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62 results for “anthropogenic impact”
QMT Pollen and Charcoal Data for "Anthropogenic impact on mountain vegetation of Southeast China lagged coastal plains by 2000–4000 years"
<p>This data is the percentage&concentration of pollen and charcoal in Qianmutian peatland located in Southeast China for the article“Anthropogenic impact on mountain vegetation of Southeast China lagged coastal plains by 2000–4000 years”.</p>
Data from: Genetic diversity and ecogeographical niche overlap among hybridizing ox-eye daisies (Leucanthemum, Asteraceae) in the Carpathian Mountains: the impact of anthropogenic disturbances
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Data from: Environmental DNA metabarcoding revealed the impacts of anthropogenic activities on phytoplankton diversity in Dianchi Lake and its three inflow rivers
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Data for: Anthropogenic light impacts life-history traits and induces a trade-off in female field crickets
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Impacts of anthropogenic emission change scenarios on U.S. water and carbon balances at national and state scales in a changing climate
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How are the impacts of multiple anthropogenic drivers considered in marine ecosystem service research? A systematic literature review
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Data from: Past volcanic activity predisposes an endemic threatened seabird to negative anthropogenic impacts
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Data from: The impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of terrestrial species: a global meta-analysis
<p><span>Duplicate of </span>10.5061/dryad.6hdr7sqxq</p> <p><span>Human activities are primarily responsible for habitat loss and changes in natural environments around the world. It has been suggested that populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes experience reduced gene flow, inbreeding depression, and loss of alleles due to genetic drift. However, the empirical evidence shows contrasting effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of species. We performed a meta-analysis of 61 studies that compared the genetic diversity of plant and/or animal populations in disturbed and more preserved areas (316 paired comparisons) to investigate the genetic responses to different disturbance types. There is a negative effect (effect size: -0.45; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.29) of disturbances on genetic diversity, in which the most detrimental effects are caused by the loss of connectivity and forest cover. The methodological approach can explain part of the heterogeneity among the genetic responses detected by primary studies: (i) studies using the number of effective alleles did not detect genetic erosion, while all other indices, revealed negative responses to disturbances; and (ii) only studies performed with transferred or a combination of transferred and specific microsatellites detected negative responses. The effects on animal populations are more detrimental than in plant populations. Only plant species with shrub life form, self-incompatible reproductive systems, and biotic pollination and seed dispersal, showed negative responses to disturbances. Despite all heterogeneity among studies, there is an overall negative effect of disturbances on the genetic diversity, which indicates that remaining populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes have reduced evolutionary potential and are prone to local extinction.</span></p>
Data from: Natural disturbances can produce misleading bioassessment results: identifying metrics to detect anthropogenic impacts in intermittent rivers
<p>Ecosystems experience natural disturbances and anthropogenic impacts that affect biological communities and ecological processes. When natural disturbance modifies anthropogenic impacts, current widely used bioassessment metrics can prevent accurate assessment of biological quality.</p> <p>Our aim was to assess the ability of biomonitoring metrics to detect anthropogenic impacts at both perennial and intermittent sites, and in the latter including both flowing and disconnected pool aquatic phases. Specifically, aquatic macroinvertebrates from 20 rivers were sampled along gradients of natural flow intermittence (natural disturbance) and anthropogenic impacts to investigate their combined effects on widely used river biomonitoring metrics (i.e. taxonomic richness and standard biological indices) and novel functional metrics, including functional redundancy (i.e. the number of taxa contributing similarly to an ecosystem function, here a trophic function) and response diversity (i.e. how functionally similar taxa respond to natural disturbance and anthropogenic impacts).</p> <p>Our results showed that natural flow intermittence can confound river bioassessment, and that a set of new functional metrics could be used as effective alternatives to standard metrics in naturally disturbed intermittent rivers.</p>
Data from: Biogeography and anthropogenic impact shape the success of invasive wasps on New Zealand's offshore islands
<p><b>Aim</b></p> <p>The theory of island biogeography predicts that the susceptibility of an island to invasion is determined by its isolation and size. However, many island ecosystems have been intensely modified by humans. Here, we investigated the biogeographic, biotic and anthropogenic drivers of invasive social wasps on 36 offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Location</b></p> <p>Islands off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island.</p> <p><b>Taxa</b></p> <p><i>Vespula germanica</i> (Fabricius, 1793), <i>Vespula vulgaris </i>(Linnaeus, 1758) and <i>Polistes chinensis antennalis </i>(Fabricius, 1793)<i>, Polistes humilis </i>(Fabricius, 1781).</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>We used GIS software for in situ randomisation of plots on each island (36 islands, 409 plots) and conducted 5-minute wasp counts to estimate wasp abundance. Wasp abundance and canopy cover were recorded at each plot. Island isolation was measured using GIS software. Data on island size, human settlement and the presence of introduced rats (<i>Rattus</i> spp.) were collated from the literature and island managers. The number of boat docks per island was counted from satellite images. A generalised linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was fitted to identify drivers of <i>Vespula</i> and <i>Polistes</i> abundance on offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>The abundance of <i>Vespula</i> was negatively correlated with island isolation and canopy cover, yet positively correlated with island size. <i>Vespula</i> were also more abundant on islands that have been settled by humans. The abundance of <i>Polistes</i> was negatively correlated with canopy cover. Finally, results did not support the notion that invasive wasps were associated with introduced rats on New Zealand's offshore islands.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b></p> <p>Our findings highlight the importance of biogeographic factors, such as island size and isolation, for species invasions, and suggest that intact forest cover could contribute to biotic resistance to invasive wasps in island ecosystems. Studies of invasive species should consider the joint effects of biogeographic, biotic and anthropogenic factors to best inform conservation management.ealand's North Island.</p>
Data from: The impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of terrestrial species: a global meta-analysis
<p><span>Human activities are primarily responsible for habitat loss and changes in natural environments around the world. It has been suggested that populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes are subject to reduced gene flow, inbreeding depression, and loss of alleles due to genetic drift. However, empirical evidence shows contradictory effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of terrestrial species. We performed a meta-analysis of 61 studies that compared the genetic diversity of plant and/or animal populations in disturbed and preserved areas (317 paired comparisons) to investigate general responses to different disturbance type. We found significant negative effects of disturbance on genetic diversity (effect size: -0.45), in which the loss of structural connectivity was the most detrimental disturbance type. The choice of the genetic parameter has an influence on the detection of the effect (direction and magnitude), and consequently the studies using number of effective alleles did not detect genetic erosion, while all other indices, especially allelic richness, revealed negative responses to disturbances. Yet, only studies performed with transferred or both transferred and specific microsatellites showed negative responses to disturbances. The general effect was more detrimental in animal than plant populations. Only plant species with biotic pollination and seed dispersal mode, self-incompatible reproductive system, and shrubs showed negative responses to disturbances. Despite all heterogeneity among studies, we found an overall negative effect of disturbance on genetic diversity of terrestrial populations, which suggests that the remaining populations inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes have a reduced evolutionary potential being more prone to local extinction.</span></p>
Sediment routing and anthropogenic impact in the Huanghe River catchment, China: an investigation using Nd isotopes of river sediments
<p>Table A1. Sampling locations, Sr-Nd isotopes, geochemical compositions and grain size parameters of Huanghe and loess sediments investigated.</p> <p>Table A2. Annual sediment load (Mt/yr) at major gauging stations along the Huanghe mainstream.</p> <p>Table A3. Nd isotopic compositions of major tectonic terranes and sources in the Huanghe basin (literature data).</p> <p>Table A4. Nd isotopes and geochemical compositions of rocks in the North China Craton.</p> <p>Table A5. Nd model ages of rocks from North China Craton (NCC), only rocks with Th/Sc, Th/Cr, Th/Co and Sm/Nd ratios within the range of references for NCC-UC have been selected.</p> <p>Table A6. Nd isotopes mixing of sediments from the lower Huanghe.</p>
Data from: Pythons, parasites and pests: anthropogenic impacts on Sarcocystis (Sarcocystidae) transmission in a multi-host system
Parasites are essential components of ecosystems and can be instrumental in maintaining host diversity and populations; however, their role in trophic interactions has often been overlooked. Three apicomplexan parasite species of Sarcocystis (S. singaporensis, S. zamani, and S. villivillosi) use the reticulated python as their definitive hosts and several species within the Rattus genus as intermediate hosts, and they form a system useful for studying interactions between host–parasite and predator–prey relationships, as well as anthropogenic impacts on parasite transmission. Based on predictions from a 1998 survey, which detected an inverse relationship between urban development and Sarcocystis infection in Rattus, we tested the hypothesis that Sarcocystis transmission in Singapore will decrease over time due to anthropogenic activities. Despite a large proportion of the reticulated python diet consisting of Rattus species at all sizes of pythons, Sarcocystis infection rates decreased from 1998 to 2010. Pythons found in industrial areas had lower Sarcocystis infection rates, particularly in the western industrial area of Singapore Island. Average python size also decreased, with implications that we predict may disrupt host–parasite relationships. Anthropogenic activities such as habitat modification, fragmentation, and systematic removal and translocation of pythons have negative impacts on Sarcocystis transmission in Singapore, which in turn may augment pest rat populations. Trends observed may ultimately have negative impacts on human health and biodiversity in the region.
Data from: Islands within islands: two montane paleo-endemic birds impacted by recent anthropogenic fragmentation
Anthropogenic habitat fragmentation of species that live in naturally patchy metapopulations such as mountaintops or sky islands experiences two levels of patchiness. Effects of such multilevel patchiness on species have rarely been examined. Metapopulation theory suggests that patchy habitats could have varied impacts on persistence, dependent on differential migration. It is not known whether montane endemic species, evolutionarily adapted to natural patchiness, are able to disperse between anthropogenic fragments at similar spatial scales as natural patches. We investigated historic and contemporary gene flow between natural and anthropogenic patches across the distribution range of a Western Ghats sky-island-endemic bird species complex. Data from 14 microsatellites for 218 individuals detected major genetic structuring by deep valleys, including one hitherto undescribed barrier. As expected, we found strong effects of historic genetic differentiation across natural patches, but not across anthropogenic fragments. Contrastingly, contemporary differentiation (DPS) was higher relative to historic differentiation (FST) in anthropogenic fragments, despite the species' ability to historically traverse shallow valleys. Simulations of recent isolation resulted in high DPS/FST values, confirming recent isolation in Western Ghats anthropogenic fragments and also suggesting that this ratio can be used to identifying recent fragmentation in the context of historic connectedness. We suggest that in this landscape, in addition to natural patchiness affecting population connectivity, anthropogenic fragmentation additionally impacts connectivity, making anthropogenic fragments akin to islands within natural islands of montane habitat, a pattern that may be recovered in other sky-island systems.
Data from: Genomic comparisons reveal biogeographic and anthropogenic impacts in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); a dietary-specialist species distributed across heterogeneous environments
The Australian koala is an iconic marsupial with specific dietary requirements distributed across heterogeneous environments, over a large geographic range. The distribution and genetic structure of koala populations has been heavily influenced by human actions, specifically habitat modification, hunting and translocation of koalas. There is currently limited information on population diversity and gene-flow at a species-wide scale, or with consideration to the potential impacts of local adaptation. Using species-wide sampling across heterogeneous environments, and high-density genome-wide markers (SNPs and PAVs), we show that most koala populations display levels of diversity comparable to other outbred species, except for those populations impacted by population reductions. Genetic clustering analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction reveals a lack of support for taxonomic classification of three koala sub-species, with only a single evolutionary significant unit supported. Furthermore, ~70% of genetic variance is accounted for at the individual level. The Sydney Basin region is highlighted as a unique reservoir of genetic diversity, having higher diversity levels (ie. Blue Mountains region; AvHecorr=0.20, PL%=68.6). Broad-scale population differentiation is primarily driven by an Isolation by Distance genetic structure model (49% of genetic variance), with clinal local adaptation corresponding to habitat bioregions. Signatures of selection were detected between bioregions, with no single region returning evidence of strong selection. The results of this study show that although the koala is widely considered to be a dietary-specialist species, this apparent specialisation has not limited the koala's ability to maintain gene-flow and adapt across divergent environments as long as the required food source is available.
Data from: Functional diversity and composition of Caatinga woody flora are negatively impacted by chronic anthropogenic disturbance
Tropical plant assemblages can be taxonomically and phylogenetically impoverished by chronic anthropogenic disturbance (CAD), such as firewood collection and extensive grazing. However, to what extent the functional dimension responds to CAD is still unclear. Such knowledge is urgently required for predicting, preventing or even reversing the impacts of CAD. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance may operate as an ecological filter by selecting functional trait values (e.g. low wood density), thereby altering the functional composition and diversity of plant assemblages. We tested this hypothesis using 29 woody plant assemblages across three ontogenetic stages (seedlings, saplings and adults) in a 220‐km2 landscape of the Caatinga, northeast Brazil. We adopted a CAD index consisting of four indicators (proximity to urban centre and houses and the density of both people and livestock) and tested how well it explained the functional diversity and effect sizes (richness, evenness and dispersion) and composition (community‐weighted mean). Chronic anthropogenic disturbance affected several functional metrics across the three ontogenetic stages. However, CAD effects were stronger in adult communities by negatively affecting functional richness, dispersion and their effect sizes. CAD also altered the functional composition of leaf mass per area, woody density and leaf area of adult assemblages. Sapling communities were affected in terms of functional composition (leaf area, leaf dry matter and wood density), with positive and negative effects, while seedling assemblages responded positively to CAD only in terms of functional evenness and its effect size. Some changes in functional metrics were influenced by dominant Euphorbiaceae species across ontogenetic stages, especially in terms of leaf area and woody density. Synthesis. Chronic anthropogenic disturbance is an important driver of plant‐community functional organization across ontogenetic stages in the Caatinga. Adult assemblages are particularly sensitive and tend to lose functional niche space and support more acquisitive rather than conservative strategies as chronic anthropogenic disturbance increases. The proliferation of Euphorbiaceae disturbance‐adapted species can explain part of the community responses to chronic anthropogenic disturbance. Our findings highlight the ecological effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance and show that it is a key influence on tropical biotas. Changes in plant functional traits associated with plant resource use are likely to affect ecosystem functioning and services provided by Caatinga.
Data from: Impact of prey occupancy and other ecological and anthropogenic factors on tiger distribution in Thailand's Western Forest Complex
1. Despite conservation efforts, large mammals such as tigers and their main prey, gaur, banteng, and sambar, are highly threatened and declining across their entire range. The only large viable source population of tigers in mainland Southeast Asia occurs in Thailand's Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM), an approximately 19,000 km2 landscape of 17 contiguous protected areas. 2. We used an occupancy modeling framework, which accounts for imperfect detection, to identify the factors that affect tiger distribution at the approximate scale of a female tiger's home range, 64 km2, and site use at a scale of 1 km2 in WEFCOM. At the larger scale, we estimated the proportion of sites occupied by tigers; at the finer scale, we identified the key variables that influence site-use and developed a predictive distribution map. At both scales, we examined key ecological and anthropogenic factors that help explain distribution and preferred habitat use. 3. WEFCOM is virtually only "half full" of tigers, it occupied 37% or 5,858 km2 of the landscape which was largely influenced by the combined presence of all three large prey species; in contrast, site use was most strongly influenced by presence of sambar. 4. By modeling occupancy while accounting for imperfect probability of detection, we established reliable benchmark data on the distribution of tigers. This study also identified factors that limit tiger distributions; which managers can then target to expand tiger distribution in WEFCOM and guide recovery elsewhere in Southeast Asia.
Data from: Isotopic niches of tropical birds reduced by anthropogenic impacts: A 100-year perspective
<p>The intensification of land use changes in tropical forests during the 20<sup>th</sup> century, mainly caused by deforestation for agricultural uses, had an overwhelming influence on bird assemblages. However, how these historical anthropogenic changes have impacted the habitat use and diet of tropical birds is poorly known. Stable isotope analysis (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N) can be useful in this regard since it provides information not only on the habitat and food resource use but also insights on the dietary niche of species. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether centenary anthropogenic impacts, mainly caused by changes in landscape composition, have affected the resource and habitat use and isotopic niche width of Neotropical birds in a region that comprises two biodiversity hotspots — the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado in southeastern Brazil. We found that the niche width of all bird guilds (frugivore, granivore, insectivore, nectarivore, and omnivore) was largely reduced (28–70%) from the twentieth century until recently. This niche width reduction was likely associated with historical anthropogenic impacts (e.g., fragmentation, forest loss and change in agricultural practices), which are responsible for the decrease in the availability of habitat and food resources. Moreover, the mean values of <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N decreased over the years in all bird guilds, which might be attributed to the expansion of agricultural areas and the increase in the use of synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizers. All the analyzed species, even though some of them are diet and habitat generalists, were strongly influenced by centenary anthropogenic actions. Our results show the consequences of human-induced changes in land use on the diet and habitat use of tropical birds that persist in fragmented landscapes, which might compromise their long-term survival, and provide useful information to the conservation strategies of bird assemblages in modern landscapes.</p>
Sediment routing and anthropogenic impact in the Huanghe River catchment, China: an investigation using Nd isotopes of river sediments
<p>Table A1. Sampling locations, Sr-Nd isotopes, geochemical compositions and grain size parameters of Huanghe and loess sediments investigated.</p> <p>Table A2. Annual sediment load (Mt/yr) at major gauging stations along the Huanghe mainstream.</p> <p>Table A3. Nd isotopic compositions of major tectonic terranes and sources in the Huanghe basin (literature data).</p> <p>Table A4. Nd isotopes and geochemical compositions of rocks in the North China Craton.</p> <p>Table A5. Nd model ages of rocks from North China Craton (NCC), only rocks with Th/Sc, Th/Cr, Th/Co and Sm/Nd ratios within the range of references for NCC-UC have been selected.</p> <p>Table A6. Nd isotopes mixing of sediments from the lower Huanghe.</p>
Data from: Functional diversity and composition of Caatinga woody flora are negatively impacted by chronic anthropogenic disturbance
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