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31 results for “Species-area relationship.”
Data from: Species-area relationships in continuous vegetation: evidence from Palaearctic grasslands
Aim: Species-area relationships (SARs) are fundamental scaling laws in ecology although their shape is still disputed. At larger areas power laws best represent SARs. Yet, it remains unclear whether SARs follow other shapes at finer spatial grains in continuous vegetation. We asked which function describes SARs best at small grains and explored how sampling methodology or the environment influence SAR shape. Location: Palaearctic grasslands and other non-forested habitats. Taxa: Vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens. Methods: We used the GrassPlot database, containing standardised vegetation-plot data from vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens spanning a wide range of grassland types throughout the Palaearctic and including 2057 nested-plot series with at least seven grain sizes ranging from 1 cm2 to 1024 m². Using non-linear regression, we assessed the appropriateness of different SAR functions (power, power quadratic, power breakpoint, logarithmic, Michaelis-Menten). Based on AICc, we tested whether the ranking of functions differed among taxa, methodological settings, biomes or vegetation types. Results: The power function was the most suitable function across the studied taxonomic groups. The superiority of this function increased from lichens to bryophytes to vascular plants to all three taxonomic groups together. The sampling method was highly influential as rooted-presence sampling decreased the performance of the power function. By contrast, biome and vegetation type had practically no influence on the superiority of the power law. Main conclusions: We conclude that SARs of sessile organisms at smaller spatial grains are best approximated by a power function. This coincides with several other comprehensive studies of SARs at different grain sizes and for different taxa, thus supporting the general appropriateness of the power function for modelling species diversity over a wide range of grain sizes. The poor performance of the Michaelis-Menten function demonstrates that richness within plant communities generally does not approach any saturation, thus calling into question the concept of minimal area.
Scale-dependent species-area relationship: niche-based versus stochastic processes in a typical subtropical forest
<p><span>Determining the patterns and drivers of the small-scale species-area relationship (SAR) is crucial for improving our understanding of community assembly and biodiversity patterns. Niche-based and stochastic processes are two principal categories of mechanisms potentially driving SARs. However, their relative importance has rarely been quantified rigorously owing to scale-dependence and the simplified niche volumes often used. </span></p> <p><span>In a fully mapped, 24-ha plot of a typical subtropical forest, we built the SARs and well-defined niche-hyper-volumes of a broad range of environmental variables at scales of 10 - 70 m (cell sizes). We then simulated passive sampling and partitioned the variances of the SAR slopes to disentangle the two contrasting mechanisms.</span></p> <p><span>We found that the small-scale SAR best followed a power-law relationship, consistent with large-scale SARs. The SAR slope declined with increasing scale; it was lower than expected under passive sampling at scales below 30 m and higher at larger scales. Environmental niches explained more (39%-64%) of the slope at larger scales, exceeding 50% at scales > 30 m, and these niches always captured the majority of the structured slopes. Environmental position (environmental mean values) effects were steady in absolute strength across scales and explained most (98%-68%) of the niche effect, but this proportion decreased with increasing scale. The effect of environmental heterogeneity increased with spatial scales, starting to rise at the 30 m scale after controlling for environmental position. Excluding soil properties from analyses strongly reduced these niche effects, highlighting the importance of soils for structuring the small-scale SAR. There was also substantial stochasticity in the SAR slopes, which was only partially explained by passive sampling.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis: Our results show that the small-scale SAR in the studied subtropical forest follows a power-law, exhibits a scale shift in slope at 30 m, and is strongly shaped by niche effects that are dominated by environmental position relative to heterogeneity. However, soil heterogeneity controls the increase of niche effect and shift in the SAR slope with increasing spatial scales. Hence, edaphic factors can be responsible for scale-dependence in small-scale SARs, thereby linking small-scale and large-scale SARs. </span></p>
Avian dispersal ability shapes species-area relationships on islands worldwide
<p>These data and script support the article "Avian dispersal ability shapes species-area relationships on islands worldwide", currently in review.</p>
Data from: Between geometry and biology: the problem of universality of the species-area relationship
The species-area relationship (SAR) is considered to be one of a few generalities in ecology, yet a universal model of its shape and slope has remained elusive. Recently Harte et al. (2009) argued that the slope of the SAR for a given area is driven by a single parameter, the ratio between total number of individuals and number of species (i.e. the mean population size across species at a given scale). We provide a geometric interpretation of this dependence. At the same time, however, we show that this dependence cannot be universal across taxa: if it holds for a taxon composed from two subsets of species and also for one of its subsets, it cannot simultaneously hold for the other subset. Using three datasets, we show that the slope of the SAR considerably varies around the prediction. We estimate the limits of this variation using geometric considerations, providing a theory based on species spatial turnover at different scales. We argue that the SAR cannot be strictly universal, but its slope at each particular scale varies within the constraints given by species' spatial turnover at finer spatial scales, and this variation is biologically informative.
Data from: Species-area relationships in continuous vegetation: evidence from Palaearctic grasslands
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Data from: Species-area curve and distance-decay relationship indicate habitat thresholds of ectomycorrhizal fungi in an old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii landscape
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Scale-dependent species-area relationship: niche-based versus stochastic processes in a typical subtropical forest
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Data from: Between geometry and biology: the problem of universality of the species-area relationship
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Data from: Seed banks are biodiversity reservoirs: species-area relationships above versus below ground
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Data from: Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships
Although invasive plant species often reduce diversity, they rarely cause plant extinctions. We surveyed paired invaded and uninvaded plant communities from three biomes. We reconcile the discrepancy in diversity loss from invaders by showing that invaded communities have lower local richness but steeper species accumulation with area than that of uninvaded communities, leading to proportionately fewer species loss at broader spatial scales. We show that invaders drive scale-dependent biodiversity loss through strong neutral sampling effects on the number of individuals in a community. We also show that nonneutral species extirpations are due to a proportionately larger effect of invaders on common species, suggesting that rare species are buffered against extinction. Our study provides a synthetic perspective on the threat of invasions to biodiversity loss across spatial scales.
Data from: Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships
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