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FIGURE 1 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Tethya brasiliana sp. nov. (13), Tethya cyanae sp. nov. (2), Tethya ignis sp. nov. (1) and Tethya rubra sp. nov. (1, 2) in Abrolhos Archipelago, Bahia State, Brazil.

FIGURE 5 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)

FIGURE 5. Tethya ignis sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (MNRJ 5322A); B, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; C, strongyloxea; D, spheraster; E, oxyaster and tylaster; F, oxyaster. B – C, LM; D – F, SEM.

FIGURE 6 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)

FIGURE 6. Tethya rubra sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (MNRJ 5316); B, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; C, strongyloxea; D, E, spherasters; F, oxyaster; G, oxyaster and tylasters; H, tylaster. B – C, LM; D – H, SEM.

FIGURE 2 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)

FIGURE 2. In situ closeups of three species of Tethya from Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil. A, B, Tethya brasiliana sp. nov. (paratypes); C, Tethya ignis sp. nov. (holotype); D, Tethya rubra sp. nov. (holotype).

FIGURE 4 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)

FIGURE 4. Tethya cyanae sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (MNRJ 6723); B, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; C, strongyloxea; D, spheraster; E, spheraster and tylaster; F, oxyaster and tylaster; G, tylaster; H, microoxyaster and tylasters. B – C, LM; D – H, SEM.

FIGURE 3 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)

FIGURE 3. Tethya brasiliana sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (UFRJPOR 4670A); B and C, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; D, strongyloxea; E, spherasters and strongylasters; F, microspheraster; G, strongylaster and microoxyaster; H, microoxyaster. B – D, LM; E – H, SEM.

FIGURE 8 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya hibernica sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Northern Ireland with remarks on the European species of the genus Te t h y a *

FIGURE 8. Distribution maps of T. aurantium, T. citrina, and T. norvegica compiled from various sources (Sarà, 1987; Sara & Gaino, 1987; Sarà et al., 1989; Sara, 1990; Sarà & Manara, 1991; Bavestrello et al., 1992; Sarà et al., 1992; Bavestrello & Sarà, 1994; Corriero et al., 1996; Sarà, 1998; Pansini & Longo, 2003). The occurrance of T. norvegica on the British Isles will have to be proven carefully (see text for details).

FIGURE 5 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya hibernica sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Northern Ireland with remarks on the European species of the genus Te t h y a *

FIGURE 5. SEM images of T. hibernica spicule morphology. A. Typical megasters. B. Acanthostrongylasters, which represent the major group of micrasters (>95%). C. Acanthotylasters (rarest group of micrasters). D. Oxyasters, which are slightly more frequent than tylasters.

FIGURE 1 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya hibernica sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Northern Ireland with remarks on the European species of the genus Te t h y a *

FIGURE 1. Geographic location of Rathlin Island (star in right map) within the British Isles between Northern Irleand and Mull of Kintyre (Scotland). The insert map (left) displays Rathlin Island with coordinates and the collection point of the type specimens of T. hibernica (filled circle).

FIGURE 3. A in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya hibernica sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Northern Ireland with remarks on the European species of the genus Te t h y a *

FIGURE 3. A. Schematic overview on the skeletal arrangement in the cortex (light grey) and the choanoderm (dark grey) in a contracted specimen of T. hibernica. B. Micrograph of tissue slice preparations. Main megascleres form bundles, which fan near the surface. Auxiliary megascleres are present in-between bundles in the choanoderm. Megasters are mainly present throughout the whole cortex. Micrasters are present throughout the sponge, with a prominent layer supporting the outer and inner pinacoderm layers. The lacuna system of the ectoderm is not dominant due to the contracted state of the specimens investigated. For details on the spicules refer to Figures 4 and 5.

FIGURE 4 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya hibernica sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Northern Ireland with remarks on the European species of the genus Te t h y a *

FIGURE 4. Megascleres (strongyloxeas) of T. hibernica. A. SEM image collage of a main megasclere, presenting typical geometry and diameters of both ends and a middle section. B. Size distribution of auxiliary megascleres (filled triangles; n = 70) and main megascleres (filled circles, n = 40), which form distinct groups of normal distributions (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), significantly separated by spicule length (p <0.001; independent t-test).

FIGURE 2 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya hibernica sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Northern Ireland with remarks on the European species of the genus Te t h y a *

FIGURE 2. In vivo images of T. hibernica types from the type location at Rathlin Island. Both specimens have been used for morphological description and DNA sequencing. A. Expanded holotype (Mc3037) with open oscules (arrow heads). B. Contracted holotype (Mc3037) with closed oscules, after contraction stimulation by extensive artificial water current. C. Paratype (Mc2748), with external buds (arrow heads). Mind the colour variation from brownish to yellowish between the two specimens.

FIGURE 8. Virtual 3D in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 8. Virtual 3D isosurface rendering using VGStudio MAX of selected spicules within their skeletal context (A, B) and isolated from it (C, D), 3D-reconstructed from synchrotron radiation-based x-ray micro computed tomography images of the holotype. Virtual isolation (B) and comparative side-to side renderings of megasters (C) and megascleres (D). Micrasters are visualized as small dots, e.g. in the peripheral region in A.

FIGURE 7 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic consensus trees of COI sequences shown as a direct comparison between A. maximum likelihood (ML) and B. the 50% majority rule consensus phylogram of the Bayesian approach. Numbers indicate bootstrap values (A) and posterior probabilities (B). Some species are represented by different sampling locations as indicated by indices: 1, Limski canal, Croatia; 2, Elba, Italy; 3, Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland; 4, Rovinj, Croatia.

FIGURE 6 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 6. Morphometric correlations between megasters and megascleres in T. leysae sp. nov. A. Diameter of megasters vs. R/C ratio (ray length to radius of the massive spicule center), including linear fitted graphs. Choanosomal megasters (filled circles, Ch, n=85) are significantly smaller (independent t-test; p<0.001) than cortical megasters (filled triangles, Co, n=227). The same applies to R/C values, which are significantly lower for choanosomal megasters (independent t-test; p<0.001), indicating more solid megasters with shorter rays and/or relatively more solid centers. Both differences are also represented by the linear fitted graphs. B. Length of megascleres plotted vs. width. Main and auxiliary megascleres represent two significantly different size classes, in terms of both length and width (independent ttests, p<0.001).

FIGURE 5 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 5. Spicule types of T. leysae sp. nov. (A–D; SEM micrographs) in comparison to T. californiana (E–F; drawings modified from Sarà & Corriero 1993, re-evaluated by own light microscopy of spicule preparations from the specimen BMNH 29.8.22.15.). A. Main and auxiliary megascleres. B. The highly variable cortical megasters. C. Choanodermal megasters. D. Micrasters. E. Megasters. F. Micrasters.

FIGURE 1 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 1. Type locality of T. leysae sp. nov. in the Northeast Pacific, around Ohiat Islet, Barkley Sound, near Bamfield, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, North America.

FIGURE 3 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Skeletal and overall anatomy of T. leysae sp. nov. (resin slice preparation of the holotype). A. Cross section through cortex (Co) and choanosome (Ch); radial megasclere bundles (rMSB) fan out slightly in the peripheral cortex region. B. – C. Details of the cortex (B) and choanosome (C). The cortex appears solid with almost no subdermal lacunae; it is densely filled with megasters, in contrast to the very low megaster density of the choanosome. Auxiliary megascleres (aMS) are present in the cortical megasclere bundle fans and separately or grouped in the choanosome. D. – G. Asters in the cortex and the choanoderm; peripheral micrasters (ma) are associated with the exopinacoderm (D); megasters (MA) dominate the cortex; the average distance between megasters is lower than one megaster diameter (D & E, see Fig. 4); A peripheral cortical layer 200 – 400 µm thick is almost completely free of megasters (D), subcortical lacunae are present near the inner cortical boundary, thus appearing partly free of megascleres (E); the choanoderm is largely free of megasters (E–F) or they show up in clouds (G), with a much lower density compared to the cortex.

FIGURE 2. A– B in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 2. A– B. True to scale comparison between the habitus of T. leysae sp. nov. (A, paratype) and T. californiana (B; figure modified from Sarà & Corriero, 1993). C. Tethya leysae sp. nov in situ in Barkley Sound. Asterisks indicate stalkless buds. The image is a scan of a diapositive; neither the used film material nor the scanner was color-calibrated; therefore, the colors might deviate from natural colors (image courtesy of S. Leys, Edmonton).