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119 results for “Southeastern Pacific”
FIG. 2 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific
FIG. 2. Tonicia calbucensis, southern ecotype, South Chile, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 m, BL 20.5 mm, 04.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve V, dorsal view. C. Valve VIII, dorsal view. D. Valve VII, detail of tegmentum in central area. E. Valve VII, rostral view. F. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 2. Tonicia calbucensis, южный Экотип, южное Чили, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 м, BL 20,5 мм, 04.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток V, вид сверху. C. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. D. Щиток VII, деталь тегментума в центральном поле. E. Щиток VII, вид спереди. F. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.
FIG. 8 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific
FIG. 8. Tonicia calbucensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Las Cruces, intertidal, BL 16.9 mm, 18.11.2008, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve VI, dorsal view. C. Valve VIII, dorsal view. D. Valve VI, jugal area. E. Valve VI, rostral view. F. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 8. Tonicia calbucensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Лас Крусес, литораль, BL 16,9 мм, 18.11.2008, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток VI, вид сверху. C. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. D. Щиток VI,.югальное поле. E. Щиток VI, вид спереди. F. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.
FIG. 1 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific
FIG. 1. Photos of live specimens of Tonicia calbucensis. A. Northern ecotype, Coquimbo (~29°S). B. Northern ecotype, Talcahuano (~36°S). C. Southern ecotype, Huinay (~41°S). D. Southern ecotype Valdivia (~39°S). РИС. 1. Фотографии живых ЭкЗемплЯров Tonicia calbucensis. A. Северный Экотип, Коквимбо (~29°S). B. Северный Экотип, Талькахуано, (~36°S). C. Южный Экотип, Уйнай (~41°S). D. Южный Экотип, ВальдивиЯ (~39°S).
FIG. 3 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific
FIG. 3. Tonicia calbucensis, southern ecotype, South Chile, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 m, BL 20.5 mm, 04.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve VII, jugal area. B, D. Dorsal spicules. C. Dorsal, marginal and ventral spicules. РИС. 3. Tonicia calbucensis, южный Экотип, южное Чили, 42°22'S, 72°25'W, 5–20 м, BL 20,5 мм, 04.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A. Щиток VII, югальное поле. B, D. Дорсальные спикулы. C. Дорсальные, маргинальные и вентральные спикулы.
FIG. 15 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific
FIG. 15. Tonicia chilensis, southern ecotype, Chile, Magellan Strait, 53°37'S, 70°56'W, 0.5–3.0 m, BL 18.5 mm, 18.05.2000, leg. B. Sirenko. A. Valve I, dorsal view. B. Valve II, dorsal view. C. Valve V, dorsal view. D. Valve VIII, dorsal view. E. Valve V, jugal and pleural areas. F. Valve V, rostral view. G. Valve VIII, lateral view. РИС. 15. Tonicia chilensis, южный Экотип, Чили, пролив Магеллана, 53°37'S, 70°56'W, 0.5–3.0 m, BL 18.5 mm, 18.05.2000, собрал. B. Sirenko. A. Головной Щиток вид сверху. B. Щиток II, вид сверху. C. Щиток V, вид сверху. D. Щиток VIII, вид сверху. E. Щиток V, югальное и плевральное полЯ. F. Щиток V, вид спереди. G. Щиток VIII, вид сбоку.
FIG. 17 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific
FIG. 17. Shape differences in Tonicia ecotypes, resulting from combined principal components analysis. The two species studied are shown in different colors. A. Tonicia calbucensis. B. Tonicia chilensis. РИС. 17. РаЗличиЯ в форме Экотипов Tonicia, полученные в реЗультате комбинированного аналиЗа основных компонентов. Два иЗученных вида покаЗаны раЗными цветами. A. Tonicia calbucensis. B. Tonicia chilensis.
FIG. 14 in Comparative morphology of Tonicia (Polyplacophora) geographical ecotypes from Southeastern Pacific
FIG. 14. Tonicia chilensis, northern ecotype, Chile, Calfuco, intertidal, BL 20.6 mm, 16.01.2005, leg. B. Sirenko. A, B. Radula. РИС. 14. Tonicia chilensis, северный Экотип, Чили, Калфуко, литораль BL 20,6 мм, 16.01.2005, собрал B. Sirenko. A, B. Радула.
Fig. 7 in First Records and Community Pattern of Arcellinida Inhabiting a Pristine and Remote Island from Southeastern Pacific, Chile
Fig. 7. Bubble plots of the two most conspicuous species making up the observed similarity within each community. For community A: A – Cyclopyxis arcelloides; B – Difflugia oblonga curvicollis; and for community B: C – Argynnia dentistoma; D – Apodera vas. Bubble plots are superimposed from the nMDS showed in Fig. 5. Bubble size approximates relative proportion of a given species in each sampling sites (gray circles with numbers) and each community type (outlined circles).
Fig. 8 in First Records and Community Pattern of Arcellinida Inhabiting a Pristine and Remote Island from Southeastern Pacific, Chile
Fig. 8. Bubble plots of the two most conspicuous species making up the observed dissimilarity between both communities: A – Certesella martiali and B – Difflugia globularis. Bubble plots are superimposed from the nMDS showed in Fig. 5. Bubble size approximates relative proportion of a given morphospecies in each sampling sites (gray circles with numbers) and each community type (outlined circles).
Fig. 3 in First Records and Community Pattern of Arcellinida Inhabiting a Pristine and Remote Island from Southeastern Pacific, Chile
Fig. 3. Species observed on the Guamblin Island. 1 – Centropyxis aculeata aculeata; 2 – C. aculeata oblonga; 3 – C. aerophila; 4 – C. discoides; 5 – C. elongata; 6 – C. constricta; 7a, b – Cyclopyxis arcelloides; 8a, b – C. eurystoma; 9a, b – C. intermedia; 10a, b – C. kahli; 11a, b – Plagiopyxis glyphostoma major; 12 – Difflugia lanceolata; 13 – D. cylindrus; 14 – D. mitriformis; 15 – D. globularis; 16 – Pontigulasia compressa c.f.; 17 – D. lata; 18 – D. oblonga curvicollis c.f.; 19 – D. bryophila; 20 – Apodera vas; 21 – Certesella certesi; 22 – Heleopera sphagni; 23 – H. petricola; 24 – Argynnia dentistoma; 25 – A. vitrea; 26 – Nebela barbata psilonata; 27 – N. penardiana; 28 – N. collaris; 29 – Padaungiella (Nebela) lageniformis. The background of SEM images were retouched in some cases to highlight the organisms, however, the microorganisms per se were not manipulated in any way.
Fig. 5 in First Records and Community Pattern of Arcellinida Inhabiting a Pristine and Remote Island from Southeastern Pacific, Chile
Fig. 5. Bracketed samples encompass groupings (i.e. communities) that are dissimilar from other sampling sites at 43.69% (p = 0.001). A – Community A, includes those sampling sites located outside the forest (treeless-group); and B – Community B, includes those sampling sites located within the forest and at the forest margins (forested-group). Groupings are according to the group average method on Bray– Curtis similarity index and fourth root transformed abundance-data. Black solid lines correspond to significant clusters and dotted lines correspond to clusters without significant internal structure (based on SIMPER analysis using 1,000 permutations).
Fig. 6 in First Records and Community Pattern of Arcellinida Inhabiting a Pristine and Remote Island from Southeastern Pacific, Chile
Fig. 6. Non-metric multidimensional scaling plot (nMDS) and Kruskal stress value for the nMDS configuration based on the abundance data of testate amoebae species found along the surveyed sampling sites on the Guamblin Island. Outlined circles represent groupings (i.e. communities) that are dissimilar from other sampling sites at 43.69% (based on SIMPER analysis using 1,000 permutations, p = 0.001). Groupings are according to the group average method on Bray–Curtis similarity index and fourth root transformed abundance-data.
Fig. 1 in Molecular identification and epidemiological data of Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) larvae from Southeastern Pacific Ocean off Peru
Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Anisakis type I and II.1a and 2a. Cephalic end. Detail of the structures: oral cavity (oc), tooth (t), excretory pore (ep), subventral lip bulge (s). 1b. caudal end of Anisakis pegreffii. 2b. caudal end of Anisakis physeteris. Detail of the structures: anal pore (ap), mucron (m).
Fig. 2 in Molecular identification and epidemiological data of Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) larvae from Southeastern Pacific Ocean off Peru
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA cox2 gene sequences exploring the relationships among Anisakis species. The relationship was drawn using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Posterior probability value (first) and nodal support is shown as bootstrap value (second) on the basis of 10 million generations for BI and 1000 replicates (only bootstrap values greater than 80% are shown) for ML, respectively. Scale bar indicate nucleotide substitutions per site. GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses. Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum was used as an outgroup.
Figure 1 in Robaloscion, a new genus for Sciaena wieneri Sauvage, 1883 (Teleostei, Sciaenidae) from the southeastern Pacific, with clarification of the taxonomic status of Sciaena starksi Evermann & Radcliffe, 1917
Figure 1. - Drawings of Robaloscion wieneri right sagittae. A, B: Schematic drawing of right sagitta, with measurements used for proportional ratios (see text for abbreviations, modified from Schwarzhans (1993). C: Medial view of # 5153. D-G: Medial, anterior, ventral, and posterior views of # 5057. H, I: Medial and ventral views of # 5166. J: Medial view of # 5030. Drawings by W. Schwarzhans.
Figure 3 in Robaloscion, a new genus for Sciaena wieneri Sauvage, 1883 (Teleostei, Sciaenidae) from the southeastern Pacific, with clarification of the taxonomic status of Sciaena starksi Evermann & Radcliffe, 1917
Figure 3. - Fresh specimen of Robaloscion wieneri, MNHN 2001-1365, 308 mm SL. Photograph by P. Béarez.
Figure 2. - Holotypes. A in Robaloscion, a new genus for Sciaena wieneri Sauvage, 1883 (Teleostei, Sciaenidae) from the southeastern Pacific, with clarification of the taxonomic status of Sciaena starksi Evermann & Radcliffe, 1917
Figure 2. - Holotypes. A: Sciaena wieneri Sauvage, 1883, MNHN A-4852, 456 mm SL. B: Sciaena starksi Evermann & Radcliffe, 1917, USNM 53464, 382 mm SL.
Pinpointing genetic breaks in the southeastern Pacific: phylogeography and genetic structure of Pyura chilensis, a commercially important tunicate
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Accurate characterization of evolutionary units (species or populations) underlies all ecological and evolutionary studies and is crucial to conservation planning. Seascapes have long been thought to be highly permeable to gene flow, yet over the last decade building evidence has shown that barriers to gene flow in marine environments are much more common than previously thought. Here, we precisely characterize barriers to gene flow in the tunicate Pyura chilensis across 26° of latitude in the southeastern Pacific, assess the magnitude of said barriers, and explore their congruence with current biogeographic patterns of this region.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: The southeastern Pacific (SEP), from Ilo, Perú (17ºS) to Chiloe, Chile (43ºS).</p> <p><strong>Taxon: </strong><em>Pyura chilensis</em></p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We used a combination of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers and a 540 bp fragment of the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) to compare individuals sampled at 26 localities spanning approximately 2500 km of the SEP. Genetic diversity was analyzed using Bayesian clustering, haplotype networks, Isolation by Distance, and cline models. Coalescent simulators were used to estimate migration rates.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The results from both the microsatellite and COI markers indicate the presence of two genetic discontinuities: one at 34°S and one at 39°S which coincide with genetic breaks reported for other species. Interestingly, we were able to determine that genetic transitions occur abruptly and within short geographic distances (~ 30 km) compared with previous studies of this tunicate. Coalescent simulations indicate the 34ºS break is less permeable than the 39ºS break, and gene flow appears to be mostly unidirectional from north to south.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our results support other studies that show that seascapes are complex, and also highlight the importance of accurately sampling distribution ranges when making conclusions about gene flow. Overall, the two main biogeographic barriers to gene flow characterized in the southeastern Pacific are not homogenously permeable and can be narrow (< 30 km). These results are relevant for the management of fisheries in this region and specifically for this commercially important species.</p>
Body size variation in polyplacophoran mollusks: geographic clines and community structure along the Southeastern Pacific
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: To evaluate the latitudinal pattern of body size within and among chiton species employing phylogenetically structured analyses, and to examine the role of geographic variation in temperature, productivity and oxygen availability as potential environmental drivers.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Coastal habitats of the Southeastern Pacific along a latitudinal range of nearly 6,000 km, from the Equator to Patagonia (~ 2º to 56º S).</p> <p><strong>Time Period</strong>: Present (2011 – 2017).</p> <p><strong>Major taxa</strong>: 31 species of polyplacophoran mollusks.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We measured the body length of 6,162 individuals collected in 62 sites, and reconstructed the phylogeny of this group based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear gene regions. We combined this information with data of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration –as a proxy of primary productivity– and dissolved oxygen, and assessed which variables best explain the variation in size both within and among species employing phylogenetic generalised least squares (PGLS) and a model comparison approach.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our analyses show that body size increases consistently with latitude, both within and among species, following Bergmann's rule. Variation in sea surface temperature along the latitudinal gradient provided a substantially better fit than chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen. Our results support the temperature-size rule for this lineage and suggest that similar processes could underlie the emergence of intra and interspecific gradients in body size of polyplacophorans. At the community level, chiton species richness was higher at intermediate latitudes and positively correlated with body size variation, suggesting that heterogeneity in size may reduce interspecific competition and contribute to species coexistence in this group. Overall, our study demonstrates that historical events, macroecological adaptive trends and local processes at the community level contribute to the distribution and size variation of polyplacophoran species along the Southeastern Pacific.</p>
The role of island physiography and oceanographic factors in shaping species richness and turnover of nesting seabird assemblages on islands across the southeastern Pacific
<p>For seabirds, food supplies and nest sites are largely driven by oceanographic gradients and island habitats, respectively. Research into seabirds' ecological roles in insular ecosystems is crucial to understanding processes that structure seabird nesting assemblages. We examined the influence of island physiography and oceanographic factors on the spatial variation in α and β-diversity of nesting seabird assemblages.<br> <br> <strong>Location</strong><br> Southeastern Pacific Ocean.<br> <br> <strong>Taxon</strong><br> Birds<br> <br> <strong>Methods</strong><br> We compiled data from 53 seabirds breeding on 41 coastal and oceanic islands using different sources: our field records, online databases, environmental reports, and literature. We used generalized linear models (GLM) to describe the effect of island physiography (area, elevation, and isolation) and oceanographic factors (surface temperature, salinity, and primary productivity) on seabird species richness (α-diversity). We applied multivariate GLM to test the effects of physiographic and oceanographic predictors on species composition (β-diversity). We used Jaccard dissimilarities on species occurrences per island to calculate β-diversity partitioned into turnover and nestedness. Polynomial models allowed us to model these metrics against geographical and environmental gradients and so analyze patterns in seabird β-diversity across spatial scales.<br> <br> <strong>Results </strong><br> Species richness was highest in Galápagos, Pitcairn, and Rapa Nui. Changes in seabird α-diversity across islands were determined by island area and distance to South America but not by oceanographic variables. Physiographic and oceanographic factors were significant in determining β-diversity. Changes in β-diversity were mostly due to species replacement (β-turnover) across three major island Systems (Galápagos Archipelago, Chilean coastal islands, and oceanic islands of the southeastern Pacific). The contribution of β-nestedness was restricted to small scales (within archipelagos).<br> <br> <strong>Main conclusions</strong><br> Physiographic and oceanographic factors explain species diversity of seabird assemblages on islands of the southeastern Pacific. Oceanographic variables did not affect species richness but significantly influenced species composition. Change in species composition reflects gradients across three marine biogeographical realms: Temperate South, Eastern Indo-Pacific, and Tropical Eastern Pacific. The low degree of species nestedness may reflect multiple evolutionary origins.</p>
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