experiments. To this end, we thoroughly verify and validate the model before discussing the resulting local plastic strain distribution. Furthermore, we obtain a reinforcement in terms of the overall stiffness for smaller particles and higher filler contents, while the influence of particle spacing seems negligible, matching experimental observations in the literature. This paper proposes a methodology to unravel the underlying complex mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites and to translate the findings into engineering quantities accessible to a broader audience and technical applications.</p> </blockquote> <p><br> <br> <strong>Contact:</strong><br> Maximilian Ries<br> Institute of Applied Mechanics<br> Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg<br> Egerlandstr. 5<br> 91058 Erlangen</p> <p><strong>Software:</strong><br> Abaqus version R2018</p> <p><strong>License:</strong><br> Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International<br> <br> <strong>Context:</strong><br> Data set supplementing journal paper:<br> [1] Ries, M.; Weber, F.; Possart, G.; Steinmann, P. & Pfaller, S., “A quantitative interphase model for polymer nanocomposites: Verification, validation, and consequences regarding size effects”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2022, 107094.<br> This dataset contains the results presented in [1] and the necessary data to obtain those.</p> <p><br> <strong>Content:</strong></p> <p>simulation folder denotation (“-” used instead of decimal points):<br> distance_particles _ radius_particle _ thickness_ip _ num_ip _ length_box _ factor_el_length _ fraction_box_length _ switch_mat_ip</p> <p>with</p> <ul> <li> distance_particles: center distance of the nanoparticles in nm</li> <li> radius_particle: radius of the nanoparticles in nm</li> <li> thickness_ip: thickness of the interphase layers in nm</li> <li> num_ip: number of interphase layers</li> <li> length_box: box edge length in nm</li> <li> factor_el_length: factor scaling the element length on the arcs of the interphase layers (element length = factor_el_length * thickness_ip)</li> <li> fraction_box_length: matrix element length = length_box / fraction_box_length</li> <li> switch_mat_ip: if = 0: interphases are assigned their actual material properties, if = 1: interphases are assigned the material properties of the bulk</li> </ul> <p> <br> <br> each simulation folder contains the following file types:</p> <ul> <li> .cae: Abaqus model database, containing parts, meshes, loads, etc.</li> <li> .dat: Printed output from the analysis input file processor, as well as printed output of selected results written during the analysis</li> <li> .inp: Analysis input file</li> <li> .log: Log file, which contains start and end times for modules run by the current execution procedure</li> <li> .msg: Diagnostic or informative messages about the progress of the solution</li> <li> .odb: Output database containing all results data from an Abaqus analysis</li> <li> .sta: Status file with increment summaries</li> </ul> <p><strong>folder structure:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Standard_case:<br> simulation folders of the standard close (particle center distance: 5.1776 nm) and distant (particle center distance: 7.9481 nm) cases (particle radius: 2 nm, filler content 0.054 vol.%, number of interphase layers: 4, factor_el_length: 1.0) and further particle center distances</li> <li>Layers:<br> simulation folders with different numbers of interphase layers, i.e., different values for num_ip, based on the standard close and distant cases <ul> <li>Close_case</li> <li>Distant_case</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mesh:<br> simulation folders with different mesh qualities, i.e., different values for factor_el_length, based on the standard close and distant cases <ul> <li>Close_case</li> <li>Distant_case</li> </ul> </li> <li>Particle_size:<br> simulation folders with different particle sizes <ul> <li>2_nm: simulation folders with particle surface distance 2 nm <ul> <li>vol_ratio_0-00054: simulation folders with filler content 0.054 vol.%</li> <li>vol_ratio_0-0075: simulation folders with filler content 0.75 vol.%</li> </ul> </li> <li>4_nm: simulation folders with particle surface distance 4 nm <ul> <li>vol_ratio_0-00054: simulation folders with filler content 0.054 vol.%</li> <li>vol_ratio_0-0075: simulation folders with filler content 0.75 vol.%</li> </ul> </li> <li>8_nm: simulation folders with particle surface distance 8 nm <ul> <li>vol_ratio_0-00054: simulation folders with filler content 0.054 vol.%</li> <li>vol_ratio_0-0075: simulation folders with filler content 0.75 vol.%</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Dataset of pollinator functional traits and interaction networks in neotropical mangroves: effects of patch size and surrounding land use
<p>This is the dataset of the manuscript entitled "Pollinator functional traits and interaction networks in neotropical mangroves: effects of patch size and surrounding land use", which was submitted for publication. The dataset include the functional traits of 162 insect pollinator species and 315 interactions with the mangrove species <em>Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus, Laguncularia racemosa,</em> and <em>Rhizophora</em> <em>mangle</em>. The manuscript evaluates the effects of mangrove patch size and surrounding land use on pollinator functional diversity and plant-pollinator interactions in seven mangrove patches from the Colombian Caribbean region. Data variables are pollinator order, family, species, functional traits (pollinator guilds, body size, feeding preference, sociality, and nesting site) and frequency, interacting mangrove species, mangrove patch name, coordinates and size (ha), surrounding land use areas (urban areas, croplands, conserved dry forest, degraded vegetation areas, beach and water) and landscape diversity (Shannon H').</p>
Large effect loci mediate rapid adaptation of salmon body size after river regulation
<p>Understanding the potential of natural populations to adapt to altered environments is becoming increasingly relevant in evolutionary research. Currently, our understanding of adaptation to human alteration of the environment is hampered by lack of knowledge on the genetic basis of traits, lack of time series, and little or no information on changes in optimal trait values. Here we used time series data spanning nearly a century to investigate how body mass of Atlantic salmon (<em>Salmo salar</em>) adapts to river regulation. We found that the change in body mass followed the change in waterflow, both decreasing to ~1/3 of their original values. Allele frequency changes at two loci in the regions of <em>vgll3</em> and <em>six6 </em>predicted more than 80% of the observed body mass reduction. Modelling the adaptive dynamics revealed that the population mean lagged behind its optimum before catching up ~6 salmon generations after the initial waterflow reduction. Our results demonstrate rapid adaptation mediated by large effect loci and provide insight into the temporal dynamics of evolutionary rescue following human disturbance.</p>
No evidence for the consistent effect of supplementary feeding on home range size in terrestrial mammals
<p>Food availability and distribution are key drivers of animal space use. Supplemental food provided by humans can be more abundant and predictable than natural resources. It is thus believed that supplementary feeding modifies the spatial behaviour of wildlife. Yet, such effects have not been tested quantitatively across species. Here, we analysed changes in home range size due to supplementary feeding in 23 species of terrestrial mammals using a meta-analysis of 28 studies. Additionally, we investigated the moderating effect of factors related to i) species biology (sex, body mass, taxonomic group), ii) feeding regimen (duration, amount, purpose), and iii) methods of data collection and analysis (source of data, estimator, spatial confinement). We found no consistent effect of supplementary feeding on changes in home range size. While an overall tendency of reduced home range was observed, moderators varied in the direction and strength of the trends. Our results suggest that multiple drivers and complex mechanisms of home range behaviour can make it insensitive to manipulation with supplementary feeding. The small number of available studies stands in contrast with the ubiquity and magnitude of supplementary feeding worldwide, highlighting a knowledge gap in our understanding of the effects of supplementary feeding on ranging behaviour.</p>
Global contemporary effective population sizes across taxonomic groups
<p>Effective population size (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>) is a particularly useful metric for conservation as it affects genetic drift, inbreeding and adaptive potential within populations. Current guidelines recommend a minimum <em>N<sub>e</sub> </em>of 50 and 500 to avoid short-term inbreeding and to preserve long-term adaptive potential, respectively. However, the extent to which wild populations reach these thresholds globally has not been investigated, nor has the relationship between <em>N<sub>e</sub></em><sub> </sub>and human activities. Through a quantitative review, we generated a dataset with 4610 georeferenced <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> estimates from 3829 unique populations, extracted from 723 articles. These data show that certain taxonomic groups are less likely to meet 50/500 thresholds and are disproportionately impacted by human activities; plant, mammal, and amphibian populations had a <54% probability of reaching = 50 and a <9% probability of reaching = 500. Populations listed as being of conservation concern according to the IUCN Red List had a smaller median than unlisted populations, and this was consistent across all taxonomic groups. was reduced in areas with a greater Global Human Footprint, especially for amphibians, birds, and mammals, however relationships varied between taxa. We also highlight several considerations for future works, including the role that gene flow and subpopulation structure plays in the estimation of in wild populations, and the need for finer-scale taxonomic analyses. Our findings provide guidance for more specific thresholds based on <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> and help prioritize assessment of populations from taxa most at risk of failing to meet conservation thresholds.</p>
Influence of statistical size effects on the plastic deformation of coronary stents: Supporting data
<p>Data including UMATs and Abaqus input files related to the paper 'Influence of statistical size effects on the plastic deformation of coronary stents' <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.12.008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.12.008</span></a></p>
Data from: Effects of age, breeding strategy, population density, and number of neighbors on territory size and shape in Savannah Sparrows
<p>The size and shape of an animal's breeding territory are dynamic features influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors and can have important implications for survival and reproduction. Quantitative studies of variation in these territory features can generate deeper insights into animal ecology and behavior. We explored the effect of age, breeding strategy, population density, and number of neighbors on the size and shape of breeding territories in an island population of Savannah Sparrows (<em>Passerculus sandwichensis</em>). Our dataset consisted of 407 breeding territories belonging to 225 males sampled over 11 years. We compared territory sizes to the age of the male territorial holder, the male's reproductive strategy (monogamy vs. polygyny), the number of birds in the study population (population density), and the number of immediate territorial neighbors (local density). We found substantial variation in territory size, with territories ranging over two orders of magnitude from 57 to 5727 m2 (0.0057 to 0.57 ha). Older males had larger territories, polygynous males had larger territories, territories were smaller in years with higher population density, and larger territories were associated with more immediate territorial neighbors. We also found substantial variation in territory shape, from near-circular to irregularly-shaped territories. Males with more neighbors had irregularly shaped territories, but the shape did not vary with male age, breeding strategy, or population density. For males that lived two years or longer, we found strong consistent individual differences in territory size across years, but weaker individual differences in territory shape, suggesting that size has high repeatability whereas shape has low repeatability. Our work provides evidence that songbird territories are highly dynamic and that their size and shape reflect both intrinsic factors (age and number of breeding partners) and extrinsic factors (population density and number of territorial neighbors).</p>
Train and Evaluation Code, Road Classification Models and Test set of the paper "Insights into the Effects of Image Overlap and Image Size on Semantic Segmentation Models Trained for Road Surface Area Extraction from Aerial Orthophotography"
<p>This repository contains the Python scripts built for training and evaluation of the implementation, together with the test data and the resulting road segmentation models corresponding to the paper "Insights into the Effects of Image Overlap and Image Size on Semantic Segmentation Models Trained for Road Surface Area Extraction from Aerial Orthophotography". The scripts make use of the Tensorflow with Keras framework and their additional required dependencies.</p> <p>The training and validation set is based on the binary SROADEX dataset (<a href="../records/6482346">https://zenodo.org/records/6482346</a>) that was re-split into tiles that feature the image resolutions (256 x 256, 512 x 512, and 1024 x 1024 pixels) and image overlaps (0% and 12.5%) considered in this study. The data have been generated using scripts developed in Python using Open Source libraries (GDAL/OGR and MapScript) for rasterization of vector cartography that represents the axes of the different types of roads (urban, interurban and rural). This binary road data contains information from 16 full orthoimages (28.5 km * 18.5 km) with spatial resolution of 0.5 m/pixel from the insular and peninsular Spanish territory. Due to the size on disk of approximately 492 gigabytes, this training and validation data is only available upon request from the corresponding author. The test set has been generated from a novel area from Palencia (Spain) and features 18 million pixels labelled with the positive "Road" class. The test sets are provided in the repository for each resolution (with no overlap), so that additional DL models can be evaluated on the same data and compared with the results achieved in this study.</p> <p>The structure of the information shared in this repository is as follows:<br>The scripts have been grouped by tile resolution (256, 512 and 1024). First, the test set and the evaluation script can be found. For each tile resolution, there are two subfolders (corresponding to the "no overlap" and "12.5% overlap"). In each case, the Python scripts for training the models in the three repetitions are shared, and the trained models (H5 format) are shared in compressed form. Finally, for each resolution we also share the testing dataset which consists of two folders.</p> <p>The material is distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.</p>
Data from: Evaluating Window Size Effects on Univariate Time Series Forecasting with Machine Learning
<p>In the realm of time series prediction modeling, the window size (w) is a critical hyperparameter that determines the number of time units included in each example provided to a learning model. This hyperparameter is crucial because it allows the learning model to recognize both long-term and short-term trends, as well as seasonal patterns, while reducing sensitivity to random noise. This study aims to elucidate the impact of window size on the performance of machine learning algorithms in univariate time series forecasting tasks. To achieve this, we employed 40 time series from two different domains, conducting experiments with varying window sizes using four types of machine learning algorithms: Bagging, Boosting, Stacking, and a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture. The results reveal that increasing the window size generally enhances the evaluation metric values up to a stabilization point, beyond which further increases do not significantly improve predictive accuracy. This stabilization effect was observed in both domains when w values exceeded 100 time steps. Moreover, the study found that RNN architectures do not consistently outperform ensemble models in various univariate time series forecasting scenarios.</p>
Name Size Figure 4.2. Ratio of male to female participants-The Effects of CALL on Vocabulary Learning: A Case of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners
<p>In the past, vocabulary teaching and learning were often given little priority in second<br> language programs but recently there has been a renewed interest in the nature of vocabulary and its<br> role in learning and teaching. Although most teachers might be aware of the importance of<br> technology, say, computer, rarely teachers use it for teaching vocabulary. Thus, the current study<br> aims at exploring the effects of CALL on vocabulary learning of Iranian EFL Learners. In this<br> study, 40 intermediate EFL learners, both male and female aged from 16 to 18 studying New<br> Interchange, book III, were chosen randomly from a language institute in Tehran. They were divided<br> into two twenty-member groups. The experimental group was given the VTS.S (a computer<br> program for teaching vocabularies), a computerized dictionary and provided with teacher efeedback.<br> The control group received no special software and vocabularies were taught using the<br> conventional ways with the help of a paper dictionary.</p>
Data from the publication "The effect of moth trap type on size and composition in British Lepidoptera"
<p>Data from a study looking at differences in efficiency between three kinds of Robinson type light traps for catching moths. These data are the following: 1. Counts of moths of different families from three different trap types across six trapping nights. 2. Species level counts for the subset of the above defined as macromoths. 3. 300-850nm electromagnetic spectra of all three traps made using a UV/visible spectrometer. 4. Weather data for the trapping period provided by the staff of Juniper Hall field centre.</p>
Figure 3. The effective population size through recent time for 3 in Comparative analyses of past population dynamics between two subterranean zokor species and the response to climate changes
Figure 3. The effective population size through recent time for 3 clades of Gansu zokor (Eospalax cansus).
Figure 6 in Maxent modeling for predicting potential distribution of goitered gazelle in central Iran the effect of extent and grain size on performance of the model
Figure 6. Total cross-validation AUC (CV-AUC) and spatial congruence AUC (SC- AUC) for a range of grain sizes.
Figure 4 in Maxent modeling for predicting potential distribution of goitered gazelle in central Iran the effect of extent and grain size on performance of the model
Figure 4. Divergence between the uncorrelated and pruned models estimated through Parolo divergence index at 250-m resolution. As is shown, there was little divergence (0– 0.2) between models in most of the study area.
Figure 1 in Maxent modeling for predicting potential distribution of goitered gazelle in central Iran the effect of extent and grain size on performance of the model
Figure 1. The location of the study area on a map of western Asia (right). Inset shows DEM of study area with polygons indicating the protected areas where populations of goitered gazelle occur.
Figure 5 in Maxent modeling for predicting potential distribution of goitered gazelle in central Iran the effect of extent and grain size on performance of the model
Figure 5. The change in performance index (AUC, left) and habitat suitability area (right) of the output model with increasing extent size (open circles) and grain size (filled circles) from 250 to 3000 m.
Figure 3 in Maxent modeling for predicting potential distribution of goitered gazelle in central Iran the effect of extent and grain size on performance of the model
Figure 3. Goitered gazelle distribution maps based on the uncorrelated model (left) and the pruned model (right) for the 250-m grid size.
Figure 2 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 2 Boxplots of the percentage of herbivory between patches ofC. procera of different sizes (number of individuals) in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. Each circle represents the average percentage of herbivory of the branches of each individual sampled. The horizontal thick grey band represents the median value, the boxplot margins indicate first and third quartiles, the whiskers represent the maximum/minimum value within one and a half times the interquartile range.
Figure 1 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 1 (A) Adult individual of Calotropis procera in a pasture area in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil; (B) early and (C) late instars of Danaus erippus.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.