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105 results for “Yellowstone”
Northern Yellowstone Elk survival and competing risks
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Body size modulates the extent of seasonal diet switching by large mammalian herbivores in Yellowstone National Park
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Novel major loci shape habitat-associated flowering time variation in Yellowstone monkeyflowers
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Twenty years of Salix height in response to experimental manipulation of browsing and water table, northern range of Yellowstone National Park
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Simulated future vertebrate habitat in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Aim Biodiversity conservation relies in part on enduring habitat in protected areas. In fire-prone ecosystems, shifts in species’ ranges will result both from changes in climate and fire-catalyzed vegetation change, which could lead to niche contraction and undermine protected-area efficacy. We explored these dynamics for three forest species with varied niches representative of other taxa and different hypothesized responses to fire-regime change (Black-backed Woodpecker, Picoides arcticus; North American marten, Martes spp.; red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). We asked: How do the extent and spatial pattern of these species’ distributions change during the 21st century based on the independent and joint effects of climate and vegetation? Location Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (Wyoming, USA). Methods For each species, we developed separate distribution models based on climate and forest attributes, projected under four climate-fire scenarios (a 2x2 design with moderate and high temperature and precipitation change). A spatially explicit forest landscape model calibrated for Greater Yellowstone was used to project fire and forest dynamics through 2100, and climate suitability was estimated with Maxent. Results Suitable habitat for all three species based on climate or vegetation alone frequently did not overlap on the landscape, and habitat patches became simpler in shape and farther apart. Climatically suitable habitat for the Black-backed Woodpecker increased in all scenarios, and suitable forest structure expanded by a factor of 30 in dry scenarios with more fire. Climatically suitable habitat for martens declined with warming and drying; the area of suitable vegetation fell >80% with fire-driven losses of mature forest. Red squirrel habitat was maintained in all scenarios, but was sensitive to aridity, and patches were redistributed and compacted. Main conclusions Projections based on climate alone may misrepresent future species distributions, especially wh
Where are the trees? Extent, configuration, and drivers of poor forest recovery 30 years after the 1988 Yellowstone Fires.
Postfire recovery of fire-adapted forests remains uncertain as climate and fire regimes continue to change. Areas of poor postfire tree regeneration following late-20th-century fires may reveal characteristics associated with increased vulnerability to forest decline. However, sufficient time must have elapsed and pre- and postfire forest cover must be compared to distinguish areas that have not recovered. We used remotely sensed data and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to detect areas of poor forest recovery across >250,000 ha of area burned as stand-replacing fire 30 years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. We asked three questions: (1) What is the extent and configuration of sparse and reduced forest recovery? (2) How do vegetation characteristics compare between areas of sparse and reduced recovery vs. recovered forest? (3) What environmental characteristics explain the distribution and patch size of sparse and reduced recovery? We related postfire (2013-14) NDVI to field-measured stem density to establish an NDVI threshold of sparse tree regeneration, and we contrasted pre- (1986-87) and postfire (2018-19) NDVI as a proxy for pre- and postfire forest cover. Sparse and reduced forest recovery occupied ~41,000 ha across the burned area, about half of which was ≥150 m from ex situ seed sources. Patches of poor recovery were generally large, with ~13,400 ha in patches ≥50 ha and an area-weighted mean patch size of 97 ha. Vegetation was short (<2 m) in areas of sparse and reduced recovery and non-evergreen biomass was three times greater than in recovered forest. Sparse and reduced recovery was more likely at high elevations, on steep slopes, and far from ex situ seed sources, and patches were larger at high elevations and far from seed sources. It took 20 years for sparse and reduced recovery to be distinguishable from recovered forest using NDVI, suggesting a time lag before remotely sensed data can detect alternative pathways of postfire forest r
Postfire aspen presence, persistence and size in subalpine forests of Yellowstone National Park, USA. 1996 - 2014
Determining how ecological filters (e.g., climate, soils, biotic interactions) influence where species succeed in heterogeneous landscapes is challenging for long-lived species (e.g., trees), because filters can vary over space and change slowly through time. Stand-replacing wildfires create opportunities for establishment of tree-species cohorts and can catalyze rapid shifts in where species occur, facilitating unique opportunities for long-term study. We quantified effects of multiple ecological filters on a colonizing cohort of aspen (Populus tremuloides) that established from seed throughout burned lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests after the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, USA) to ask: (1) How have aspen presence, density, and size varied across the postfire landscape, and what filters explain these spatial and temporal patterns? (2) How does aspen above-and belowground biomass vary with postfire lodgepole-pine density? Aspen persisted to postfire year 25 in 58% of the plots in which aspen were present in postfire year 11 (n = 45), and mean stem density declined from 522 to 310 stems ha-1. Mean aspen height doubled (from 29 to 59 cm) over this period. Ecological filters related to climate, competition, herbivory, and soils all differentially affected aspen presence, persistence, and size. Growing season temperature, inter-specific competition, and herbivory also changed through time, altering their effects on the colonizing cohort, and shifting where on the landscape aspen persistence and growth were ultimately favored. Eleven years postfire, aspen were favored at warmer, low elevations; ungulate browsing strongly constrained aspen heights; and competition was unimportant. By 25-years postfire, temperatures warmed nearly 1 C, and aspen were more likely to persist at cooler, high elevations. Browsing pressure declined, as ungulate populations decreased during this time, but aspen height and basal diameters were constrained b
Protein stable isotope fingerprinting (P-SIF): Chocolate Pots (Yellowstone) biomass
<p>Stable carbon isotope data for proteins extracted from a Yellowstone microbial mat, Chocolate Pots hot springs.</p>
The Highs and Lows of Grazing: Effects of Ungulates and Elevation on Grassland and Sagebrush Steppe Vegetation Composition in Yellowstone National Park
<p>Yellowstone National Park’s Northern Range is emblematic for the wolves, bison and elk that inhabit its grassland and sagebrush-steppe habitats. Their interactions and populations have been the focus of considerable conservation debate. Recent changes in ungulate populations provide an opportunity to examine their influence on the vegetation communities. We conducted expansive vegetation surveys along an elevation gradient and at exclosure sites where ungulates were unable to graze. We collected a large database (n = 620 quadrats), which we analyzed using classic community ecology approaches. We found that non-native species have higher abundances at low elevations, and that grazing by ungulates reduces beta diversity and native cover, while promoting non-native cover. The magnitude of these changes are greater in bison-dominated than elk-dominated areas of Yellowstone, suggesting that bison may be overgrazing. These results provide valuable insights into major factors shaping vegetation communities, while also contextualizing management practices in a world-renowned ecosystem.</p> <p> </p> <p>Please respect licensing, and contact the corresponding author for permission to use this dataset in any research or publications. </p>
Colman et al. Subsurface Archaea Associated with Rapid Geobiological Change in a Model Yellowstone Hot Spring - Supplementary Datasets
<p>These datasets comprise the supplementary datasets for Colman et al. (2022) Subsurface Archaea Associated with Rapid Geobiological Change in a Model Yellowstone Hot Spring, <em>Communications Earth & Environment </em></p>
Fish carcass deposition to suppress invasive lake trout through hypoxia causes limited, non-target effects on benthic invertebrates in Yellowstone Lake
<p class="MsoNormal">Invasive species can have negative effects on native biodiversity and ecosystem function, and suppression is often required to minimize the effects. However, management actions to suppress invasive species may cause negative, unintended effects on non-target taxa. Across the USA, lake trout (<em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>) are invasive in many freshwater ecosystems, reducing native fish abundance and diversity through predation and competition. In an integrated pest management approach, lake trout embryos in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming are suppressed by depositing lake trout carcasses onto spawning sites; the carcasses reduce dissolved oxygen concentrations as they decay, causing embryo mortality. We conducted a field experiment during one ice-free season at four sites in Yellowstone Lake to investigate the non-target effects of carcass treatment on benthic invertebrates, which could have consequences for native fish diets. While overall invertebrate density and biomass did not respond to carcass treatment, Chironomidae midges and Sphaeriidae fingernail clams decreased in abundance. Carcass treatment altered invertebrate community structure based on density, but not biomass. Carcass treatment to suppress invasive fish embryos has spatially localized, non-target effects on some benthic invertebrate taxa. Given the small spatial extent of carcass treatment within the lake, we conclude it is unlikely that carcass treatment will alter food availability for native fishes.</p>
Data from: Harvest of transboundary gray wolves from Yellowstone National Park is largely additive
<p>Large carnivores are globally threatened due to habitat fragmentation and loss, prey depletion, and human exploitation. Human exploitation includes both legal and illegal hunting and trapping. Protected areas can create refugia from hunting and trapping, however, hunting can still threaten wide-ranging large carnivores when they leave these areas. Large carnivore reintroductions to protected areas are often motivated to restore ecological processes, including wolf reintroduction to Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Determining if harvest is compensatory or additive is essential for informed conservation strategies, as it influences the overall impact on wolf populations and their ecosystems. If the harvest was compensatory, then increasing harvest pressure outside YNP should not decrease overall survival for transboundary wolves. Alternatively, if increasing harvest was additive, then increasing harvest pressure outside YNP should decrease overall survival for transboundary wolves. We tested the effects of variable harvest pressure following delisting on the survival of YNP gray wolves (<em>Canis lupus</em>) from 1995 to 2022. We defined three harvest levels: no harvest, harvest with limited quotas, and unlimited harvest. We used Cox-proportional hazards models and cumulative incidence functions to estimate survival rates, factors affecting survival, and cause-specific mortality between these three harvest periods to test predictions of the additive mortality hypothesis. Most wolves that primarily lived in YNP were harvested adjacent to the park border. Cox-proportional hazards models revealed that mortality was highest during years of unlimited harvest during winter outside YNP. Cause-specific mortality analyses showed that natural mortality from other wolves and harvest were the two leading causes of death, but that harvest mortality had additive effects on wolf mortality. Wolf survival decreased with increased harvest mortality, while natural mortality remained relatively unchanged. High rates of additive harvest mortality of wolves could negatively impact wolf survival in YNP. Harvest mortality of transboundary wolves is additive possibly due to source-sink dynamics of uneven spatial susceptibility of wolves to harvest mortality across protected area borders, as well as effects of harvest on complex social dynamics of wolves in YNP. Transboundary management of large carnivores is challenging, yet cooperation between agencies is vital for wolf management in and around Yellowstone National Park. Our results support the use of small quota zones surrounding protected areas, that minimize transboundary mortality impacts on large carnivores living primarily inside protected areas.</p>
Yellowstone Upper Basin Geyser binary eruption data (April 2007- October 2008; revised)
<p>Binary eruption data for 10 Geysers (Beehive, Castle, Depression, Dome, Grand, Lion, Little Squirt, Old Faithful, Plate, and Plume) over 19 consecutive months (April 2007- October 2008) at a sampling interval of 6 minutes.</p>
Lemonade Creek, Yellowstone National Park, USA - Microbial Community Analysis - Metabolomics Data
<p>Polar metabolomics data (targeted and untargeted) used for analysis of microbial community function over a diurnal cycle in Lemonade Creek, Yellowstone National Park, USA.</p> <p> </p> <p><code>GNPS_positive-2.xlsx</code> Comparison of GNPS data used for main metabolite analysis with targeted metabolite features. Done to support the accuracy of the GNPS results for metabolites identified outside the targeted set.</p> <p> </p> <p><code>NEG_506963_FinalEMA-HILIC_Identifications.xlsx</code> Negative ionization targeted metabolite identification quality and confidence results (prepared by the Joint Genome Institute, USA).</p> <p><code>NEG_msms_mirror_plots.tar.gz</code> Negative ionization targeted metabolite mirror plots.</p> <p><code>NEG_peak_height.tab</code> Negative ionization targeted metabolite peak height file (main results file used for abundance analysis).</p> <p><code>POS_506963_FinalEMA-HILIC_Identifications.xlsx</code> Positive ionization targeted metabolite identification quality and confidence results (prepared by the Joint Genome Institute, USA).</p> <p><code>POS_msms_mirror_plots.tar.gz</code> Positive ionization targeted metabolite mirror plots.</p> <p><code>POS_peak_height.tab</code> Positive ionization targeted metabolite peak height file (main results file used for abundance analysis).</p> <p> </p> <p><code>NEG_peak_height.csv</code> Negative ionization untargeted metabolite peak height file (main results file used for abundance analysis).</p> <p><code>POS_peak_height.csv</code> Positive ionization untargeted metabolite peak height file (main results file used for abundance analysis).</p>
Lemonade Creek, Yellowstone National Park, USA - Microbial Community Analysis - Cyanidiophyceae genome data for HGT analysis
<p>This dataset consists of 12 metagenome samples that were collected from one of three environments in Yellowstone National Park:</p> <ul> <li>4 samples (numbered 1, 2, 3, 4) are from the "CreekBiofilm" environment.</li> <li>4 samples (1, 2, 3, 4) are from the "Endolithic" environment.</li> <li>4 samples (1, 2, 3, 4) are from the "Soil" environment.</li> </ul> <p>We have found that there are two species of cyanidiophyceae present in these samples: one *Galdieria sulphuraria* (the `*Gsulp*` files) and one *Cyanidioschyzon merolae* (the `*Cmer*` files). For each of these species I extracted their contigs from the metagenome assembly if they had >=10% of their lengths covered by hits with >90% ID to the respective reference genome (i.e., contigs with >10% coverage of hits with >90% ID to a given reference genome). The majority of contigs have >90% hit coverage however, to prevent removal of contigs with novel sequences (arising via HGT or other processes), I used a lenient threshold of 10%. The naming of the files indicate which sample the contigs are from and which of the two cyanidiophyceae species they are putatively from. NOTE: that there are very few predicted proteins in the `YNP_CreekBiofilm_*_Gsulp*` files. This is because this environment is completely dominated by the other algal species and so we recovered very few contigs from this species from these environments.</p>
Data from: Multi-level thresholds of residential and agricultural land use for elk avoidance across the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
<p>1. Conversion of land for settlements and agriculture is increasing globally and can influence wildlife space use. However, there is limited research to identify the thresholds of land use change that incur wildlife avoidance, and how these thresholds might vary across levels of selection.</p> <p>2. We evaluated multi-level avoidance thresholds of elk (<em>Cervus canadensis</em>) impacted by residential development and irrigated agriculture across the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Using GPS data from 765 elk in 21 herds, we estimated habitat selection in relation to development and agriculture at 3 levels (home range selection, within home range selection, and movement path selection). Next, using individual selection covariates and associated measures of land use availability, we used functional-response models to evaluate how selection varied based on availability, and in turn, to estimate avoidance thresholds.</p> <p>3. We found individual and level-specific variation in elk responses to environmental factors. Elk exhibited stronger responses (either selection or avoidance) when selecting home range locations (i.e. second-order selection) than when selecting areas within home ranges (i.e. third-order selection) or selecting movement paths (i.e. fourth order selection). Importantly, elk avoidance of development and agriculture changed as the amount of land in these categories changed. Across all levels of selection, elk exhibited neutral selection for human development at low levels of availability (<1.1–2.2% developed) but avoided areas that were >1.1–2.2% developed. Conversely, elk selected positively for irrigated agriculture at low to moderate levels of availability (<52.0–66.2% agriculture) but exhibited neutral selection in areas that were > 52.0–66.2% agriculture.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and Applications: Elk avoidance of low levels of human development suggests conservation efforts such as restrictions on future development or conservation easements could focus on areas that are still below 2% developed. Additionally, because elk selection was strongest at the landscape scale, conservation actions that are based on information about the overall landscape structure may be most impactful. Our results highlight the importance of understanding variability in wildlife habitat selection at multiple levels, particularly in relation to land use change and highlight how functional response modelling can help inform landscape conservation.</p>
Bison population surveys in Yellowstone National Park (USA): 1970-1997
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Yellowstone’s free moving large bison herds provide a glimpse of their past ecosystem function
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Grassland aboveground biomass, composition, and chemistry from multiple sites and years in Yellowstone National Park
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Herbivores override climate control of grassland production in Yellowstone National Park
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