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67 results for “adult size”
Data from: Evolutionary divergence of adult body size and juvenile growth in sympatric subpopulations of a top predator in aquatic ecosystems
Evolutionary theory predicts that different selective regimes may contribute to divergent evolution of body size and growth rate among populations, but most studies have focused on allopatric populations. Here, we studied five sympatric subpopulations of anadromous northern pike (Esox lucius) in the Baltic Sea subjected to allopatric habitats for a short period of their life cycle due to homing behavior. We report differences in adult body size among subpopulations that were in part due to variation in growth rate. Body size of emigrating juveniles also differed among subpopulations, and differences remained when individuals were reared in a common environment, thus indicating evolutionary divergence among subpopulations. Furthermore, a QST-FST comparison indicated that differences had evolved due to divergent selection rather than genetic drift, possibly in response to differences in selective mortality among spawning habitats during the allopatric life stage. Adult and juvenile size were negatively correlated across subpopulations, and reconstruction of growth trajectories of adult fishes suggested that body size differences developed gradually and became accentuated throughout the first years of life. These results represent rare evidence that sympatric subpopulations can evolve differences in key life-history traits despite being subjected to allopatric habitats during only a very short fraction of their life.
Data from: Spatiotemporal relationship between adult census size and genetic population size across a wide population size gradient
Adult census population size (N) and effective number of breeders (Nb) are highly relevant for designing effective conservation strategies. Both parameters are often challenging to quantify, however, making it of interest to determine whether one parameter can be generalized from the other. Yet, the spatiotemporal relationship between N and Nb has not been well characterized empirically in many taxa. We analysed this relationship for 5–7 consecutive years in twelve brook trout populations varying greatly in N (49-10032) and Nb (3-567) and identified major environmental variables affecting the two parameters. N or habitat size alone explained 47–57% of the variance in Nb, and Nb was strongly correlated with effective population size. The ratio Nb/N ranged from 0.01 to 0.45 and increased at small N or following an annual decrease in N, suggesting density-dependent constraints on Nb. We found no evidence for a consistent, directional difference between variability in Nb and/or Nb/N among small and large populations; however, small populations had more varying temporal variability in Nb/N ratios than large populations. Finally, Nb and Nb/N were 2.5- and 2.3-fold more variable among populations than temporally within populations. Our results demonstrate a clear linkage between demographic and evolutionary parameters, suggesting that Nb could be used to approximate N (or vice versa) in natural populations. Nevertheless, using one variable to infer the other to monitor trends within populations is less recommended, perhaps even less so in small populations given their less predictable Nb vs. N dynamics.
Data from: Body size evolution on islands: are adult size variations in tiger snakes a non-adaptive consequence of selection on birth size?
Mean adult size has been used as the traditional measure of body size to explain trends of insular gigantism and dwarfism in a wide array of taxa. However, patterns of variation in body size at birth have received surprisingly little attention, leaving open the possibility that adult body-size differences are nonadaptive consequences of selection acting on neonate body size. Here I used an empirical and correlative approach to test this hypothesis in a mosaic of 12 island and mainland snake populations in Australia. Data collected on 597 adult and 1,084 neonate tiger snakes showed that (1) both adult and neonate mean body sizes varied strongly across populations; (2) prey diversity and size convincingly explained birth-size variations: birth size—notably, gape size—correlated with prey size; (3) neonate snout-vent length was significantly correlated with neonate gape size; and (4) neonate snout-vent length was significantly correlated with adult snout-vent length. Postnatal growth rates recorded under common-garden conditions differed across populations and were correlated with mean prey size. These data collectively suggest that (1) prey size is the main driver for the evolution of body size at birth in gape-limited predators, (2) adult size variations may reflect selective forces acting on earlier life stages, and (3) adult size variations may also reflect resource availability during ontogeny (notably, prey diversity).
Data from: Constraints on the adult-offspring size relationship in protists
The relationship between adult and offspring size is an important aspect of reproductive strategy. Although this filial relationship has been extensively examined in plants and animals, we currently lack comparable data for protists, whose strategies may differ due to the distinct ecological and physiological constraints on single-celled organisms. Here, we report measurements of adult and offspring sizes in 3,888 species and subspecies of foraminifera, a class of large marine protists. Foraminifera exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies; species of similar adult size may have offspring whose sizes vary 100-fold. Yet, a robust pattern emerges. The minimum (5th percentile), median, and maximum (95th percentile) offspring sizes exhibit a consistent pattern of increase with adult size independent of environmental change and taxonomic variation over the past 400 million years. The consistency of this pattern may arise from evolutionary optimization of the offspring size-fecundity trade-off and/or from cell-biological constraints that limit the range of reproductive strategies available to single-celled organisms. When compared with plants and animals, foraminifera extend the evidence that offspring size covaries with adult size across an additional five orders of magnitude in organism size.
Trans-generational effect of protein restricted diet on adult body and wing size of Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span><span>Protein restriction (PR) has established feasible trade-offs in <i>Drosophila melanogaster </i>to understand lifespan or aging in a nutritionally challenged environment. However, the phenotypes of body size, weight and wing length respond according to factors such as flies' genotype, environmental exposure, and parental diet and hence their understanding is essential. Here, we demonstrate the effect of long-term PR diet on body size, weight, normal & dry wing length of flies subjected to PR50 and PR70 (50% and 70% protein content present in control food respectively) for 20 generations from pre-adult stage. We found that PR fed flies have lower body weight, relative water content (in males), unaltered (PR50%) and higher (PR70%) relative fat content in males, smaller normal and dry body size as compared to control and generations 1 and 2. Interestingly, wing size and pupal size of PR flies <span>are smaller and</span> showed significant effects of diet and generation. Thus, these traits are sex and generation dependent along with an interaction of diet, which is capable of modulating these results variably. Taken together, the trans-generational effect of PR on fitness and fitness-related traits might be helpful to understand the underpinning mechanisms of evolution and aging in fruit flies <i>D. melanogaster</i>. </span></span></p>
FIGURE3. Taxonomic illustration of Paraputo blackmani Joshi sp.n., adult female. A. Body overview; B. Antenna; C. Anal ring; D. Tarsal and claw digitules, claw without a denticle; E. Coxa with translucent pores; F. Trilocular pores; G. Anal lobe cerarius (C18); H. Penultimate cerarius (C17); I. Antepenultimate cerarius (C); J. Setae at ocular position (C3); K. Setae at 16 frontal position (C1); L. Dorsal seta; M. Discoidal pore; N. Ventral setae; O. Multilocular disc-pore; P. Oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes. in --A--new--species--of--Paraputo--Laing--1929--(Hemiptera:--Coccomorpha:-- Pseudococcidae)--from--India
FIGURE3. Taxonomic illustration of Paraputo blackmani Joshi sp.n., adult female. A. Body overview; B. Antenna; C. Anal ring; D. Tarsal and claw digitules, claw without a denticle; E. Coxa with translucent pores; F. Trilocular pores; G. Anal lobe cerarius (C18); H. Penultimate cerarius (C17); I. Antepenultimate cerarius (C); J. Setae at ocular position (C3); K. Setae at 16 frontal position (C1); L. Dorsal seta; M. Discoidal pore; N. Ventral setae; O. Multilocular disc-pore; P. Oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes.
Effects of host size, maternal state, and developmental time on the adult size in a parasitoid
<p><span>Body size is a crucial characteristic of many animal species </span><span>because</span><span> it affects many fitness-related traits. Parasitoids </span><span>are important insects that </span><span>are </span><span>well-known biological control agents of pests</span><span>,</span><span> and</span><span> it is favourable to obtain larger parasitoids </span><span>that increase</span><span> fitness and </span><span>benefit</span><span> wild application. Host size is thought </span><span>to</span><span> </span><span>be </span><span>one of the most crucial factors influencing the body size and </span><span>has </span><span>received </span><span>wide</span><span>spread attention. Here, in </span><span>an egg parasitoid</span><em><span> </span></em><em><span>Anastatus disparis</span></em><span>, we found</span><span> that </span><span>the </span><span>body size of<em> </em>female significantly increased with </span><span>increasing</span><span> host size, while host size </span><span>did</span><span> not significantly affect </span><span>male</span><span> body size. </span><span>In addition to the widely known factor of host size</span><span>, both female and male offspring size significantly increased with </span><span>increasing</span><span> maternal size, and female offspring </span><span>produced</span><span> by younger </span><span>mothers were</span><span> larger </span><span>in </span><span>size. However, inconsistent with common knowledge, </span><span>the </span><span>body sizes of both </span><span>females</span><span> and </span><span>males</span><span> appears to increase when the total development time from egg to adult eclosion decreases. Although all </span><span>the</span><span> developmental </span><span>temperatures of the offspring were</span><span> the same, </span><span>the </span><span>development time </span><span>significantly differed and</span><span> was significantly affected by maternal status.</span><span> </span><span>The male offspring </span><span>produced</span><span> by larger </span><span>females have</span><span> shorter development </span><span>times</span><span>, and </span><span>the </span><span>female offspring </span><span>produced</span><span> by older </span><span>females have</span><span> longer development </span><span>times</span><span>. Consequently, our results suggested that the effect of maternal status on offspring size may be mediated by influencing development time. Furthermore, <em>A. disparis</em> </span><span>is</span><span> considered potential biological control agent </span><span>for</span><span> several </span><span>Lepidoptera</span><span> </span><span>pests</span><span>, and our results provide further guidance for mass </span><span>rearing indoors</span><span> and pest control </span><span>in the wild</span><span>.</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in Survivorship Rates Of Adult Anolis Mariarum (Squamata: Polychrotidae) In Two Populations With Differing Mean And Asymptotic Body Sizes
FIGURE 1: Documented distribution of Anolis mariarum in northern Colombia, with the location of the Caldas and Santa Elena study sites indicated by the filled circles.
Comparison of adult census size and effective population size support the need for continued protection of two Solomon Island endemics
<p>Because a population's ability to respond to rapid change is dictated by standing genetic variation, we can better predict a population's long-term viability by estimating and then comparing adult census size (<em>N</em>) and effective population size (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>). However, most studies only measure <em>N</em> or <em>N<sub>e</sub></em>, which can be misleading. Using a combination of field and genomic sequence data, we here estimate and compare <em>N</em> and <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> in two range-restricted endemics of the Solomon Islands. Two <em>Zosterops</em> White-eye species inhabit the small island of Kolombangara, with a high elevation species endemic to the island (<em>Z. murphyi</em>) and a low elevation species endemic to the Solomon Islands (<em>Z. kulambangrae</em>). Field observations reveal large values of <em>N </em>for both species with <em>Z. kulambangrae</em> numbering at 114,781 ± 32,233 adults, and <em>Z. murphyi</em> numbering at 64,412 ± 15,324 adults. In contrast, genomic analyses reveal that <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> was much lower than <em>N</em>, with <em>Z. kulambangrae</em> estimated at 694.5 and <em>Z. murphyi</em> at 796.1 individuals. Further, positive Tajima's D values for both species suggest that they have experienced a demographic contraction, providing a mechanism for low values of <em>N<sub>e</sub></em>. Comparison of <em>N </em>and <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> suggests that <em>Z. kulambangrae</em> and <em>Z. murphyi</em> are not at immediate threat of extinction but may be at genetic risk. Our results provide important baseline data for long-term monitoring of these island endemics, and argue for measuring both population size estimates to better gauge long-term population viability.</p>
Shape coordinates and centroid size for adults and ontogenetic series analyzed in predictable complexity of evolutionary allometry
<p>Allometry has been a paradigm of constraints, including intrinsic constraints on the evolvability of allometry, as a source of developmental and genetic constraints on the evolution of form, and of functional constraints, maintaining functional equivalence as body size evolves. Yet, allometry may be the simplest case of varied constraints, and of morphological integration, even though allometry itself is not simple. Evolutionary allometry may be especially complex because it depends not only on the developmental origins of allometry and determinants of allometric variation but also on the evolutionary dynamics of size and shape. It should also depend on the ecological opportunity for size-dependent ecomorphological specialization. We predict that lineages that converge in those would exhibit similar evolutionary allometries but otherwise, evolutionary allometries would be heterogeneous. Countering this expectation are familiar craniofacial evolutionary allometries, often ascribed to developmental bias. To test both those hypotheses, we compare evolutionary allometries of mandibles across lineages of squirrels and evolutionary to growth allometries. As expected, lineages that converge on size-dependent specializations exhibit similar evolutionary allometries, but otherwise, their allometries are no more similar than expected by chance. Growth allometries of squirrels (and a cricetid rodent) slightly resemble the evolutionary allometry of one lineage, but growth allometries of species from other lineages are orthogonal to their own lineages' evolutionary allometry. We would expect that craniofacial allometries that are not brain-driven would, like mandibular evolutionary allometries, be predictable only from size-dependent ecological specializations.</p>
Assessment of Muscle Function and Size in Older Adults With Rotator Cuff Tear
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01459536. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Concordance of Methods to Select Tracheostomy Tube Size for Adults in Intensive Care
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05047432. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 21.
Effects of Portion Size of Multiple Items at a Meal on Food Intake of Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02369588. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Safety and Effectiveness of Different ShangRing Device Sizes for Adult Male Circumcision in Lusaka, Zambia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02242565. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
The Effects of Snack Size and Variety on Appetite Control, Satiety, and Eating Behavior in Healthy Adults.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03940105. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Impact of Pea, Lentil and Oat Flour Particle Size on Glycemic Response in Healthy Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05291351. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Body size evolution on islands: are adult size variations in tiger snakes a non-adaptive consequence of selection on birth size?
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Eye size and investment in frogs and toads correlate with adult habitat, activity pattern and breeding ecology
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Data from: Evolutionary divergence of adult body size and juvenile growth in sympatric subpopulations of a top predator in aquatic ecosystems
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Data from: Constraints on the adult-offspring size relationship in protists
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