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92 results for “Spatial differentiation”
Spatial genetic differentiation correlates with species assemblage turnover across tropical reef fish lineages
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Evaluating the similarity of diversity patterns across micro- to macroevolutionary scales in natural communities, such as species-genetic diversity correlations (SGDC), may inform on processes shaping community assembly. However, whether SGDCs not only hold across communities but also across lineages has never been explored so far. Here we investigated SGDCs across co-distributed taxa for different spatial components (α, β, γ), and formally tested the influence of dispersal traits on β SGDCs. <strong>Location:</strong> Western Indian Ocean</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> 2016–2017</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied:</strong> Tropical reef fish species with contrasting dispersal traits</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using ddRADseq single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for 20 tropical reef fishes and distribution data of 2,446 species belonging to 12 families, we analysed the correlations between within-species genetic diversity and within-family species diversity (i.e., lineage diversity) for the three spatial components (α, β, γ SGDCs). We then related the strength of β-SGDCs per species to proxies of larval dispersal abilities.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We detected positive and significant lineage-based SGDC only for the β component, i.e., the families showing the greatest level of species turnover among sites contains the species with the greatest levels of genetic differentiation. We showed that the Monsoon drift mainly explained the β diversity patterns at both intraspecific and interspecific levels. Higher β-SGDCs were found for species with short pelagic larval duration and weak larval swimming capacity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Our study reveals a strong correlation between genetic and species β diversity, a result explained by the presence of a 'soft' barrier and mediated by larval dispersal processes. This suggests that vicariance and dispersal limitation are major processes shaping β-diversity patterns from microevolutionary to macroevolutionary scales in tropical reef fishes.</p>
Fine-scale spatial segregation in a pelagic seabird driven by differential use of tidewater glacier fronts
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Spatial genetic differentiation correlates with species assemblage turnover across tropical reef fish lineages
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Data from: Are buffalograss (Buchloë dactyloides) cytotypes spatially and ecologically differentiated?
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Spatially varying selection amplifies intrapopulation differentiation among phenotypic traits in the rocky-shore mussel, Mytilus californianus
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Pollinator data from: Pollinator movement activity influences genetic diversity and differentiation of spatially isolated populations of clonal forest herbs
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Quantifying the Spatial Variability of a Snowstorm Using Differential Airborne Lidar
<p>Dataset consists of a single folder that includes all data used for the publication entitled: Quantifying the Spatial Variability of a Snowstorm Using Differential Airborne Lidar. Within the folder is a README file that describes the data structure. </p>
Data from: Comparison of spatial and temporal genetic differentiation in a harmful dinoflagellate species emphasises impact of local processes
Population genetic studies provide insights into intraspecific diversity and dispersal patterns of microorganisms such as protists, which help understanding invasions, harmful algal bloom development and occurrence of seafood poisoning. Genetic differentiation across geography has been reported in many microbial species indicating significant dispersal barriers among different habitats. Temporal differentiation has been less studied and its frequency, drivers and magnitude are poorly understood due to a lack of integral studies. The toxic dinoflagellate species /Gambierdiscus caribaeus/ was sampled during two years in the Florida Keys, and repeatedly from 2006 to 2016 at St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands (USVI), including a three-year period with monthly sampling, to compare spatial and temporal genetic differentiation. Samples from the USVI site showed high temporal variability in local population structure, which correlated with changes in salinity and benthic habitat cover. In some cases, temporal variability exceeded spatial differentiation, despite apparent lack of connectivity and dispersal across the Greater Caribbean Region based on the spatial genetic data. Thus, local processes such as selection might have a stronger influence on population structure in microorganisms than geographic distance. The observed high temporal genetic diversity challenges the prediction of harmful algal blooms and toxin concentrations, but illustrates also the evolutionary potential of microalgae to respond to environmental change.
Data from: Taxonomic and functional diversity of the co-flowering community differentially affect Cakile edentula pollination at different spatial scales
1. The number of co-flowering species, floral density and floral trait diversity can be major determinants of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions in a community. However, evaluation of how each one of these co-flowering components affects the pollination success of a single focal plant species, and how these effects vary at different spatial scales, is lacking. 2. Here we evaluated the effects of functional diversity (flower morphology and colour), taxonomic diversity (reflecting potential sampling effects) and flower density (conspecific and heterospecific), on the pollinator environment (i.e. visitation rate and pollinator diversity), and pollination success (i.e. pollen load size and number of pollen tubes per style) of Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae). We applied structural equation models (SEM's) at the floral-neighbourhood (plot level) and community-wide scales to uncover the factors that mediate co-flowering community effects on C. edentula pollination success. 3. We found that co-flowering community effects at the community level are more important than fine-scale floral-neighbourhood differences in mediating plant pollination success in our study species. Increasing plant functional diversity decreased pollinator visitation rate but increased the diversity of pollinator functional groups visiting C. edentula flowers. Taxonomic diversity negatively affected pollinator diversity suggesting that other unmeasured floral traits may be relevant or that single-species effects (sampling effects) may be important. Overall, our results suggest that functional floral trait diversity in a community may be the most important factor influencing pollination success of species in a community. We also found evidence for intra- and interspecific pollinator competition mediated by flower density but none of these effects seemed to have a significant impact on pollination success. 4. This study is an important step towards understanding the complexity of co-flowering community effects on the pollination success of individual plant species at multiple spatial scales. This study further reveals the potential importance of plant functional diversity in a community in helping predict competitive and facilitative interactions in co-flowering communities. 5. Synthesis. Floral density, taxonomic and functional co-flowering diversity are important drivers of pollination success in flowering plants. The effects of the co-flowering diversity on the pollination success of plant species can largely depend on the spatial scale being studied. Only evaluating the outcomes of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions at multiple stages of the pollination process can lead to a complete understanding of their ecological consequences in nature.
Data from: Very high MHC Class IIB diversity without spatial differentiation in the Mediterranean population of Greater Flamingos
Background: Selective pressure from pathogens is thought to shape the allelic diversity of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in vertebrates. In particular, both local adaptation to pathogens and gene flow are thought to explain a large part of the intraspecific variation observed in MHC allelic diversity. To date, however, evidence that adaptation to locally prevalent pathogens maintains MHC variation is limited to species with limited dispersal and, hence, reduced gene flow. On the one hand high gene flow can disrupt local adaptation in species with high dispersal rates, on the other hand such species are much more likely to experience spatial variation in pathogen pressure, suggesting that there may be intense pathogen mediated selection pressure operating across breeding sites in panmictic species. Such pathogen mediated selection pressure operating across breeding sites should therefore be sufficient to maintain high MHC diversity in high dispersing species in the absence of local adaptation mechanisms. We used the Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus, a long-lived colonial bird showing a homogeneous genetic structure of neutral markers at the scale of the Mediterranean region, to test the prediction that higher MHC allelic diversity with no population structure should occur in large panmictic populations of long-distance dispersing birds than in other resident species. Results: We assessed the level of allelic diversity at the MHC Class IIB exon 2 from 116 individuals born in four different breeding colonies of Greater Flamingo in the Mediterranean region. We found one of the highest allelic diversity (109 alleles, 2 loci) of any non-passerine avian species investigated so far relative to the number of individuals and loci genotyped. There was no evidence of population structure between the four major Mediterranean breeding colonies. Conclusion: Our results suggest that local adaptation at MHC Class IIB in Greater Flamingos is constrained by high gene flow and high MHC diversity appears to be maintained by population wide pathogen-mediated selection rather than local pathogen-mediated selection. Further understanding of how pathogens vary across space and time will be crucial to further elucidate the mechanisms maintaining MHC diversity in species with large panmictic populations and high dispersal rates.
Data from: Low spatial genetic differentiation associated with rapid recolonization in the New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri
Population declines resulting from anthropogenic activities are of major consequence for the long-term survival of species because the resulting loss of genetic diversity can lead to extinction via the effects of inbreeding depression, fixation of deleterious mutations, and loss of adaptive potential. Otariid pinnipeds have been exploited commercially to near extinction with some species showing higher demographic resilience and recolonization potential than others. The New Zealand fur seal (NZFS) was heavily impacted by commercial sealing between the late 18th and early 19th centuries, but has recolonized its former range in southern Australia. The species has also recolonized its former range in New Zealand, yet little is known about the pattern of recolonization. Here, we first used 11 microsatellite markers (n = 383) to investigate the contemporary population structure and dispersal patterns in the NZFS (Arctocephalus forsteri). Secondly, we model postsealing recolonization with 1 additional mtDNA cytochrome b (n = 261) marker. Our data identified 3 genetic clusters: an Australian, a subantarctic, and a New Zealand one, with a weak and probably transient subdivision within the latter cluster. Demographic history scenarios supported a recolonization of the New Zealand coastline from remote west coast colonies, which is consistent with contemporary gene flow and with the species' high resilience. The present data suggest the management of distinct genetic units in the North and South of New Zealand along a genetic gradient. Assignment of individuals to their colony of origin was limited (32%) with the present data indicating the current microsatellite markers are unlikely sufficient to assign fisheries bycatch of NZFSs to colonies.
Data from: Differential divergence in autosomes and sex chromosomes is associated with intra-island diversification at a very small spatial scale in a songbird lineage
<p>Recently diverged taxa showing marked phenotypic and ecological diversity are optimal systems to understand the genetic processes underlying speciation. We used genome-wide markers to investigate the diversification of the Reunion grey white eye (<i>Zosterops borbonicus</i>) on the small volcanic island of Reunion (Mascarene archipelago), where this species complex exhibits four geographic forms that are parapatrically distributed across the island and differ strikingly in plumage colour. One form restricted to the highlands is separated by a steep ecological gradient from three distinct lowland forms which meet at narrow hybrid zones that are not associated with environmental variables. Analyses of genomic variation based on SNP data from genotyping-by-sequencing and pooled RADseq approaches, reveal that signatures of selection associated with elevation can be found at multiple regions across the genome, whereas most loci associated with the lowland forms are located on the Z sex chromosome. We identified <i>TYRP1</i>, a Z-linked colour gene, as a likely candidate locus underlying colour variation among lowland forms. Tests of demographic models revealed that highland and lowland forms diverged in the presence of gene flow, and divergence has progressed as gene flow was restricted by selection at loci across the genome. This system is promising to investigate how natural selection and reproductive isolation shape the genomic landscape of divergence at multiple stages of the speciation process.</p>
Transcriptional acclimation and spatial differentiation characterize drought response by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus pungens
<ul> <li>Changing precipitation regimes are a challenge for forest health under future climate scenarios. If belowground symbionts can acclimate to changing moisture regimes it may buffer forest trees from these changes.</li> <li>In this study we exposed the ectomycorrhizal fungus <i>Suillus pungens</i> to acute and chronic drought stress and used RNASeq of both ectomycorrhizal roots and extraradical mycelium to gauge the magnitude of stress, identify key genes involved in drought response, and gauge potential ecosystem consequences of drought.</li> <li>We found that there were major transcriptional differences for <i>S. pungens</i> in ectomycorrhizal roots (28% of genes) and extraradical mycelium (41% of genes) under acute drought stress, but only 0.1-2% of genes were differentially expressed in chronic drought treatments. Up to 56% of differentially expressed genes under acute drought were unique to either roots or mycelium. While a number of implicated genes, such as those encoding for trehalose, have well-known roles in osmotic stress, others, such as fungal hydrophobins and atromentin, have received less study and may also impact other ecosystem functions.</li> <li>These results suggest that functional compartmentalization is key to ectomycorrhizal fungal adaptation to stressful climatic conditions and there is high potential for fungal acclimation to ameliorate future climate stress. </li> </ul>
Data for "Differential effects of Daphnia genotype composition on spatial environmental heterogeneity in experimental metacommunities"
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Data from: Taxonomic and functional diversity of the co-flowering community differentially affect Cakile edentula pollination at different spatial scales
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Data from: Biogeographic, climatic and spatial drivers differentially affect α-, β- and γ-diversities on oceanic archipelagos
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Data from: Low spatial genetic differentiation associated with rapid recolonization in the New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri
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Does ecology predict taxonomy? How ecological differentiation can be used to spatially infer intra-specific diversity
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Data from: Extensive sampling of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Northwest Passage (Canadian Arctic Archipelago) reveals population differentiation across multiple spatial and temporal scales
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Data from: Contribution of spatial heterogeneity in effective population sizes to the variance in pairwise measures of genetic differentiation
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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