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64 results for “Urban Scaling”
Data for "How to use scale invariant properties of imperviousness in urban areas to handle missing data ?"
<p>The data set corresponds the data presented in the data paper : “How to use scale invariant properties of imperviousness in urban areas to handle missing data ?“ which has been submitted to Water Resources Research ” (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19447973).</p> <p>It corresponds to :</p> <p>- the rainfall data collected on 2019-06-02 with 5 min and 30 s time steps by a disdrometer installed on the roof of Ecole des Ponts ParisTech building.</p> <p>- land use distribution for the Jouy-en-Josas catchment (1 = forest, 2= road, 3=Grass, 4=building, 5=Gully, 6=missing data), with pixel size of 10 m and 2 m.</p> <p>More details can be found in the file and in the paper.</p>
Dataset for evaluating rooftop photovoltaic solar panels impact on urban temperature at city scale
<p>This dataset contains simulation outputs from the WRF/BEP+BEM v4.3.3 model, evaluating the impact of rooftop photovoltaic solar panels on urban temperatures in five cities: Kolkata, Austin, Sydney, Athens, and Brussels. The model uses one parent domain and two nested domains with resolutions of 18 km, 6 km, and 2 km, focusing on the 2 km resolution. Simulations cover the summer periods of each city, including panel surface temperature and urban state variables data. The dataset represents diverse climate types: tropical wet and dry (Kolkata), Mediterranean (Athens), moderate oceanic<em> </em>(Brussels), and subtropical humid (Sydney and Austin).</p>
Permeable pavement hydraulic performance and clogging experiments using a full-scale urban drainage physical model
<p>This dataset contains the results from 15 tests conducted used a physical model in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the Centre for Technological Innovation in Construction and Civil Engineering (CITEEC) at the University of A Coruña (Spain) as part of the POREDRAIN project.</p> <p><br>The objective of the tests is to analyse the hydraulic performance of a porous asphalt layer of the PA-16 type and the impact of clogging on the hydrological behaviour and water quality of the effluent. The porous asphalt was used to retrofit an impervious concrete surface of a 36 m² full-scale street section physical model, which consist of a rainfall simulator placed over the street surface. The behaviour of the porous asphalt layer was assessed by adding surface sediment loads between simulated rainfall events. Stormwater flow discharges were collected from two gully pots and an outlet lateral channel. </p>
Experimental dataset on a large-scale urban drainage physical facility
<p>The present dataset contains the results from the test carried out at a large-scale urban drainage facility located in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Centre of Technological Innovation in Construction and Civil Engineering (CITEEC) at the University of A Coruña (Spain) within the scope of the project SATURNO - Early warning against pluvial flooding in urban areas [PID2020-118368RB-I00]. The main goal of the project SATURNO is to establish a robust methodology for the development and implementation of operational Early Warning System (EWS) for pluvial flood risk in urban areas.</p> <p>The experimental facility represents a T-intersection street of 100 m<sup>2</sup> linked to a sewer system, and it is equipped with a rainfall simulator able to generate spatially homogeneous rainfall intensities. The dataset includes the results of experiments on roofs, street surfaces, inlets, manholes and the outfall of the drainage system as well as all products obtained during the tests.</p> <p>The dataset is structured in the following items:</p> <ul> <li>01_Physical_model_description: Full description of the urban drainage installation.</li> <li>02_Geometries: Geometry of streets, roofs, and drainage network ready for import into numerical.</li> <li>03_Rain_intensity_maps: Rainfall maps of the intensities generated with the rainfall simulator in the experiments.</li> <li>04_Digital_Elevation_Models: Digital Terrain Models of the street surface and roofs.</li> <li>05_Experimental_procedure: Full description of the experimental procedure, equipment, measuring points, results, and structure of the database.</li> <li>06_ Hydraulic_tests_database: Database with post-processed experimental results ready for use. Results of flow rates of the 4 roofs, the 4 inlets, the 4 manholes, the grate and the outfall and the depths of the 9 surface points are presented. A file with additional data on the measuring points is also included.</li> <li>07_Supplementary_material: QGIS project with the products obtained.</li> <li>08_Multimedia: Photos and videos of the platform and experiments.</li> </ul> <p>The roofs results have been used in Sañudo et al. (2022) to assess three different numerical implementations to model rainfall-runoff transformation on roofs [DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14588">https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14588</a>]</p> <p>This study was received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) within the project “SATURNO: Early warning against pluvial flooding in urban areas” (PID2020-118368RB-I00).</p>
Data from: Fine-scale variation in microclimate across an urban landscape shapes variation in mosquito population dynamics and the potential of Aedes albopictus to transmit arboviral disease
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Data from: Functional diversity of phyllostomid bats in an urban-rural landscape: a scale-dependent analysis
<p>Urbanization is one of the most pervasive landscape transformational processes responsible for novel selection agents promoting functional community homogenization. Bats may persist in those human environments, but the mechanisms responsible for their adaptability and the spatial scales in which landscape imposes environmental filtering remain poorly studied in the Neotropics. We tested the hypothesis that landscape composition interacts with the spatial scale to affect the functional diversity of phyllostomids in an urban-rural gradient. Based on functional traits, we calculated indices of functional richness, divergence, evenness, community-weighted means of morphological traits, and classified species into functional groups. We evaluated the changes of those variables in response to forest, grassland, and urbanized areas at 0.5, 1.25 and, 2 km scales. The number of functional groups, functional richness, and functional evenness tended to be higher in areas far from cities and with higher forest cover, whereas functional divergence increased in more urbanized areas. Our results show that the mean value of wing loading in the assemblage was negatively associated to landscape transformation at several spatial scales. However, environmental filtering driven by grass cover was particularly robust at the 500 m scale, affecting big-sized species with long pointed wings. Retaining natural forest in cattle ranging systems at ~12 km<sup>2</sup> appears to favor bat abundance evenness among functional types in the urban-rural landscape. Recognizing the scale of the effect on phyllostomid functional responses appears to be a fundamental issue for elucidating the spatial extent to which phyllostomid conservation planning in urban-rural landscapes should be addressed.</p>
Data from: Nest suitability, fine-scale population structure and male-mediated dispersal of a solitary ground nesting bee in an urban landscape
Bees are the primary pollinators of flowering plants in almost all ecosystems. Worldwide declines in bee populations have raised awareness about the importance of their ecological role in maintaining ecosystem functioning. The naturally strong philopatric behavior that some bee species show can be detrimental to population viability through increased probability of inbreeding. Furthermore, bee populations found in human-altered landscapes, such as urban areas, can experience lower levels of gene flow and effective population sizes, increasing potential for inbreeding depression in wild bee populations. In this study, we investigated the fine-scale population structure of the solitary bee Colletes inaequalis in an urbanized landscape. First, we developed a predictive spatial model to detect suitable nesting habitat for this ground nesting bee and to inform our field search for nests. We genotyped 18 microsatellites in 548 female individuals collected from nest aggregations throughout the study area. Genetic relatedness estimates revealed that genetic similarity among individuals was slightly greater within nest aggregations than among randomly chosen individuals. However, genetic structure among nest aggregations was low (Nei's GST = 0.011). Reconstruction of parental genotypes revealed greater genetic relatedness among females than among males within nest aggregations, suggesting male-mediated dispersal as a potentially important mechanism of population connectivity and inbreeding avoidance. Size of nesting patch was positively correlated with effective population size, but not with other estimators of genetic diversity. We detected a positive trend between geographic distance and genetic differentiation between nest aggregations. Our landscape genetic models suggest that increased urbanization is likely associated with higher levels of inbreeding. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of density and distribution of suitable nesting patches for enhancing bee population abundance and connectivity in human dominated habitats and highlights the critical contribution of landscape genetic studies for enhanced conservation and management of native pollinators.
Local and landscape scale variables shape insect diversity in an urban biodiversity hotspot.
<p>Local community structure is shaped by processes acting at local and landscape scales. The relative importance of drivers operating across different spatial scales are difficult to test without observations across regional or latitudinal gradients. Cities exhibit strong but predictable environmental gradients overlaying a mosaic of highly variable but repeated habitat types within a constrained area. Thus, cities present a unique opportunity to explore how both local and landscape factors influence local biotic communities. We used insect communities to examine the interactions among local environmental variables (such as temperature and relative humidity), local habitat characteristics (such as plant community composition), and broad-scale patterns of urbanization (including biophysical, human-built, and socio-economic variables) on local insect abundance, species richness, and species composition in Los Angeles, a hot, dry, near-desert city. After accounting for seasonal trends, insect species richness and abundance were highest in drier and hotter sites, but the magnitude of local environmental effects varied with the degree of urbanization. In contrast, insect species composition was best predicted by broad-scale urbanization trends, with the more native communities occurring in less urbanized sites and more cosmopolitan insects occurring in highly urbanized sites. However, insect species richness and abundance were >30% higher and insect composition was similar across sites that hosted either native or drought-tolerant plants, regardless of the degree of urbanization. These results demonstrate that urban insect biodiversity is a product of interacting mechanisms working at both local and landscape scales. However, local scale changes to urban habitats, such as cultivating plants that are adapted to the natural environment nearest the city, can positively impact urban biodiversity regardless of location.</p>
Data from: Experimental small-scale flower patches increase species density but not abundance of small urban bees
1. Large flower plantings are often used to combat negative effects of habitat loss on pollinators, but whether these floral additions are effective at smaller scales remains unclear, particularly in urban settings. 2. To test the effectiveness of small-scale floral additions on enhancing urban bee populations, as well as their impact from one year to the next, different quantities of potted sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima) flowers were placed across sites in Ann Arbor, Michigan for two consecutive years and the resulting Halictid bee visitors were monitored. 3. Overall we found the number of flowers added at the local level was significantly and positively correlated with small Halictid bee abundance and species density in an urban landscape. At smaller flower quantities dynamics were clearly linear, where incremental increases in number of flowers showed significant increases in bee abundance and species density. At larger quantities of floral additions, however, dynamics were nonlinear in that incremental increases in flower quantity had no effect on bee abundance and highly variable effects on bee species density. 4. When comparing the change in small Halictid bee abundance and species density from one year to the next, we found a significant increase in bee species density in the second year of small-scale floral additions, but no significant difference in bee abundance. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that small flower plantings can have positive effects on small bee communities in urban systems even over a short period of time, and therefore confirm that encouraging citizens to plant flowers can be an effective conservation strategy for certain urban pollinator populations. In addition, our finding that smaller flower plantings may have higher impacts on small pollinators than larger plantings suggests resource managers interested in pollinator conservation should consider spreading multiple, smaller floral plantings across the urban landscape, rather than pooling all resources into one large flower patch.29-Nov-2017
Data from: Urbanization affects oak–pathogen interactions across spatial scales
<p>The world is rapidly urbanizing, thereby transforming natural landscapes and changing the abundance and distribution of organisms. However, insights into the effects of urbanization on species interactions, and plant-pathogen interactions in particular, are lacking. We investigated the effects of urbanization on powdery mildew infection on <i>Quercus robur</i> at continental and within-city scales. At the continental scale, we compared infection levels between urban and rural areas of different-sized cities in Europe, and investigated whether plant traits, climatic variables and CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions mediated the effect of urbanization on infection levels. Within one large city (Stockholm, Sweden), we further explored whether local habitat features and spatial connectivity influenced infection levels during multiple years. At the continental scale, infection severity was consistently higher on trees in urban than rural areas, with some indication that temperature mediated this effect. Within Stockholm city, temperature had no effect, while local accumulation of leaf litter negatively affected powdery mildew incidence in one out of three years, and more connected trees had lower infection levels. This study is the first to describe the effects of urbanization on plant-pathogen interactions both within and among cities, and to uncover the potential mechanisms behind the observed patterns at each scale.</p>
Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed scale
<p>This is the original data from the article "Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed-scale"</p>
Selection in the city: Rapid and fine scale evolution of urban eastern water dragons
<p>Oceanic archipelagos have long been treated as a petri dish for studies of evolutionary and ecological processes. Like archipelagos, cities exhibit similar patterns and processes, such as the rapid phenotypic divergence of a species between urban and non-urban environments. However, on a local scale, cities can be highly heterogenous, where geographically close populations can experience dramatically different environmental conditions. Nevertheless, we are yet to understand the evolutionary and ecological implications for populations spread across a heterogenous cityscape. To address this, we compared neutral genetic divergence to quantitative trait divergence within three native riparian and four city park populations of an iconic urban adapter, the eastern water dragon. We demonstrated that selection is likely acting to drive divergence of snout-vent length and jaw width across native riparian populations that are geographically isolated and across city park populations that are geographically close yet isolated by urbanisation. City park populations as close as 0.9 kms exhibited signs of selection driven divergence to the same extent as native riparian populations isolated by up to 114.5 kms. These findings suggest that local adaptation may be occurring over exceptionally small geographic and temporal scales within a single metropolis, demonstrating that city parks can act as archipelagos for the study of rapid evolution.</p>
Supporting dataset for: "Technical note: Laboratory modelling of urban flooding: strengths and challenges of distorted scale models"
<p>Li, X., Erpicum, S., Bruwier, M., Mignot, E., Finaud-Guyot, P., Archambeau, P., Pirotton, M., Dewals, B., (2019). Laboratory modelling of urban flooding: strengths and challenges of distorted scale models. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2019.</p> <p>Included in this repository the data used in:</p> <p>- Figure 3: Upscaled water depth profiles in prototype in street 4 of Araud (2012).</p> <p>- Figure 4: Spatial distributions and scatter plot of the differences between the upscaled water depths</p> <p>- Figure 6: Upscaled outflow discharge in each street compared to the corresponding value deduced from the observations in the less distorted model.</p>
Urbanization reduces genetic connectivity in bobcats (Lynx rufus) at both intra- and inter-population spatial scales
<p>Urbanization is a major factor driving habitat fragmentation and connectivity loss in wildlife. However, the impacts of urbanization on connectivity can vary among species and even populations due to differences in local landscape characteristics, and our ability to detect these relationships may depend on the spatial scale at which they are measured. Bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) are relatively sensitive to urbanization and the status of bobcat populations is an important indicator of connectivity in urban coastal southern California. We genotyped 271 bobcats at 13,520 SNP loci to conduct a replicated landscape resistance analysis in five genetically distinct populations. We tested urban and natural factors potentially influencing individual connectivity in each population separately, as well as study-wide. Overall, landscape genomic effects were most frequently detected at the study-wide spatial scale, with urban land cover (measured as impervious surface) having negative effects and topographic roughness having positive effects on gene flow. The negative effect of urban land cover on connectivity was also evident when populations were analyzed separately despite varying substantially in spatial area and the proportion of urban development, confirming a pervasive impact of urbanization largely independent of spatial scale. The effect of urban development was strongest in one population where stream habitat had been lost to development, suggesting that riparian corridors may help mitigate reduced connectivity in urbanizing areas. Our results demonstrate the importance of replicating landscape genetic analyses across populations and considering how landscape genetic effects may vary with spatial scale and local landscape structure.</p>
Fine-scale variation within urban landscapes affects marking patterns and gastrointestinal parasite diversity in red foxes
<ol> <li>Urban areas are often considered to be a hostile environment for wildlife as they are highly fragmented and frequently disturbed. However, these same habitats can contain abundant resources, while lacking many common competitors and predators. The urban environment can have a direct impact on the species living there but can also have indirect effects on their parasites and pathogens. To date, relatively few studies have measured how fine-scale spatial heterogeneity within urban landscapes can affect parasite transmission and persistence.</li> <li>Here we surveyed 237 greenspaces across the urban environment of Edinburgh (UK) to investigate how fine-scale variation in socio-economic and ecological variables can affect red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) marking behaviour, gastrointestinal (GI) parasite prevalence and parasite community diversity,</li> <li>We found that the presence and abundance of red fox faecal markings was non-uniformly distributed across greenspaces, and instead was dependent on the ecological characteristics of a site. Specifically, common foraging areas were left largely unmarked, which indicates that suitable resting and denning sites may be limiting factor in urban environments. In addition, the amount of greenspace around each site was positively correlated with overall GI parasite prevalence, species richness and diversity, highlighting the importance of greenspace (a commonly used measure of landscape connectivity) in determining the composition of the parasite community in urban areas.</li> <li>Our results suggest that fine scale variation within urban environments can be important for understanding the ecology of infectious diseases in urban wildlife and could have wider implication for the management of urban carnivores.</li> </ol>
Data from: Urbanization affects oak–pathogen interactions across spatial scales
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Data from: Experimental small-scale flower patches increase species density but not abundance of small urban bees
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Local and landscape-scale environmental filters drive the functional diversity and taxonomic composition of spiders across urban greenspaces
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Selection in the city: Rapid and fine scale evolution of urban eastern water dragons
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Local and landscape scale variables shape insect diversity in an urban biodiversity hotspot.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.