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40 results for “Thamnophis”
Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution
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Sex linkage of the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene (SCN4A) explains apparent deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium of tetrodotoxin-resistance alleles in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis)
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Data from: Sexual conflict over mating in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) as indicated by experimental manipulation of genitalia
Sexual conflict over mating can result in sex specific morphologies and behaviors that allow each sex to exert control over the outcome of reproduction. Genital traits, in particular, are often directly involved in conflict interactions. Via genital manipulation, we experimentally investigated whether genital traits in red-sided garter snakes influence copulation duration and formation of a copulatory plug. The hemipenes of male red-sided garter snakes have a large basal spine that inserts into the female cloaca during mating. We ablated the spine and found that males were still capable of copulation but copulation duration was much shorter and copulatory plugs were smaller than those produced by intact males. We also anesthetized the female cloacal region and found that anesthetized females copulated longer than control females, suggesting that female cloacal and vaginal contractions play a role in controlling copulation duration. Both results, combined with known aspects of the breeding biology of red-sided garter snakes, strongly support the idea that sexual conflict is involved in mating interactions in this species. Our results demonstrate the complex interactions among male and female traits generated by coevolutionary processes in a wild population. Such complexity highlights the importance of simultaneous examination of male and female traits.
FIG. 2 in Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) Exploit Abundant Nonnative Prey While Maintaining Their Appetite for Native Anurans
FIG. 2.—Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) standardized prey selection ratios for 382-mm SVL (snout–vent length) snakes (triangles), 536-mm SVL snakes (circles), and 690-mm SVL snakes (squares). Symbols represent posterior modes; error bars represent 95% highest posterior density intervals.
FIG. 3 in Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) Exploit Abundant Nonnative Prey While Maintaining Their Appetite for Native Anurans
FIG. 3.—Standardized prey selection ratios for Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) on 12 May (triangles), 19 June (circles), and 29 July (squares). Symbols represent posterior modes; error bars represent 95% highest posterior density intervals.
FIG. 1 in Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) Exploit Abundant Nonnative Prey While Maintaining Their Appetite for Native Anurans
FIG. 1.—Locations of Giant Gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) containing prey in the Sacramento Valley, California (inset), USA, 2013–2014.
FIGURE 3 in Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Prymnomiodon chalceus (ANSP 5286), dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views of the body and dorsal (c), right lateral (d) and ventral (e) views of the head. Scale bars equal 5 millimeters. Photographs by Justin L. Lee.
FIGURE 4 in Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the introduced specimen of Thamnophis saurita sackenii from Havelock Island (Swarajdweep), Andaman Islands, India (a), and a typical adult specimen of Th. saurita sackenii from Seminole County, Florida, United States (b). Note that the tail in the Havelock Island snake is partially broken. Photograph by Mr. Binu (a) and Justin L. Lee (b).
FIGURE 1 in Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)
FIGURE 1. Historical images of (a) William Lutley Sclater (1863–1944), the author of the description of Tropidonotus nicobarensis; (b) Frederik Adolph de Röepstorff (1842–1883), alleged collector of its type specimen; and (c–f), the original lithographic illustrations of Tropidonotus nicobarensis (Sclater 1891a, pl. 6, figs 5). Images of (a) from Grant (1945), (b) from illustration published in newspaper The Graphic, 17 May 1884, author unknown, and (c–f) illustrated by S. C. Mondul in Sclater (1891a: pl. 6).
FIGURE 2 in Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Tropidonotus nicobarensis (ZSI 8895), dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views. Scale bars equal 10 millimeters. Photographs courtesy of the Zoological Survey of India.
Data from: Local government contribution to recovery of the giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas)
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Data from: Convergent adaptation to dangerous prey proceeds through the same first-step mutation in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis
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Data from: Among-individual heterogeneity in maternal behaviour and physiology affects reproductive allocation and offspring life-history traits in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans
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Data from: Sexual conflict over mating in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) as indicated by experimental manipulation of genitalia
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Data from: Cranial ontogeny of Thamnophis radix (Serpentes: Colubroidea) with a re-evaluation of current paradigms of snake skull evolution
Accurate knowledge of skeletal ontogeny in extant organisms is crucial in understanding important morpho-functional systems and in enabling inferences of the ontogenetic stage of fossil specimens. However, detailed knowledge of skeletal ontogeny is lacking for most squamates, including snakes. Very few studies have discussed postnatal development in snakes, with none incorporating data from all three major ontogenetic stages – embryonic, juvenile, and adult. Here, we provide the first analysis encompassing these three ontogenetic stages for any squamate, using the first complete micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)-based segmentations of any non-adult snake, based on fresh specimens of Thamnophis radix. The most significant changes involve the feeding apparatus, with major elongation of the tooth-bearing elements and jaw suspensorium causing a posterior shift in the jaw articulation. This shift enables macrostomy (large-gaped feeding in snakes) and occurs in T. radix via a different developmental trajectory than in most other macrostomatans, indicating that the evolution of macrostomy is more complex than previously thought. The braincase of T. radix is also evolutionarily unique among derived snakes in lacking a crista circumfenestralis, a phenomenon considered herein to represent paedomorphic retention of the embryonic condition. We thus present a number of important challenges to current paradigms regarding snake cranial evolution.
Fig. 18. Upper. A in Observations on Garter Snakes of the Thamnophis eques Complex in the Lakes of Mexico's Transvolcanic Belt, with Descriptions of New Taxa
Fig. 18. Upper. A dark morph of Thamnophis eques scotti, a female 1009 mm in length from the Lago de Magdalena, Jalisco, collected August 30, 1961. Lower. A female Thamnophis eques carmenensis 700 mm in length and collected southeast of El Carmen, Tlaxcala, July 8, 1964. Note the solid black line bordering the pale middorsal stripe.
Thamnophis marcianus depredando Rhinella marina
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Data from: Cranial ontogeny of Thamnophis radix (Serpentes: Colubroidea) with a re-evaluation of current paradigms of snake skull evolution
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Data from: Hybridization between two gartersnake species (Thamnophis) of conservation concern: A threat or an important natural interaction?
Distinguishing between hybrid zones formed by secondary contact versus parapatric divergence-with-gene-flow is an important challenge for understanding the interplay of geographic isolation and local adaptation in the origin of species. Similarly, distinguishing between natural hybrid zones and those that formed as a consequence of recent human activities has important conservation implications. Recent work has demonstrated the existence of a narrow hybrid zone between the plains gartersnake (Thamnophis radix) and Butler's gartersnake (T. butleri) in the Great Lakes region of North America, raising questions about the history and conservation value of genetically admixed populations. Both taxa are of conservation concern, and it is not clear whether to regard hybridization as a threat or a natural interaction. Here we use phylogeographic and population genetic methods to assess the timescales of divergence and hybridization, and test for evidence that the hybrid zone is of recent origin. We assayed AFLP markers and ND2 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from T. radix, T. butleri, and the closely related short-headed gartersnake (T. brachystoma) throughout their North American ranges. We find shallow mtDNA divergence overall and high levels of variation within the contact zone. These patterns are inconsistent with recent contact of long-diverged taxa. It is not possible to distinguish true divergence-with-gene-flow from a long-term secondary contact zone, but we infer that the hybrid zone is a long-standing, natural interaction.
Data from: Hybridization between two gartersnake species (Thamnophis) of conservation concern: A threat or an important natural interaction?
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