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52 results for “Therapsida”
Fig. 2 in A New Nonmammalian Eucynodont (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the Triassic of Northern Gansu Province, China, and its Biostratigraphic and Biogeographic Implications
Fig. 2. Composite section of the Hongyanjing Formation exposed in the Beishan Hills. The new trirachodontid fossil was collected from the fossil-bearing dark shale exposed approximately 13.5 m above the basal contact of the formation with Hercynian plagio-diorite rocks.
Fig. 6 in A New Nonmammalian Eucynodont (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the Triassic of Northern Gansu Province, China, and its Biostratigraphic and Biogeographic Implications
Fig. 6. Tooth morphology of Beishanodon youngi, gen. et sp. nov. (holotype PKUP V3007): A, occlusal view of first through fourth right postcanines; B, occlusal view of fourth and fifth left postcanines. Double arrows point to small cusps on posterior cingulum. Scale bar 5 50 mm.
Fig. 5 in A New Nonmammalian Eucynodont (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the Triassic of Northern Gansu Province, China, and its Biostratigraphic and Biogeographic Implications
Fig. 5. Beishanodon youngi, gen. et sp. nov. (holotype PKUP V3007): CT-scan of the holotype skull showing tooth sockets and palatal structures (the scanning of the specimen was done by using a GE Light- Speed QX/I CT Scanner at the Peking University People's Hospital). Anterior arrows point to the canine eminence, and posterior arrows point to the oblique orientation of the last postcanine.
Fig. 4 in A New Nonmammalian Eucynodont (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the Triassic of Northern Gansu Province, China, and its Biostratigraphic and Biogeographic Implications
Fig. 4. Beishanodon youngi, gen. et sp. nov. (holotype PKUP V3007): line drawings of skull in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views.
Fig. 8 in A New Nonmammalian Eucynodont (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the Triassic of Northern Gansu Province, China, and its Biostratigraphic and Biogeographic Implications
Fig. 8. Biogeographic distribution of Trirachodontidae (data on African taxa from Abdala et al., 2006; base map from http://www.theodora.com/maps): South Africa—Trirachodon, Langbergia, Cricodon (Olenekian and Anisian); Namibia—Trirachodon sp. (Anisian); Tanzania—Cricodon (Anisian); Gansu— Beishanodon (Olenekian); Shanxi—Sinognathus (Anisian); Donguz—questionable record of trirachodontid.
Data from: A new tusked cistecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the upper Permian Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia
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Effects of taphonomic deformation on geometric morphometric analysis of fossils: a case study using the dicynodont Diictodon feliceps (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
<p>Taphonomic deformation, the distortion of fossils as a result of geological processes, poses problems for the use of geometric morphometrics in addressing paleobiological questions. Signal from biological variation, such as ontogenetic trends and sexual dimorphism, may be lost if variation from deformation is too high. Here, we investigate the effects of taphonomic deformation on geometric morphometric analyses of the abundant, well known Permian therapsid <i>Diictodon feliceps</i>. Distorted <i>Diictodon </i>crania can be categorized into seven typical styles of deformation: lateral compression, dorsoventral compression, anteroposterior compression, 'saddle-shape' deformation (localized collapse at cranial mid-length), anterodorsal shear, anteroventral shear, and right/left shear. In simulated morphometric datasets incorporating known 'biological' signals and subjected to uniform shear, deformation was typically the main source of variance but accurate 'biological' information could be recovered in most cases. However, in empirical datasets, not only was deformation the dominant source of variance, but little structure associated with allometry and sexual dimorphism was apparent, suggesting that the more varied deformation styles suffered by actual fossils overprint biological variation. In a principal component analysis of all anomodont therapsids, deformed <i>Diictodon </i>specimens exhibit significant dispersion around the 'true' position of this taxon in morphospace based on undistorted specimens. The overall variance associated with deformation for Anomodontia as a whole is minor, and the major axes of variation in the study sample show a strong phylogenetic signal instead. Although extremely problematic for studying variation in fossil taxa at lower taxonomic levels, the cumulative effects of deformation in this study are shown to be random, and inclusion of deformed specimens in higher-level analyses of morphological disparity are warranted. Mean morphologies of distorted specimens are found to approximate the morphology of undistorted specimens, so we recommend use of species-level means in higher-level analyses when possible.</p>
Data from: The cranial morphology, phylogenetic position and biogeography of the upper Permian dicynodont Compsodon helmoedi van Hoepen (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
Compsodon helmoedi is an obscure dicynodont originally described based on a single specimen from the upper Permian of the Karoo Basin. The discovery of three new specimens of Compsodon from the Luangwa Basin of Zambia and two additional specimens from South African museum collections facilitates a reassessment of its cranial morphology and phylogenetic position. Compsodon is diagnosed by an autapomorphic secondary palate morphology: medial depression at anterior end of premaxillary secondary palate; medial anterior palatal ridges absent; lateral anterior palatal ridges prominent and extend to posterior end of secondary palate; Y-shaped anterior end of posterior median palatal ridge; embayment of palatal rim anterior to caniniform process divided into two depressions by a posteromedially-trending ridge. Other important characters include the presence of maxillary 'postcanines' and a postcaniniform keel; long interpterygoid vacuity; palatine pad smooth and pierced by a foramen; pineal foramen flanked by swollen eminences of parietals; parietals fused and narrowly exposed between broad postorbitals on dorsal surface of skull; and pocket-like depression on lateral surface of maxilla. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that Compsodon is a member of Emydopoidea, but underscores major outstanding problems in our understanding of Permian dicynodont phylogeny that require further attention. The cranial morphology of Compsodon converges on that of cryptodonts like Tropidostoma, and as such represents a unique emydopoid morphotype. The stratigraphic range of Compsodon probably spans the upper Cistecephalus and lower Daptocephalus assemblage zones, and its presence in South Africa and Zambia reinforces a pattern of small Permian dicynodonts with wide geographical ranges in southern Gondwana.
Effects of taphonomic deformation on geometric morphometric analysis of fossils: a case study using the dicynodont Diictodon feliceps (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
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Data from: The cranial morphology, phylogenetic position and biogeography of the upper Permian dicynodont Compsodon helmoedi van Hoepen (Therapsida, Anomodontia)
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Data from: A new species of burnetiid (Therapsida, Burnetiamorpha) from the early Wuchiapingian of South Africa and implications for the evolutionary ecology of the family Burnetiidae.
Burnetiidae is a family of basal therapsids that is known from late Permian-aged (Lopingian) sequences from southern and eastern Africa and European Russia. Recent discoveries of related genera within the broader clade Burnetiamorpha have added to our understanding of morphological variation in the group but have eroded the list of characters defining the family Burnetiidae. We describe a new burnetiid taxon, Leucocephalus wewersi gen. et sp. nov., and argue that Burnetiidae can be defined by, among other characters, the presence of two bosses on the ventrolateral surface of suborbital bar and zygomatic arch, high skull angulation between the orbits, and a median frontal crest that becomes wider and lower posteriorly. The new specimen was found in the early Wuchiapingian Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone of the Main Karoo Basin and, along with previous discoveries, indicates that the family reached its greatest diversity and abundance in the early Wuchiapingian. Diversity declined into the later Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian. Although the clade Burnetiamorpha, including the family Burnetiidae, contains at least 11 genera, each of these is exceptionally rare, with most represented by only one specimen. This could be attributed to a genuine ecological characteristic or may be the result of biogeographic factors, particularly if the Main Karoo Basin was on the periphery of their range.
FIGURE 3 in A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov.
FIGURE 3. Stratigraphy of the southern Brazilian Triassic. A, sequence stratigraphy of the Triassic units outcropping in Rio Grande do Sul State. B, bio- and litostratigraphic relationships between Middle and Upper Triassic units from Brazil and Argentina [modified from Zerfass et al. (2003), Rubert and Schultz (2004) and Soares et al. (2011)].
FIGURE 2 in A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov.
FIGURE 2. Reconstruction of the block containing the holotype of Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. as exposed in the Museu Municipal Aristides Carlos Rodrigues, in Candelária (left), and an interpretative drawing of the preserved elements (right). The arrow indicates the region where the holotype was found (under disarticulated cranial bones). Abbreviations: C, cranium (or disarticulated cranial bones); M, mandible; P, postcranial remains.
FIGURE 1 in A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov.
FIGURE 1. Geographic location and stratigraphic section of the outcrop. A, Rio Grande do Sul State placement in South America and Brazil. The approximate position of the city of Candelária is indicated by the black star. B, road map with arrow pointing to the city of Candelária, where the material was collected. C, stratigraphic section of the Sanga do Zé outcrop. The scale is in meters and the arrow points to the vertebrate-bearing level (modified from Bertoni-Machado et al. 2008). Abbreviations: fs, fine sandstone; m, mudstone.
FIGURE 5 in A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov.
FIGURE 5. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV-0001-T). A, left distalmost incisor, canine and first to fifth lower postcanines, in buccal view. B, left first to fifth lower postcanines and two empty alveoli, in lingual view. C, same as A and B, in occlusal view. D, right second and third lower postcanines, in buccal view. E, probable right upper postcanine, in lingual view. F, same as D, in occlusal view (schematic). Scale bar = 10mm. Abbreviations: A-D, upper tooth cusps; a- d (and a'-d' and a''-d''), lower tooth cusps; cg, cingulum; ct, canine; i, incisor.
FIGURE 6 in A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov.
FIGURE 6. Lower postcanine dentition of Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. and other cynodonts compared (not to scale; all from left side; anterior is upwards in A–C and towards the right in D–E). A, first to fifth teeth of Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov., in occlusal view. B, first to sixth teeth of Chiniquodon theotonicus (PVL-4444), in occlusal view (Abdala & Giannini 2002). C, first to fifth teeth of Aleodon brachyrhamphus Crompton 1955 (BMNH 10048), in occlusal view, with the detailed second and third postcanines figured in Abdala and Giannini (2002; text-fig. 6C). D, the same as that in A, in lingual view. E, the same as that in C, in lingual view. Abbreviations: pc, lower postcanine.
FIGURE 4 in A new carnivorous cynodont (Synapsida, Therapsida) from the Brazilian Middle Triassic (Santa Maria Formation): Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov.
FIGURE 4. Candelariodon barberenai gen. et sp. nov. (Holotype, MMACR PV-0001-T). A, left mandible in lateral view. B, left branch of mandible in medial view and part of the right dentary in lateral view. C, mandible in occlusal view. Scale bar = 50 mm. Diagonal lines represent matrix. Abbreviations: cd, coronoid process of the dentary; ct, canine; da, dentary angle; ea, empty alveoli; i, incisor; PC, upper postcanine; pc, lower postcanine; pda, postdentary attachment area; rd, anterior portion of the right dentary; sp, splenial.
Figure 1 in Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?
Figure 1. Stratigraphical ranges of the anomodonts used in this study. Modified from Angielczyk & Kurkin (2003) and Angielczyk & Walsh (2008). Oudenodon range updated from Botha & Angielczyk (2007). Kingoria is now referred to as Dicynodontoides following Angielczyk et al. (2009). Vertical solid bars and open bars indicate ranges and ghost lineages, respectively. Abbreviations: Chsn, Changhsingian; Ciste., Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone; Eodicyn., Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone; Ind., Induan; Lystro., Lystrosaurus; Olen., Olenekian; Prist., Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone; PTB, Permo-Triassic boundary; Tap., Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone; Tropid. Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone; Wn, Wordian. Numbers indicate million years ago. Stratigraphical chart follows Catuneanu et al. (2005).
Figure 4. Permo-Triassic dicynodont bone histology. A in Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?
Figure 4. Permo-Triassic dicynodont bone histology. A, juvenile Dicynodon humerus SAM-PK-K5576d; B, subadult Dicynodon humerus NMQR3633a; C, subadult Lystrosaurus maccaigi ulna NMQR3663b; D, juvenile Lystrosaurus declivis tibia NMQR735b; D, E, adult Lystrosaurus humerus (possibly Lystrosaurus declivis) NMQR3678; F, late subadult Kannemeyeria femur NMQR2674b. Arrows indicate enlarged channels in all genera. Scale bars: D, E = 500 mm; A, B, C, F = 413 mm.
Figure 6. Permo-Triassic eutherapsid bone histology. A in Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?
Figure 6. Permo-Triassic eutherapsid bone histology. A, subadult gorgonopsian Scylacops femur SAM-PK-10188; B, adult therocephalian Pristerognathus femur SAM-PK-11557; C, late subadult nonmammalian cynodont Cynognathus femur SAM-PK-K6235a; D, early subadult nonmammalian cynodont Diademodon ulna SAM-PK-K8971c. Enlarged channels are absent from these taxa. Arrows indicate growth rings. Scale bars: B, D = 500 mm; A, C = 413 mm.
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