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Figure 7 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 7. Tegumina, vincula and sacci, lateral (left) view. A, Manduca hannibal, BMNH sphingid preparation #1077. B, Macropoliana ferax, BMNH sphingid preparation #1053; posterior extension of vinculum arm along posterior margin of tegumen stippled. C, Acherontia lachesis, BMNH sphingid preparation #1010.

Figure 4 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 4. Stylized drawings of stridulatory curtain scales. A, Psilogramma menephron, dorsal/lateral view. B, Xanthopan morganii, dorsal/lateral view. C, Megacorma obliqua, long scales, dorsal and lateral views. D, Megacorma obliqua, short scales, dorsal and lateral views.

Figure 3 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 3. Stylized drawings of sphingid pretarsi (after Rothschild & Jordan, 1903: plate LXIV, Figs 9-12, 14,15). A, Pretarsus with fully developed arolium and paronychium with only apical lobe present. B, Pretarsus with fully developed arolium and paronychium with both apical and ventral lobes present. C, Pretarsus with vestigial arolium and paronychium with both apical and ventral lobes absent.

Figure 2. Descaled legs. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 2. Descaled legs. A, Pantophaea favillacea, right foreleg, outer view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1046. B, Cocytius duponchel, left foreleg, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1019. C, Megacorma obliqua, left midleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. D, Megacorma obliqua, left hindleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. E, Macropoliana ferax, right midleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1048. F, Macropoliana ferax, right hindleg basitarsus, inner view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1048.

Figure 6. Gnathi. A in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 6. Gnathi. A, Agrius convolvuli, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1000. B, Megacorma obliqua, oblique ventroposterior view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1026. C, Macropoliana natalensis, oblique ventroposterior view, BMNH sphingid preparation #992. D, Cocytius lucifer, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1037. E, Cocytius mortuorum, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1034. F, Cocytius beelzebuth, ventral view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1028. G, Meganoton analis, ventral and lateral (left) views, BMNH sphingid preparation #1055. H, Manduca albiplaga, oblique dorsal view, BMNH sphingid preparation #1014. I, Meganoton rubescens, ventral and lateral (left) views, BMNH sphingid preparation #989.

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Figure 21 in The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae)

Figure 21. Cremasters, lateral (left) views. A. Psilogramma menephron. B. Cocytius antaeus.

FIG. 17 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 17. — Xanthopan morganii: trend of increasing proboscis length with moth size (2nd order polynomial trendline made with Excel). – x-axis: forewing length (cm); y-axis: proboscis length (cm). – data points correspond to average values; the standard deviation for a given point is represented by a vertical line.

FIG. 15 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 15. — Proboscis length values in relation to size (estimated using forewing length), in males and females of Xanthopan morganii.

FIG. 16 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 16. — Proboscis length values in relation to size (estimated using forewing length), in males and females of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov.

FIG. 14 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 14. — Histogram showing proboscis length variability in Xanthopan morganii and X. praedicta stat. nov. (orange and blue bars respectively).

FIG. 11 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 11. — Signa of specimens of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (a-c) and X. morganii (d-h). – a, Amber Mountain. – b, Antananarivo. – c, Ranomafana, west of Ifanadiana. – d, Tsoundzou, Mayotte. – e, La Maboke, Central African Republic. – f, Gabon. – g, DRC (Zaire). – h, Ivory Coast. – same magnification for a-h.

FIG. 13 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 13. — Two males of Xanthopan with unrolled proboscides. – small specimen: X. morganii, Tsoundzou, Mayotte (proboscis length: 9 cm – forewing length: 4.7 cm). – large specimen: X. praedicta stat. nov., Ranomena, east of Ambositra (proboscis length: 28 cm – forewing length: 7 cm). Both specimens: RCPB.

FIG. 10 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 10. — Corpus bursae in specimens of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (a, b) and X. morganii (c-e) (lateral views). – a, Antananarivo. – b, Ranomafana, west of Ifanadiana. – c, Tsoundzou, Mayotte. – d, La Maboke, Central African Republic. – e, Gabon. – x: depth of posterior pouch; y: total length of corpus bursae. – same magnification for a-e.

FIG. 12 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 12. — Eighth abdominal segment (with ostium bursae) in females of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (a-c, g-i) and X. morganii (d-f, j-l), in ventral (a-f) and lateral (g-l) views. – a and g, Amber Mountain. – b and h, Antananarivo. – c and i, Ranomafana, west of Ifanadiana. – d and j, Tsoundzou, Mayotte. – e and k, DRC (Zaire). – f and l, Ivory Coast. - same magnification for a-l.

FIG. 18 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 18. — Xanthopan praedicta: trend of increasing proboscis length with moth size (2nd order polynomial trendline made with Excel). – x-axis: forewing length (cm); y-axis: proboscis length (cm). – see fig. 17 for remarks about data points and vertical lines.

FIGS 8 and 9. — 8 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIGS 8 and 9. — 8, Female genitalia of Xanthopan morganii in ventral view (specimen from Gabon). – scale bar = 5 mm. – 9, Female genitalia of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. in ventral view (specimen from Antananarivo). – scale bar = 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 7. — Uncus and gnathos in Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (a, b) and X. morganii (c, d) (ventral or lateroventral views); saccus in X. praedicta (e, f) and X. morganii (g, h) (ventral views). – a, Antongil Bay. – b, Amber Mountain. – c, Tsoundzou, Mayotte. – d, Grande Comore. – e, Perinet (Analamazaotra). – f, Tsarafidy, near Ambohimahasoa. – g, Grande Comore. – h, Liberia. – same magnification for a-h.

FIG. 5 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 5. — Juxta in four specimens of Xanthopan morganii. – a, Liberia. – b, Ipassa, Gabon. – c, Mikese, Tanzania. – d, Grande Comore. – same magnification as in fig. 6.

FIG. 6 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 6. — Juxta in four specimens of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. – a, Antongil Bay. – b, Amber Mountain (Montagne d'Ambre). – c, Perinet (Analamazaotra). – d, Tsarafidy, near Ambohimahasoa. – same magnification for a-d.

FIG. 4 in A new taxonomic status for Darwin's "predicted" pollinator: Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (Lepidoptera Sphingidae Sphinginae)

FIG. 4. — Praesacculus in different specimens of Xanthopan praedicta stat. nov. (a-e) and X. morganii (f-l). – a, Antongil Bay. – b, Perinet (Analamazaotra). – c, Fort-Dauphin (Tôlañaro). – d, Amber Mountain. – e, Tsarafidy, near Ambohimahasoa. – f, Tsoundzou, Mayotte. – g, Grande Comore. – h, Mikese, Tanzania. – i, Uganda. – j, Kisangani, DRC (Zaire). – k, Ipassa, Gabon. – l, Liberia. – same magnification for a-l.