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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

First detection of herpesvirus and mycoplasma in free-ranging Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni), and in potential pet vectors

Two types of pathogens cause highly contagious upper respiratory tract diseases (URTD) in Chelonians: testudinid herpesviruses (TeHV) and a mycoplasma (Mycoplasma agassizii). In captivity, these infections are frequent and can provoke outbreaks. Pet trade generates international flow of tortoises, often without sanitary checking; individuals intentionally or accidentally released in the wild may spread pathogens. A better understanding of the transmission of infectious agents from captivity to wild tortoises is needed. Many exotic individuals have been introduced in populations of the endangered western Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni), notably spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca). We assessed the presence of TeHV and mycoplasma in native western Hermann’s tortoises and in potential pet vectors in south-eastern France. Using a large sample (N=572 tortoises), this study revealed the worrying presence of herpesvirus in 7 free-ranging individuals (3 sub-populations). Additionally, Mycoplasma agassizii was detected in 15 of the 18 populations sampled with a frequency ranging from 2.5 to 25%. Exotic spur-thighed tortoises showed high frequency of Mycoplasma infection in captivity (18%) and in individuals (50%) found in native Hermann’s tortoise sub-populations, suggesting that this species could be a significant vector. The paucity of information of TeHV on European tortoise’ URTD in natural settings, especially in combination with mycoplasma, prompts for further studies. Indeed, sick tortoises remain concealed and may not be easily detected in the field. Our results indicate that both the prevalence and health impact of URTD are high should be scrutinized in the field.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Fig. 1 in First molecular detection of Francisella tularensis in turtle (Testudo graeca) and ticks (Hyalomma aegyptium) in Northwest of Iran

Fig. 1. The schematic map of the studied areas, West Azerbaijan (Oshnavieh), Iran.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2017View details →

Fig. 2 in Home Range Of The Spur-Thighed Tortoise, Testudo Graeca (Testudines, Testudinidae), In The National Park Of El-Kala, Algeria

Fig. 2. View of the study area with different habitats.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Home Range Of The Spur-Thighed Tortoise, Testudo Graeca (Testudines, Testudinidae), In The National Park Of El-Kala, Algeria

Fig. 1. Location of the study site in the National Park of El Kala, in north-eastern Algeria.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2017View details →

Fig. 3 in Home Range Of The Spur-Thighed Tortoise, Testudo Graeca (Testudines, Testudinidae), In The National Park Of El-Kala, Algeria

Fig. 3. Tortoises locations (A) in relation to Dwarf palm distribution (B) on the study site.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Notes on the diet of Testudo hermanni boettgeri and T. graeca ibera in south-western Bulgaria with first cases of geophagy and myrmecophagy from the country

Fig. 1. Individuals of T. hermanni feeding on figs (A), mulberries (B), and dog feces (C).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in A Case of winter activity of the Hermann's Tortoise (Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789) (Reptilia: Testudinidae) from Bulgaria

Fig. 1. The plantation of Quercus suber and the adult female T. hermanni recorded in it.

FIGURE 2 in A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: Identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)

FIGURE 2. Illustration from Lacépède (1788:161, pl. 10), showing his specimen of "La Raboteuse" referred to Testudo scabra L. This appears to show a specimen of Rhinoclemmys punctularia.

FIGURE 1 in A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: Identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)

FIGURE 1. Illustrations from Seba (1734: pl. 79, figs. 1 and 2), showing his Testudo terrestris amboinensis major, later synonymized by Linnaeus (1766) under his concept of Testudo scabra. This appears to show a very young specimen of Melanochelys trijuga trijuga or Melanochelys trijuga thermalis.

FIGURE 7 in A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: Identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)

FIGURE 7. Type specimen (holotype) of Testudo scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792, donated by Thunberg between ca. 1785–92 to the Uppsala University Museum of Zoology (now catalogued as UUZM Types 7455), dried hatchling, ca. 31 mm straight CL. The original tag by Thunberg reads "Testudo scripta. Mus. Thunb." This specimen represents Trachemys scripta scripta.

FIGURE 4 in A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: Identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)

FIGURE 4. Illustration from Schoepff (1792: pl. 3, figs. 4–5), showing the holotype of Testudo scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (also Testudo scabra L. sensu Thunberg in Schoepff) (presently Trachemys scripta scripta). On the plate these figures are labeled "Test. scripta Thunb." and the specimen is clearly a hatchling. The specimen itself was originally catalogued as Testudo scripta by Thunberg sometime between 1785 and 1792 and donated by him to the Uppsala University Museum of Zoology, and it is still there as a badly dried and misshaped specimen now catalogued as UUZM Types 7455 (see Fig. 7).

FIGURE 3 in A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: Identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)

FIGURE 3. Illustration from Schoepff (1792: pl. 3, f. 1), showing the specimen of Testudo scabra L. sensu Retzius that he re-named as the new species Testudo galeata (later Pelomedusa galeata, currently a subjective synonym of Pelomedusa subrufa). The specimen in this drawing is the holotype of Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792.

opennotspecifiedSep 2019View details →

Fig. 4 in Intraspecific variation in digit reduction in Testudo: the case of the Hermann's tortoise

Fig. 4 Visible proportions of manus with five digits between genetic lineages (N = 3338 forelimbs belonging to 1669 individuals, 380 in mixed population, 1274 in Minorca 1, and 1684 in Minorca 2)

Figure 4 in Body size variation in a lineage of spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca whitei) contrasts with that expected from the species level

Figure 4. Differences in body size (Straight Carapace Length; SCL) observed between the Testudo graeca whitei ranges in North Africa and SE Spain. The violin plot represents these differences, with its width indicating the frequency of a particular body size.

Figure 2 in Body size variation in a lineage of spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca whitei) contrasts with that expected from the species level

Figure 2. Density contour plot illustrating the environmental conditions inhabited by Testudo graeca whitei in North Africa (pink dots) and SE Spain (green dots). The analysis considered two bioclimatic variables from WorldClim, namely Annual Precipitation and Annual Mean Temperature (BIO1 and BIO12). The total range of T. g. whitei was defined based on the minimum convex polygon, which encompasses all the previously sampled specimens, as outlined in Anadón et al. (2015). The color scale indicates frequency of occurrence, with lighter colors denoting more frequent bioclimate conditions. Site numbers are referenced in supplementary table S1.

Figure 6 in Body size variation in a lineage of spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca whitei) contrasts with that expected from the species level

Figure 6. Effect of latitude on the adult size (Straight Carapace Length; SCL) of Testudo graeca whitei. N = 119 and N =

Figure 1 in Body size variation in a lineage of spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca whitei) contrasts with that expected from the species level

Figure 1. Sampling of Testudo graeca whitei in North Africa and SE Spain according to the present-day map (1980-2016)

opennotspecifiedApr 2016View details →

Figure 12 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)

Figure 12. Phylogenetic tree of Testudo spp. included in this study, based on the most parsimonious cladogram depicted in Figure 11 and further indicating the approximate stratigraphical range of the depicted taxa. Age boundaries (in million years ago or mega-annums, Ma) for epochs, stages, European land mammal ages (ELMA) and Mammal Neogene units (MN) are based on Hilgen, Lourens & Van Dam (2012; see this reference for the full name of stages and ELMA abbreviated in this figure). For illustration purposes, divergence times are arbitrarily set one million years before the oldest record of each clade. Similarly, successive branching points within ghost lineages are separated by one million years to avoid their collapse in the figure. For full taxon names, see Table 3.