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Fig. 12 in Hyperdiverse songs, duetting, and the roles of intra- and intersexual selection in the acoustic communication of the genus Eurycorypha (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea, Phaneropterinae)

Fig. 12 Rivalry song and female responses of Eurycorypha varia. In the sonogram, the echemes of the leading male are marked with blue arrows (too weak to be seen in the oscillogram)

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The origins of acoustic communication in vertebrates

<p>Acoustic communication is crucial to humans and many other tetrapods, including birds, frogs, crocodilians, and mammals. However, large-scale patterns in its evolution are largely unstudied. Here, we address several fundamental questions about the origins of acoustic communication in terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods), using phylogenetic methods. We show that origins of acoustic communication are significantly associated with nocturnal activity. We find that acoustic communication does not increase diversification rates, a surprising result given the many speciation-focused studies of frog calls and bird songs. We also demonstrate that the presence of acoustic communication is strongly conserved over time. Finally, we find that acoustic communication evolved independently in most major tetrapod groups, often with remarkably ancient origins (~100–200 million years ago). Overall, we show that the role of ecology in shaping signal evolution applies to surprisingly deep timescales, whereas the role of signal evolution in diversification may not.</p>

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

FIG. 4 in Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)

FIG. 4. Seasonal variation in duration and frequency of A — scent marking, B — wing flapping and C — open wing gesture behaviors. Mean ± SEM of frequency and duration varying between observed months (from January to December 2012). Mean ± SEM of number of attempts and duration was calculated from seven observation sessions for each month

FIG. 2 in Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)

FIG. 2. Inter-individual variation in the mean frequency of A — scent marking, B — wing flapping and C — open wing gesture behavior between mating and non-mating seasons. Data shown as the mean of number of attempts (± SEM) made by focal bats between two mating and two non mating seasons. Each data point represents individual focal bat (Animal ID — A to F)

FIG. 3 in Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)

FIG. 3. Daily variation in duration and frequency of A — scent marking, B — wing flapping and C — open wing gesture behaviors. Mean ± SEM of frequency and duration between observation sessions (one hour time interval). Mean ± SEM number of attempts and duration of each attempt were calculated for each observation session across 12 months (between January and December 2012) for all focal bats

FIG. 1 in Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)

FIG. 1. Non-acoustic communicative displays of male C. sphinx. A — male bat scent marking the interior of palm leaves with its saliva during night time. Circled areas in the picture shows scent marked part of the leaf. B — Tagged male bat co-roosting with females (untagged) in the day roost and displaying open wing gesture during morning hours in the mating season

Figure 12 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 12. Seasonal rhythm of the nine species recorded, and of Herrera ancilla found in the national collections. Boundaries are approximately determined after examination of capture dates of 142 specimens.

Figure 6 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 6. Calling song of Dorisiana sutori. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of a portion of a call; (B) three successive echemes; (C) detail of one echeme; (D) elementary oscillations of syllable A.

Figure 1 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 1. Calling song of Daza montezuma. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of an entire call; (B) portion of part A; (C) portion of part B; (D) six successive pulses of part B.

Figure 11 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 11. Overall spectrum of the nine species recorded (window size: 512 pts, frequency resolution: 86 Hz).

Figure 4 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 4. Calling song of Pacarina schumanni. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of one sequence; (B) train of group of sixteen pulses in the middle of the sequence; (C) detail of a group of six pulses; (D) elementary oscillations of one pulse.

Figure 13 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 13. Nycthemeral rhythm of the nine species during periods of investigation. White, no activity; striped, low activity; grey, high activity. Quesada gigas and Fidicinoides pronoe also call occasionally during the night. All the species have high activity at dawn and dusk except Daza montezuma and Dorisiana sutori. Approximate times of sun rise (SR), day (DA), silent period (SIL), sunset (SS), and night (NI) are indicated.

Figure 3 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 3. One sequence of the calling song of Neocicada sp. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of an entire call; (B) three successive echemes of part A; (C) portion of part B; (D) seven successive pulses of part B.

Figure 8 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 8. Calling song of Fidicinoides pronoe. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of the end of a call; (B) detail of one echeme of part A; (C) portion of part B; (D) elementary oscillations of part B.

Figure 10 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 10. Spectra of the nine species recorded (window size: 512 pts, frequency resolution: 86 Hz).

Figure 7 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 7. Calling song of Fidicinoides picea. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of an entire call; (B) detail of one echeme of part A, (C) height groups of three pulses of part A; (D) elementary oscillations of six pulses of part B.

Figure 9 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 9. Calling song of Species A. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of a portion of a call; (B) detail of 27 groups of two pulses; (C) detail of one group of two pulses; (D) elementary oscillations of one pulse.

Figure 5 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 5. Calling song of Miranha imbellis. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of an entire call; (B) four successive echemes of part A; (C) portion of part B; (D) elementary oscillations of part B.

Figure 2 in Cicada acoustic communication: potential sound partitioning in a multispecies community from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Figure 2. Calling song of Quesada gigas. (A) Oscillogram and sonogram of the end of one call; (B) three successive echemes of part A; (C) portion of end of part B; (D) elementary oscillations of part B.