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FIG. 9. — Size comparison within 2800-1700 in Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

FIG. 9. — Size comparison within 2800-1700 BC. Statistics for Vlíněves and other Únětice c. Czech sites are in Table 3. Statistics for Wattendorf-Motzenstein based on Becker (2008); for Rennweg and Csokor-gasse on Czeika (2010); for Csepel-Háros on Benecke & Driesch (2003); for Békés-Városerdö on Bökönyi (1974); for Föllik on Amschler (1949); re-dated to Litzenkeramik in Benkovsky-Pivovarová et al. (1987). Others as in Figs 3, 6. Abbreviations: CR, Czech Republic; Vl,, Vlíněves site.

FIG. 1 in Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

FIG. 1. — Map with Czech archaeological sites dated from the beginning of the Neolithic to EBA (Únětice c.) which provided equid bones. A, site locations, sorted alphabetically (chronological order in Table 2); B, position of the Czech Republic in Europe (Bohemia, dark area; Moravia, light area; grey lines, state borders); C, geomorphology of central Europe (http://open-data.europa.eu). Numbers: 1, Baba (district Prague); 2, Blučina-Cezavy; 3, Březno; 4, Bylany; 5, Čelákovice; 6, Černý Vůl; 7, Chotěbudice; 8, Cimburk, 9, Ďáblice (distr. Prague); 10, Dobroměřice; 11, Dřevčice; 12, Homolka; 13, Hostěnice-Brozany; 14, Hostivice; 15, Jezeřany-Maršovice; 16, Kobeřice; 17, Kšely, 18, Kutná Hora-Denemark; 19, Litovice; 20, Makotřasy; 21, Mikulov-Jelení louka; 22, Moravská Nová Ves; 23, Roztoky; 24, Starý Lískovec (distr. Brno); 25, Stránská skála (distr. Brno); 26, Těšetice-Kyjovice; 27, Toušeň-Hradišťko; 28, Tuchoměřice; 29, Úholičky; 30, Ve- drovice; 31, Velké Přílepy; 32, Vlíněves; 33, Vyškov; 34, Žádovice.

FIG. 8. — Size comparison within 3500-2700 in Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

FIG. 8. — Size comparison within 3500-2700 BC. Statistics for the Czech early-mid Eneolithic based on the same data as in Fig. 3 (statistics are in Table 3). Statistics for Balatonőszöd (separately Boleráz and Baden phase) based on Vörös (2014); for Bronocice (incl. BR III-BR V, 3400-2700 BC, excl. 2 tibiae) based on Milisauskas et al. (2006); for German sites from Benecke & Driesch (2003) and Benecke (2006). Others as in Figs 3, 6. Abbreviations: CR, Czech Republic; KH-Denemark/KH-D, Kutná Hora-Denemark site; TRB, Funnel Beaker c.

FIG. 6 in Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

FIG. 6. — Size comparison between horses from the Czech Republic (dark boxes and dots) and adjacent regions (light boxes) within: A, 15000-5600 BC; B, 5600- 4200 BC. X-axis, locations (in brackets: culture and/or country). Statistics for Hadí cave and Těšetice-Kyjovice based on the same data as the Magdalenien and early Lengyel, respectively (in Fig. 3; Table 3). Statistics for Mirnoe, Kniegrotte, Bärenkeller, LBK (Germany), Sakarovka and Dereivka taken from Benecke & Driesch (2003), for Lausnitz based on Teichert (1963), for Szabadszállás-Tözegtelep on Vörös (1981). Others as in Fig. 3. Abbreviations: CR, Czech Republic; LBK, Linear Pottery c.

FIG. 4 in Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

FIG. 4. — LSI distributions of Equus postcranial breadths/depths based on Czech datasets from selected periods and E. przewalskii presented by histograms. Based on the same data as in Fig. 3 (outliers incl.). Period codes correspond to other Tables and Figures. A, period 1 – Late Paleolithic (Magdalenien); B, pe- riod 3 – Early Lengyel (Těšetice-Kyjovice site); C, period 6 – Early Eneolithic (TRB); D, period 8 – Middle Eneolithic (Řivnáč culture); E, period 10 – Early Bronze (Únětice culture); F, period 11 – Late Bronze (KnovÍz culture); G, Equus przewalskii; X axes, LSI scale; Y axes, frequency; Red curve, Kernel density; Dotted curve, fit (estimated) normal distribution. Analysed by Past 3.02 statistical software.

FIG. 15 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 15. — Viperinae ('Oriental vipers' group) from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1994 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1506 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) with an indication of bifurcation in the distal tip of the hypapophysis in left lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H), cranial (I) and caudal (J) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; hy, hypapophysis; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; pp, parapophyseal process; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scr, subcentral ridge; sctt, subcotylar tubercle; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 13 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 13. — Vipera sp. ('European vipers' group) from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 2022 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) and cranial (D) views. Trunk vertebra Pal. 2023 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F), cranial (G) and caudal (H) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hy, hypapophysis; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 10 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 10. — "Colubrinae" indet., type 1 from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1464 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1465 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H), cranial (I) and caudal (J) views. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1466 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in left lateral (K) and ventral (L) views. Caudal vertebra Pal. 1966 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in right lateral (M), dorsal (N), ventral (O) and cranial (P) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; es, epizypapophyseal spine; hae, haemapophysis; hk, haemal keel; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p, parapophysis; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pl, pleurapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 12 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 12. — Natrix sp. and "Natricinae" indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Natrix sp.: trunk vertebra Pal. 1968 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in left lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. "Natricinae" indet.: trunk vertebra Pal. 1483 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) with preserved hypapophysis in left lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H) and caudal (I) views. Abbreviations: ak, anterior keel; cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; es, epizypapophyseal spine; hy, hypapophysis; lf, lateral foramen;nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; po, postzygapophysis;pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 9 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 9. — Coluber (s.l.) sp., from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Anterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1454 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1456 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in left lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H), cranial (I) and caudal (J) views. Anterior caudal vertebra Pal. 1462 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (K), dorsal (L), ventral (M), cranial (N) and caudal (O) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; hae, haemapophysis; hk, haemal keel; hy, hypapophysis; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p, parapophysis; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pl, pleurapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 8 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 8. — Python sp. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1449 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hk, haemal keel; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pd, paradiapophysis; po, postzygapophysis; pof, post zygapophyseal articular facet; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyf, zygosphenal facet; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 7. — Bavarioboa cf. hermi from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1448 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in left lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Abbreviations: ct, cotyle; hk, haemal keel; ir, interzygapophyseal ridge; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pd, paradiapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 6 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 6. — Ophisaurus and Anguinae indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1407 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) of Ophisaurus sp. in (A) lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral, (D) anterior and (E) posterior aspects. Anguinae indet.: right coronoid Pal. 1408 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in (F) lateral, (G) medial and (H) dorsal aspects. Osteoderms Pal. 1577-1579 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (I-K) external aspects. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process; amp, anteromedial process; cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; dp, dorsal process; mr, medial ridge; muc, muscular crest; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; nt, notch; os, overlap surface; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; pp, posterior process; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; rd, ridge; scs, scupltured surface; syn, synapophysis. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 11 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 11. — Colubridae gen. et sp. indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1484 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views. Abbreviations: ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; zy, zygosphene. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 3. — Amphisbaenia indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. The trunk vertebra Pal. 1570 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (A) lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral, (D) anterior and (E) posterior aspects. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; nc, neural canal; po, postzygapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular fac- et; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; scf, subcentral foramen; syn, synapophysis. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 16 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 16. — Elapidae gen. et sp. indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1500 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hy, hypapophysis; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; sctt, subcotylar tubercle; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 14 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 14. — Viperinae ('Oriental vipers' group) from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Left maxilla Pal. 1501 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in rostral (A) and caudal (B) views. Fang Pal. 1502 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in anterolateral (C) view. Anterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1503 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), ventral (F) and cranial (G) views. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1504 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (H) and cranial (I) views. Vertebra from the middle part of the trunk section Pal. 1505 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (J), dorsal (K), ventral (L), cranial (M) and caudal (N) views. Abbreviations: can.den, dental canal; cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; fac. ecpt, facet for contact with ectopterygoid; hy, hypapophysis; ir, interzygapophyseal ridge; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pd, paradiapophysis; po, postzygapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; pp, parapophyseal process; pr, prezygapophysis; pr.asc, ascending process; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; r, ridge; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; sctc, subcotylar canal; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: A-C, 2 mm; D-N, 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 2. — Lacertidae indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Left frontal Pal. 1565 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral aspects. Lacertidae indet. tooth morphotype 1: right maxilla Pal. 1566 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (C) lateral and (D) medial aspects with detail of teeth. Left dentary Pal. 1567 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (E) lateral and (F) medial aspects with detail of teeth. Right dentary Pal. 1568 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (G) medial aspect with detail of teeth. Lacertidae indet. tooth morphotype 2: left dentary Pal. 1401 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in (H) medial aspect with detail of teeth. Abbreviations: dc, dental crest; fs, frontal shield; lf, labial foramen (foramina); lp, lateral process; mc, mesial cusp; Mg, Meckel`s groove; mp, medial process; prs, prefrontal shield; sbs, subdental shelf; sc, sulcus; srs, supradental shelf; st, striations. Scale bars: A-D, H, 1 mm; D', G', 100 µm; E-G, H', 500 µm; F', 200 µm.

FIG. 1 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 1. — Topographic position of the Mokrá-Western Quarry with 1/2001 Turtle Joint and 2/2003 Reptile Joint (A). Position of the 1/2001 Turtle Joint at floor 380 m a.s.l. and field excavation of the fissure deposits in 2002 (B). The 2/2003 Reptile Joint has been discovered only few meters on the left from the 1/2001 Turtle Joint (modified after Ivanov et al. 2006).

FIG. 5 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 5. — Pseudopus from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Pseudopus laurillardi: parietal Pal. 1574 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral aspects; parietal Pal. 1402 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in (C) dorsal and (D) ventral aspects. Pseudopus sp.: left maxilla Pal. 1575 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (E) lateral and (F) medial aspects. Left quadrate Pal. 1576 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (G) lateral and (H) medial aspects. Right dentary Pal. 1403 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in (I) lateral, (J) medial and (K) dorsal aspects. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1404 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in (L) lateral, (M) dorsal, (N) ventral, (O) anterior and (P) posterior aspects. Trunk vertebra 1405 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in (Q) anterior aspect. Abbreviations: are, arcuate edge; cc, cephalic condyle; cd, condyle; cf, facet for