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Fig. 3 in A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA

Fig. 3. Rhipidocystid echinoderm Durhamicystis americana gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician Chambersburg Formation, Maryland, USA. A. USNM 642510. B. USNM 642511a, b. Photographs of specimens submerged in water to increase contrast of plates and plate boundaries (A1, B1). Camera lucida drawings indicating plate arrangements (A2, B2). Abbreviations: FP, flooring plate (green); G, gonopore; H, hydropore; M1–M9, marginal plates (yellow); O1–O7, oral plates (red); Pe, periproct. Central plates colored in blue, stem in purple, and brachioles in brown.

Fig. 6 in A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA

Fig. 6. Comparisson between the rhipidocystids Mandalacystis dockery Lewis, Sprinkle, Bailey, Moffit, and Parsley, 1987 (A), Petalocystites ikecanensis (Sprinkle, 1973) (B), Neorhipidocystis norvegica (Bockelie, 1981) (C), and Durhamicystis americana gen. et sp. nov. (D). Abbreviations: FP, flooring plate (green); M1–M9, marginal plates (yellow); O1–O7, oral plates (red); central plates (blue); stem (purple), brachioles (brown); Pe, periproct. Based on Lewis et al. 1987 (A), Sprinkle 1973 (B), and Bockelie 1981 (C).

Fig. 1 in A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA

Fig. 1. Rhipidocystid echinoderm Durhamicystis americana gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician Chambersburg Formation, Maryland, USA. A. Holotype USNM 642510 showing the theca, proximal stem, and brachioles; general view of the complete specimen in ventral view (A1), detail of oral area and proximal part of the brachioles (A2), specimen in lateral view showing the periproct surrounded by three plates (A3). B. Paratype USNM 642513; general view of the complete specimen in ventral view (B1), note central plates in thecal interior, and single columnal attached to basals; detail of the anal pyramid on left edge (B2). Specimens whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate.

Fig. 4 in A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA

Fig. 4. Rhipidocystid echinoderm Neorhipidocystis norvegica (Bockelie, 1981) from the Late Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway. A. PMO 101.143, half complete specimen; detail of the oral area (A2). B. PMO 101.144 (holotype), almost complete specimen lacking the lower portion; detail of the oral area (B2), note V-shaped notches and cover plates on uniserial brachioles. Specimens are latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA

Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawings and plate interpretations of the oral area in Neorhipidocystis norvegica (Bockelie, 1981). A. PMO 101.143. B. PMO 101.144, holotype. Abbreviations: CP, cover plates over ambulacra and brachioles; FP, flooring plates; G, gonopore; H, hydropore; M, marginal plates; O1–O6, oral plates.

Fig. 2 in A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA

Fig. 2. Rhipidocystid echinoderm Durhamicystis americana gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician Chambersburg Formation, Maryland, USA. A. Paratype USNM 642511a, b; general view showing two nearly complete superimposed specimens (A1); detail of the oral area, proximal brachioles attached to marginal, oral, and floor plates, and three apertures (periproct, hydropore slit, and tiny gonopore) (A2); specimen in left lateral view showing the thin central plates from both integuments (A3); specimen in right lateral view showing the position of the periproct (A4); detail of facets between brachiolar plates and cryptic vertical sutures indicated by arrows (A5); detail showing thin internal projections of weathered, U-shaped, marginal plates (A6). Specimens whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate.

Fig. 4 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 4. The lingulid brachiopod Tunisiglossa almalensis Popov and Mambetov, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgystan. Schematic representation of ventral (A) and dorsal (B) valve interior showing position of muscle scars, mantle canals and a pedicle nerve impression.

Fig. 7 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 7. The holopeid gastropod Ptychonema agyris Ebbestad, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgystan. A. Reconstruction of the shell in dorsal view. B. Reconstruction of the shell in lateral view. C. Reconstruction of the shell in presumed life position with the apertural plane horizontal and with slight regulatory detorsion to balance the shell. Note how the emargination is not in an anterior position. D. Reconstruction of the shell in presumed life position with the apertural plane horizontal, but without regulatory detorsion, so that the emargination is in an anterior position.

Fig. 6 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 6. The holopeid gastropod Ptychonema agyris Ebbestad, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgyz Range. A. NMW 98.66G.950, specimen with partially preserved aperture. B. NMW 98.66G.951, base of a specimen with shell preserved. C. NMW 98.66G.952, partial last whorl with shell intact. D. NMW 98.66G.953, cross section of large specimen. E. NMW 98.66G.954, cross section of initial whorls of small specimen. Scale bars 2.5 mm.

Fig. 8 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 8. Palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Late Ordovician (early Caradocian) showing geographical destribution of shallow water (BA1) lingulid−mollusc associations on Kazakh terranes. The reversed position of the North China plate in low northern latitudes and position of Tarim plate at 36.5°S are mainly after Zhao et al. (1996). Relative positions of Gondwana, Armorica, Baltica, Avalonia, and Laurentia are mainly after Torsvik (1998). Kazakhstan in the Ordovician was not a single plate but an assemblage of island arcs and microplates (Apollonov 2000; Webby et al. 2000). Some Kazakh terranes (Chingiz−Tarbagatai) are remnants of several Early Palaeozoic intra−oceanic island arcs, in a part possibly representing the Cambrian eastern active margin of Baltica detached sometime within the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician. Another group of Kazakh terranes (North Tien Shan, Chu−Ili, Balkhash−Dzhungaria, Ulutau−Karatau−Naryn) are microplates presumably of a peri−Gondwanan origin. Position of North Tien−Shan at low southern latitudes after Bazhenov et al. (2003).

Fig. 1 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 1. Geological map of the western part of Kyrgyz Range (after Farid Kh. Apayarov and Matvei M. Gutermakher, unpublished) showing position of the measured sections and fossil localities. This mountainous area is a central part of the North Tien Shan mountain system, which is a series of parallel south−southwest to east−northeast ranges stretching for about 2500 km from Turkestan in the west to northern China in the east. Black arrows indicate direction of water flow in tributaries and rivers; 509 and 510 are fossil localities.

Fig. 3 in A low diversity shallow water lingulid brachiopod-gastropod association from the Upper Ordovician of Kyrgyz Range

Fig. 3. The lingulid brachiopod Tunisiglossa almalensis Popov and Mambetov, sp. nov. from the Almaly Formation, Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) of Kyrgyz Range. A. NMW 98.66G.869, ventral internal mould. B. NMW 98.66G.871, ventral valve, exterior. C. NMW 98.66G.865, dorsal valve exterior. D. NMW 98.66G.866, dorsal valve, exterior. E. NMW 98.66G.860–862, cluster of three disarticulated valves on a bedding surface. F. NMW 98.66G.872, dorsal valve, interior, latex cast. G. NMW 98.66G.870, holotype, dorsal valve, interior, latex cast showing position of muscle scars (tm., transmedian; o.l., outside latreral; a.l., middle lateral; c.m., central; anterior lateral) and proximal parts of dorsal vascular media (v.m.). H. NMW 98.66G.873, ventral valve, exterior, latex cast (H1) and ventral internal mould showing umbonal muscle scars (u.m.) (H2). I. NMW 98.66G.867, ventral valve, interiors showing position of pedicle nerve impression (p.n.) and NMW 98.66G.868, dorsal valve interior. Scale bars 2.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 5. Reconstructions of two possible modes of life of Conollia. A. A semi-infaunal mode of life. B. An infaunal mode of life. Adapt- ed from Domínguez Alonso (2004).

Fig. 2 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 2. Stratigraphical position (A) and geographical location (B) of the site where Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. was collected. Adapted from Ingham (1992).

Fig. 3 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 3. Ctenocystoid echinoderm Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland, UK. A. GLAHM 131255/1, partial specimen. B. GLAHM 131255/2, complete specimen. C. GLAHM 131255/3, partial ctenidium in lateral view. D. GLAHM 131255/4, partial ctenidium in adoral view. E. GLAHM 131255/5, partial ctenidium. F. GLAHM 131255/6, partial ctenidium. G. GLAHM 131255/7, complete ctenidium in anterior view. H. GLAHM 131255/8, partial ctenidium in anterior view. I. GLAHM 131255/9, partial ctenidium in anterior view. Photographs of original specimens (A, B), latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate (C–F), and virtual reconstructions (G–I). Abbreviations: as, articulations for serrated spines; cp, ctenoid plates; ss, serrated spines; ts, thecal spines.

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B. Ctenocystis utahensis Robison and Sprinkle, 1969 from Cambrian Series 3 of the United States. USNM 163252 in dorsal (A 1) and anterior (A 2) views; USNM 595079 in right lateral view (B). C. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 1 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15428 in dorsal view. D. Courtessolea moncereti Domínguez Alonso, 2004 from Cambrian Series 3 of France. MNHN F.A45783 in dorsal view. E. Courtessolea sp. from Cambrian Series 3 of Spain. MPZ 2009/1234b in ventral view. F. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 2 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15317 in ventral view. G, H. Jugoszovia archaeocyathoides Dzik and Orłowski, 1995 from Cambrian Series 3 of Poland. ZPAL Ec1/9 in ventral view (G); ZPAL Ec1/1 in anterior view (H). All specimens are latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate.

Fig. 3 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 3. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Edenian (Upper Ordovician), Cincinnati region. Lectotype, MCZ 108078 (A), and paralectotype, MCZ 108079 (B). A1. Lectotype (dorsal, at left) and additional specimen (ventral, at right). B1. Paralectotype, ventral. A2. Lectotype, dorsal surface of ambulacrals with large interambulacral muscle gaps. B2. Paralectotype, disk spines, and small madreporite (arrow). B3. Section of arm inside disk showing shape of proximalmost ventral ambulacrals.

Fig. 2 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 2. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Edenian (Upper Ordovician) near Covington, Kentucky. ESEM photographs of pyritized tube feet, CMC 25001. A. Broken tube foot preserved in arm outside the disk. B. Close−up of outside surface of tube foot showing subhedral and euhedral crystals; note euhedral octahedra (arrows). C. Close−up of broken cross−section of same tube foot. D. Buccal tentacle inside mouth frame (bt); view is from the axis of the arm into the mouth area; proximal ambulacrals visible at bottom (a); concave mouth angle ossicles (mao) at upper right; mouth angle ossicles with possible spine bearing ridge in upper left (s).

Fig. 5 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 5. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati region (see Appendix 1 for details). A. Previously unfigured specimen of the original suite of specimens described by Ulrich (1878); CMC 25002, ventral. B. Previously unfigured specimen of the original suite of specimens described by Ulrich (1878); CMC 25003, ventral. C. Another specimen that was possibly part of the original suite described by Ulrich (1878); MCZ 108086, ventral. D. Several fragments (arrows) of Protasterina flexuosa preserved among crinoid stems and trilobite fragments, articulated crown of Ectenocrinus simplex (Hall, 1847) near center of slab, CMC P506354. E. CMC P50635; E1, two additional specimens, one dorsal (left), one ventral (right), trilobite fragment in lower right; E2, fine ribbing (arrow) preserved on distal articulation surface of ventral interambulacral muscle field; E3, stellate scales on dorsal surface of disk; E4, ventral surface of ambulacrals immediately outside the disk; E5, partial disarticulation exposed the triangular podial basin floor (arrow) and large interambulacral muscle gaps.

Fig. 4 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 4. Shape of the ventral surface of ambulacrals. The leg is parallel to the median suture; the foot articulates via the toes to the lateral. Proximal is top. A. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878); A1, ambulacrals inside disk and proximal portions of free arms; A2, typical hour−glass shape of ambulacrals beyond the proximal portion of the disk; A3, four proximal ambulacrals for comparison with other taxa, median suture clearly sinuous*. B. Strataster ohioensis Kesling and LeVasseur, 1971 and Eugasterella logani (Hall, 1867), median suture straight to slightly sinuous. C. Bundenbachia beneckei* Stürtz, 1886; median suture straight to slightly sinuous. D. Palaeophiomyxa grandis*(Stürtz, 1886); median suture sinuous. E. Taeniaster spinosus (Billings, 1858); median suture straight to slightly sinuous. F. Bohemura jahni (Jaekel, 1903), Mastigophiura grandis* Lehmann, 1957, and Protaster sedgwickii* Forbes, 1849; median suture straight to slightly sinuous. Taxa marked "*" were reconstructed based on a study of the type material. All other reconstructions are based on published photographs.