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73 results for “age at maturity”
Data from: Rapid sex-specific evolution of age at maturity is shaped by genetic architecture in Atlantic salmon
Understanding the mechanisms by which populations adapt to their environments is a fundamental aim in biology. However, it remains challenging to identify the genetic basis of traits, provide evidence of genetic changes and quantify phenotypic responses. Age at maturity in Atlantic salmon represents an ideal trait to study contemporary adaptive evolution as it has been associated with a single locus in the vgll3 region, and has also strongly changed in recent decades. Here, we provide an empirical example of contemporary adaptive evolution of a large effect locus driving contrasting sex-specific evolutionary responses at the phenotypic level. We identified an 18% decrease in the vgll3 allele associated with late maturity (L) in a large and diverse salmon population over 36 years, induced by sex-specific selection during the sea migration. Those genetic changes resulted in a significant evolutionary response in males only, due to sex-specific dominance patterns and vgll3 allelic effects. The vgll3 allelic and dominance effects differed greatly in a second population and were likely to generate different selection and evolutionary patterns. Our study highlights the importance of knowledge of genetic architecture to better understand fitness trait evolution and phenotypic diversity. It also emphasizes the potential role of adaptive evolution in the trend toward earlier maturation observed in numerous Atlantic salmon populations worldwide.
Data from: Canine length in wild male baboons: maturation, aging and social dominance rank
Canines represent an essential component of the dentition for any heterodont mammal. In primates, like many other mammals, canines are frequently used as weapons. Hence, tooth size and wear may have significant implications for fighting ability, and consequently for social dominance rank, reproductive success, and fitness. We evaluated sources of variance in canine growth and length in a well-studied wild primate population because of the potential importance of canines for male reproductive success in many primates. Specifically, we measured maxillary canine length in 80 wild male baboons (aged 5.04–20.45 years) from the Amboseli ecosystem in southern Kenya, and examined its relationship with maturation, age, and social dominance rank. In our analysis of maturation, we compared food-enhanced baboons (those that fed part time at a refuse pit associated with a tourist lodge) with wild-feeding males, and found that food-enhanced males achieved long canines earlier than wild-feeding males. Among adult males, canine length decreased with age because of tooth wear. We found some evidence that, after controlling for age, longer canines were associated with higher adult dominance rank (accounting for 9% of the variance in rank), but only among relatively high-ranking males. This result supports the idea that social rank, and thus reproductive success and fitness, may depend in part on fighting ability mediated by canine size.
Fig. 6 in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age
Fig. 6. Age distribution frequency for males and females of Physalaemus cuvieri (P. cuvieri), Physalaemus riograndensis (P. riograndensis), and Pseudopaludicola falcipes (P. falcipes). Burgundy bars =Physalaemus cuvieri; orange bars = Physalaemus riograndensis; yellow bars =Pseudopaludicola falcipes.
Fig. 2 in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age
Fig. 2. Rose diagram representing gonadal parameters from males (a, c, e, g) and females (b, d, f, h) of Physalaemus cuvieri.
Fig. 5 in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age
Fig. 5. Relation between snout-vent length and gonadosomatic index for males and females of (a, b) Physalaemus cuvieri (c, d) Physalaemus riograndensis, and (f, g) Pseudopaludicola falcipes. The results are expressed in log. Blue dots =males; Orange dots =females.
Fig. 1. A in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age
Fig. 1. A) Map of Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, showing the geographical localization of Campo de Instruç˜ao de Santa Maria (black star), collection localization of Physalaemus cuvieri (3), Physalaemus riograndensis (2), and Pseudopaludicola falcipes (1). Black bar =scale of 10 mm. The pictures of the specimens are in size scale. B) Monthly mean of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature of the study area, between the years 1996–1998. Purple line =mean of rainfall; Yellow line =mean of ais humidity; dark orange bar =mean of maximum temperature; beige bar =mean of minimum temperature. ◦C =values from temperature; % =values from air humidity.
Fig. 3 in Reproductive phenology of neotropical leptodactylid frogs (genera Physalaemus and Pseudopaludicola): Integrating gametogenic cycle, sexual maturity and age
Fig. 3. Rose diagram representing gonadal parameters from males (a, c, e, g) and females (b, d, f, h) of Physalaemus riograndensis.
Evolutionary and plastic variation in larval growth and digestion reveal the complex underpinnings of size and age at maturation in dung beetles
<p>Age and size at maturity are key life history components, yet the proximate underpinnings that mediate intra- and interspecific variation in life history remain poorly understood. We studied the proximate underpinnings of species differences and nutritionally plastic variation in adult size and development time in four species of dung beetles. Specifically, we investigated how variation in insect growth mediates adult size variation, tested whether fast juvenile growth trades-off with developmental stability in adult morphology, and quantified plastic responses of digestive systems to variation in food quality. Contrary to the common size-development time trade-off, the largest species exhibited by far the shortest development time. Correspondingly, species diverged strongly in the shape of growth trajectories. Nutritionally plastic adjustments to growth were qualitatively similar between species but differed in magnitude. Although we expected rapid growth to induce developmental costs, neither instantaneous growth rates nor the duration of larval growth were related to developmental stability in the adult. This renders the putative costs of rapid growth enigmatic. We further found that larvae that encounter a challenging diet develop a larger midgut and digest more slowly than animals reared on a more nutritious diet. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that larvae invest into a more effective digestive system when exposed to low-quality nutrition, but suggest that species may diverge readily in their reliance on these mechanisms. More generally, our data highlight the complex, and often hidden, relationships between immature growth and age and size at maturation even in ecologically similar species.</p>
Figure 2 in Geographical, climatic and biological constraints on age at sexual maturity in amphibians
Figure 2. Histograms depicting the age at sexual maturity distribution through the sampled species for females (left) and males (right).
Data from ongoing age 2 male maturation assessments of yearling Chinook and Sockeye Salmon at hatchery facilities located in the interior Columbia basin
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Data from: Sex-dependent dominance at a single locus maintains variation in age at maturity in salmon
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Data from: Rapid sex-specific evolution of age at maturity is shaped by genetic architecture in Atlantic salmon
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Data from: Co-inheritance of sea age at maturity and iteroparity in the Atlantic salmon vgll3 genomic region
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Data from: Canine length in wild male baboons: maturation, aging and social dominance rank
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Evolutionary and plastic variation in larval growth and digestion reveal the complex underpinnings of size and age at maturation in dung beetles
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Data from: Breeding system, shell size and age at sexual maturity affect sperm length in stylommatophoran gastropods
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Code and data from: A mobile sex-determining region, male-specific haplotypes, and rearing environment influence age at maturity in Chinook salmon.
<p>Variation in age at maturity is an important contributor to life history and demographic variation within and among species. The optimal age at maturity can vary by sex, and the ability of each sex to evolve towards its fitness optimum depends on the genetic architecture of maturation. Using GWAS of RAD sequencing data, we show that age at maturity in Chinook salmon exhibits sex-specific genetic architecture, with age at maturity in males governed by large (up to 20Mb) male-specific haplotypes. These regions showed no such effect in females. We also provide evidence for translocation of the sex-determining gene between two different chromosomes. This has important implications for sexually antagonistic selection, particularly that sex-linkage of adaptive genes may differ within and among populations based on chromosomal location of the sex-determining gene. Our findings will facilitate research into the genetic causes of shifting demography in Chinook salmon as well as a better understanding of sex-determination in this species and Pacific salmon in general.</p>
Figure 1 in Geographical, climatic and biological constraints on age at sexual maturity in amphibians
Figure 1. Geographical locations of the 123 species of amphibians analysed.
Code and data from: A mobile sex-determining region, male-specific haplotypes, and rearing environment influence age at maturity in Chinook salmon.
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Data from: Accurate estimates of age at maturity from the growth trajectories of fishes and other ectotherms
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