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Figure 3 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Figure 3. Consensus structure and base pair probability matrix of helix E23-5 (S3, Fig. 1) in Lepidoptera. Nucleotides in circles indicate consistent and/or compensatory substitutions. The size of squares in the grid is proportional to the probability of a base pairing. Note that the species Z. centaureae, Z. laeta and Z. huguenini have been omitted from this analysis because of their deviating secondary structure (compare with Fig. 4).

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Figure 2. Distribution of pairwise tree edit distances between highly variable SSU rRNA secondary structure areas (S1–S6, Fig. 1) of Zygaenoidea excluding taxa of the subgenus Mesembrynus (top) and of Zygaena species belonging to the subgenus Mesembrynus only (bottom). The extreme values in the Zygaenoidea tree edit distance distribution on the right all involve Z. excelsa, a species showing a highly derived secondary structure in the area S6 (compare with Fig. 6).

Figure 1 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Figure 1. Secondary structure model of the SSU (18S) rRNA gene sequence of Zygaena (Mesembrynus) sarpedon lusitanica Reiss, 1936 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae; accession no. AJ830858) and structure variation in the helices E10-1 and E23-12 among species of the subfamily Zygaeninae. Nucleotides in the model are continuously numbered beginning at the 5′-end of the molecule; tick marks identify every tenth base. Light shading indicate helices numbered according to Wuyts et al. (2002). S1–S6 (dark shades) denote areas with variable secondary structure in the subfamily Zygaeninae. Roman numerals specify the domains I, II, III and IV. The following ambiguity code has been applied: A/C = M, C/U = Y, G/A = R.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Figure 7. Neighbour-joining tree based on structural differences in the variable areas S1–S6 (compare with Fig. 1) of the small-subunit (18S) rRNA in taxa of the genus Zygaena. The topology is rooted with Reissita simonyi and Epizygaenella caschmirensis as outgroup. Taxa of the subgenus Mesembrynus are indicated by shading. Numbers in parentheses specify the number of species in a particular group.

Figure 5 in Phylogenetic analysis of Zygaenoidea small-subunit rRNA structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus Zygaena (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Figure 5. Consensus structure and base pair probability matrix of the proximal part of helix 43 (S6, Fig. 1) in Lepidoptera. Nucleotides in circles indicate consistent and/or compensatory substitutions. The size of squares in the grid is proportional to the probability of a base pairing. Note that the unpaired nucleotides C and G in the helix will most likely bind in individual structures having this specific nucleotide combination, but non-Watson–Crick pairings are too frequent in the alignment for assuming a generally nucleotide interaction at this position in the consensus structure.

Figure 71 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 71. Strict consensus of 55 MPTs (tree length = 4773, CI = 0.239, RI = 0.739) based on the whole data set, with 'chemical defence systems' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.

Figure 64 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 64. Strict consensus of 45 MPTs (tree length = 3658, CI = 0.264, RI = 0.786) based on the whole data set, but with 'coloration' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.

Figure 69 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 69. Strict consensus of 11 MPTs (tree length = 4671, CI = 0.242, RI = 0.735) based on the whole data set, with 'scent organs' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.

Figure 68 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 68. Strict consensus of ten MPTs (tree length = 4422, CI = 0.238, RI = 0.740) based on the whole data set, with 'female genitalia' characters inactivated, under EW. Tinted boxes indicate the main topological differences from Fig. 57.

Figure 56 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 56. Strict consensus of 54 MPTs (tree length = 2986.5489, CI = 0.2704, RI = 0.7906) based on the whole data set under SAW. Numbers correspond to node numbers in Appendix 5.

Figure 52 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 52. Cocoons of Procridinae (A, B), Chalcosiinae (C–H), Callizygaeninae (I) and Phaudinae (J). A, Illiberis horni. B, Artona martini. C, Achelura sanguifasciata. D, Rhodopsona rutila. E, Arbudas submacula. F, Chalcosia diana. G, Histia flabellicornis ultima. H, Erasmia pulchella hobsoni. I, Callizygaena splendens. J, Phauda mimica. Arrows indicate the 'last piece of frass' left on the cocoons.

Figure 46 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 46. Hindwing-abdominal scent organ in males of Chalcosiinae (continued). A, Cyclosia imitans. B, Corma zenotia. C, Corma zelica. D, Erasmia pulchella hobsoni. E, Eterusia taiwana. F, Eterusiella repleta. G, Histia flabellicornis ultima. H, Neochalcosia remota. Abbreviations: ah, androconial hairs; hw, hindwing; lps, lower pleural sclerite; pp, pleural pouch; ups, upper pleural sclerite.

Figure 49 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 49. Larval chaetotaxy of Chalcosiinae. A, Neochalcosia remota. B, Soritia strandi. C, Chalcosia diana. D, Rhodopsona rutila. E, Aglaope infausta. F, Formozygaena shibatai.

Figure 41 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 41. Female genitalia of Chalcosiinae. A, Campylotes maculosus. B, Panherpina basiflava. C, Rhodopsona marginata. D, Cyclosia pagensteheri.

Figure 43 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 43. Stylized drawings of scent organs. A, Chalcosiopsis variata. B, 'typical' hindwing–abdominal scent organ in Chalcosiinae. C–H1, different types of male pleural modifications (C–H: lateral view. C1–H1: frontal view of cross section of A1 + A2). I, J, pleural sclerotization in male. K–T, ten types of female pleural modifications with different combinations of characters.

Figure 51 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 51. Ultrastructure of larval and pupal cuticle. A, loosely plumose setae (381: 2), Erasmia pulchella hobsoni. B, secondary setae of Zygaena filipendulae. C, base of setae, Pidorus atratus. D, plumose setae (381:1), Elcysma westwoodi. E, dorsal setae of Adscita statices. F, setae of Heterogynis sp. G, tonofribrillary platelet (359: 1), Arbudas submacula. H, spinules on dorsum, Histia flabellicornis. I, retractile cervical gland (354: 2). J, paired spatulate setae (383: 2). K, crochets, Pidorus atratus. L, multiple rows of spinules on the terga of pupa (394: 3), Callizygaena ada.

Figure 38 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 38. Aedeagus of Chalcosiinae. A, Eusphalera regina. B, Eterusia repleta. C, Chalcosia zehma. D, Amesia sanguiflua. E, Chalcosia diana. F, Eterusia vitessa, lateral view. G, ditto, ventral view showing the swollen part. H, Cyclosia pagenstecheri. I, Retina rubrivitta, dorsal view. J, ditto, lateral view. K, Pseudopidorus fasciatus. L, Aglaope infausta. M, Panherpina basiflava. N, Caprima gelida. O, Pidorus atratus. P, Corma zenotia. Q, Soritia proprimarginata. R, Eterusia raja.

Figure 37 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 37. Male genitalia of Chalcosiinae (lateral view). A, Thaumastophleps expansa. B, Eterusia repleta. C, Pseudopidorus fasciatus. D, Eterusia aedea formosana. E, Retina rubrivitta. F, Amesia sanguiflua. G, Eusphalera regina. H, Eterusia vitessa. I, Hadrionella spectabilis. J, Phlebohecta fuscescens. K, Soritia elizabethae. L, Caprima gelida.

Figure 33 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 33. Male genitalia of Chalcosiinae. A, Thaumastophleps expansa, ventral view with left valva removed. B, Sciodoclea modesta, ventral view. C, Hadrionella spectabilis, dorsal view. D, ditto, ventral view. E, Herpolasia augarra, ventral view. F, Phlebohecta fuscescens, ventral view. G, ditto, dorsal view with valvae removed. H, Retina rubrivitta, ventral view. I, ditto, dorsal view with valvae omitted.

Figure 34 in The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)

Figure 34. Male genitalia of Chalcosiinae. A, Amesia sanguiflua, dorsal view with right valva removed. B, ditto, ventral view. C, Amesia aliris, ventral view. D, Pidorus atratus, ventral view. E, Gynautocera papilionaris, ventral view with valvae omitted. F, Eterusia repleta, ventral with left valva removed. G, ditto, dorsal view with valvae omitted. H, Pseudopidorus fasciatus, ventral view.