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Respiration rate measurements for antipatharians (black corals; Stichopathes gracilis and Antipathella wollastoni) from the Canary Islands Archipelago.
<p>Row data for respiration rate measurements used in the manuscript entitled "Higher daily temperature range at depth is linked with higher thermotolerance in Antipatharians from the Canary Islands". </p> <p>Ramp experiments were performed with coral fragments from the three populations (<em>Antipathella wollastoni </em>from 25 m and 40 m and <em>Stichopathes gracilis</em> from 80 m). Each ramp was divided in two legs, respectively called 'hot ramp' and 'cold ramp', both starting at the acclimation temperature. Here, we define 'ramp experiment', as the progressive increase/decrease (hot/cold ramp) by gradual steps of temperature. The minimum temperature tested corresponded to the lower seasonal temperature experienced by the organism in its environment. The maximum temperature tested was the highest seasonal temperature experienced by the organism in its environment +3°C. Each time, one fragment of a colony was used for the hot ramp and the second fragment, from the same colony, was used for the cold ramp. This allowed every fragment to be used only in a single ramp (and not reused), as well as to have paired replicates (fragments from the same colony) between hot and cold ramps.</p> <p>Each ramp proceeded identically for specimens from the three populations. Seven fragments from different colonies were moved from their acclimation tank to one of the eight respirometry chambers held in the experimental tank. They were first left to acclimate for 1 hour in darkness and then the chambers were closed, and oxygen consumption was measured for 40 min in darkness, starting at the acclimation temperature. After this period of stable temperature, the chambers were opened in the experimental tank (allowing water exchange between the water in the chambers and in the experimental tank) and temperature was increased/decreased for 30 min to the next step of temperature. Once reached, the fragments were left 30 more min in their open chambers to acclimate to the new temperature, before starting a new 40 min measurement period (with closed chambers). Oxygen saturation in the chambers was always above 80%. This procedure was repeated for each step of temperature. At the end of the last respiration rate measurement, chambers were opened, temperature was decreased back to the acclimation temperature and new measurements of respiration rate were taken after 2.5 hours and 12 hours, to evaluate whether the fragments were able to recover from the heat stress (recovery capacity). The recovery capacity was only assessed at the end of the hot ramp (not at the end of the cold ramp). During all ramps, one chamber was left free from any fragment (blank/control chamber) to account for background respiration (i.e., part of the respiration attributed to seawater microbes and/or instrument drift).</p> <p>Respiration rates were calculated by measuring the oxygen consumption (expressed in oxygen saturation) of the fragments through time, for the eight respirometry chambers simultaneously. One measure was recorded every 5 s on each chamber using fibre-optic oxygen sensors connected to two 4-channel Fibre Optic Oxygen Transmitter (OXY-4 SMA G2 and OXY-4 SMA G3, Pre-Sens Precision Sensing GmbH, Germany). The volume and shape of the chambers changed based on the morphology of the species: fragments of <em>A. wollastoni </em>(bushy) were placed in 400 mL cylindrical plastic chambers and fragments of <em>S. gracilis</em> (unbranched, long and thin corallum) in 50 mL Falcon tubes. A new oxygen sensor spot (PreSens SP-PSt3-NAU-D5-YOP-SA) was glued in every chamber and calibrated according to the supplier’s manual. A magnetic stir bar, separated from the fragment by a mesh, allowed to maintain constant homogenization of the dissolved gas in the chambers.</p>
Figure 5 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 5 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., male. General morphology A, C–E one paratype Mg 1245; B other paratype Mg 1245 A general view lateral with outstretched antennules, oral cone, thoracopods and abdomen, right side B general view lateral, left side, anterior end left C left valve of carapace with frontal filament complex, inner side, anterior end right D first abdominal (seventh trunk) segment with penis, lateral view E Enlarged part of basal shaft of penis with pleural process of first abdominal segment (plp) F Distal part of telson with telson spine and furcal ramus (inner side). Abbreviations: a1 – antennule, ab – abdomen, acp – anterior pit of carapace, ad – adductor muscle, ar – anterior ramus of frontal filament complex, bs – basal ramus of frontal filament complex, ffc – frontal filament complex, fr – furcal rami, gd – gut diverticulum, oc – oral cone, pe – penis, plp – pleural process of first abdominal segment, pr – posterior ramus of frontal filament complex, tes – testis, thp1-6 – thoracopods I–VI, ts – telson spine. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 4 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 4 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female, holotype. Left (A, B, D–F) and right (C) thoracopods I–VI respectively. Ampuliform seminal receptacles are situated in upper outer parts of coxae of thoracopods II–V (B–E). Numbers indicating positions for setal counts in description (1–9) are shown for thoracopod II (B). Abbreviation: ba – basis, co – coxa, en – endopod, ex – exopod, sr – seminal receptacles. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 17 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 17 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov. Lattice organs, with dotted arrows indicating anterior direction (SEM) A–D female E–H male A, E general view, dorsolateral view, locations on carapace of anterior (1, 2) and posterior (3–5) pairs of lattice organs indicated by oval outlines B, F anterior lattice organs (1, 2) C, G left lattice organs 1 (first pair) D, H left and right lattice organs 2 (second pair). Abbreviations: a1 – antennules, lo1-5 – lattice organs, tp – terminal pore of lattice organ. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 14 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 14 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., male. Morphology of epaulet, penis, telson and furcal rami (SEM) A epaulet of thoracic segment 6 B rami of penis; enlarged terminal parts of pleural processes of first abdominal segment in rectangle area C tip of ramus of penis D telson, lateral side E telson spines and base of furcal ramus F middle parts of furcal rami G terminal parts of furcal rami H ctenoid scales on dorsal sides of furcal rami. Abbreviations: ep – epaulet, fr – furcal rami, pe – penis, plp – pleural process of first abdominal segment, te – telson, ts – telson spines. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 13 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 13 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., male. General morphology, mantle structures (SEM) A general view lateral, left side B Inner body (prosoma), lateral view (thoracic segments numbered in Roman numerals, abdominal segments in Arabic numerals) C submarginal fold of mantle with cuticular fringe (indicated by arrowheads) near anterior margin (anterior direction indicated by dotted arrow) D submarginal fold of mantle with cuticular fringe (indicated by arrowheads) in middle part on ventral side of valve of carapace (anterior direction indicated by dotted arrow) E submarginal fold of mantle with cuticular fringe and setiform projections (indicated by arrowheads) at posterior end of valve of carapace (thin marginal fold indicated by small arrows, anterior direction indicated by dotted arrow) F frontal filament complex (thoracopods numbered). Abbreviations: a1 – antennules, ab – abdomen, ar – anterior ramus of frontal filament complex, bs – basal ramus of frontal filament complex, ffc – frontal filament complex, fr – furcal rami, lb – labrum, oc – oral cone, pe – penis, pr – posterior ramus of frontal filament complex, te – telson, thp1-6 – thoracopods I–VI. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 9 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 9 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female. Morphology and structures of thorax and abdomen (SEM) A dorsal surface of thoracic segments 2 and 3 B posterior part of thorax (segments numbered in Roman numerals) and abdomen (segments numbered in Arabic numerals), enlarged small epaulet in rectangle area in lower left angle C penis rudiment D telson spines E distal halves of furcal rami F furcal ramus, inner surface G terminal ends of furcal rami H Enlarged basal part of furcal ramus showing setation and sculpture on inner surface. Abbreviations: fr – furcal ramus, per – rudimentary penis, te – telson, ts – telson spines, thp6 – thoracopod VI. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 18 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 18 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov. Posterior (3–5) pairs of lattice organs, with dotted arrows indicating anterior direction (SEM) A–D female E–H male A, E posterior pairs (3–5) of lattice organs B, F left lattice organs 3 (third pair) C, G left lattice organs 4 (fourth pair) D, H left lattice organs 5 (fifth pair). Abbreviations: lo3-5 lattice organs, tp – terminal pore of lattice organ. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 10 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 10 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female. Morphology of antennules (SEM) A right antennule, lateral view, inner surface, segments numbered B Ctenoid scales of second segment C omniserrate setae on postaxial/ventral surface of second segment D Claw sheathed by claw guard, inner side of sixth segment E Junction between claw and claw guard showing their microsculpture, inner side F Spines of fourth segment forming 'fork' to accept claw of sixth segment G proximal sensory process of sixth segment H claw sheathed by claw guard, outer side of sixth segment I junction between claw and claw guard showing their microsculpture, terminal ctenoid fold of claw guard sheathed claw indicated by asterisk, outer side. Abbreviations: ae – aesthetasc, cg – claw guard, cl – claw, ps – proximal sensory process. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 8 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 8 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female. General morphology, inner structures of carapace and mantle (SEM) A general view ventral B right valve of carapace, inner surface, mantle at place of body attachment (entrance of gut diverticulum and adductor muscle) destroyed C enlarged detail of mantle surface near anterior margin, submarginal fold of mantle with cuticular fringe (indicated by arrowheads) D frontal filament complex, anterior end left E Entrance of anterior pit of carapace (indicated by arrowheads) F surface of anterior pit of carapace (cuticular papillae indicated by asterisks). Abbreviations: a1 – antennules, ab – abdomen, ar – anterior ramus of frontal filament complex, bs – basal ramus of frontal filament complex, ca – carapace (valve), ffc – frontal filament complex, fr – furcal ramus, pr – posterior ramus of frontal filament complex, te – telson, th – thorax, thp1-6 – thoracopods I–VI. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 1 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 1 Collection and natural coloration of living specimens of Synagoga arabesque sp. nov. A Collection of living specimens of Synagoga from black coral Myriopathes sp. B mature female with outstretched antennules, oral cone and abdomen, lateral view, left side C young female, lateral view, right side D male with outstretched antennules, oral cone, thoracopods and abdomen, lateral view, left side. Abbreviations: a1 – antennule, ab –abdomen, em – embryos, fr – furcal rami, gd – gut diverticulum, oc – oral cone, ov – ovary, thp1-6 – thoracopods I-VI. Scale bars: in µm.
Figure 2 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 2 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female. General morphology A, B, D–F holotype C paratype Mg 1244 A general view lateral, left side B General view lateral, right valve of carapace removed, segments of thorax (t1-6) and abdomen (1-5), entrance of gut diverticulum and adductor muscle indicated by asterisk C General view lateral, right side D Anterior carapace pit, ventral end below E Rudimentary penis F furcal ramus, inner side. Abbreviations: a1 – antennules, ab – abdomen, acp – anterior carapace pit, em – embryos, fr – furcal rami, gd – gut diverticulum, oc – oral cone (pyramid), ov – ovary, t1-6 – segments of thorax, te(5) – fifth abdominal segment(telson), thp1-6 – thoracopods I–VI, ts – telson spines. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 12 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 12 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female. Thoracopods (A–E – left thoracopod II, F – left thoracopod VI, SEM) A general view B surface and setation of coxa C surface and setation of basis D setation of rami, segments numbered E enlarged segments (numbered) of rami showing microsculpture F basis and rami, ramal segments numbered. Abbreviations: ba – basis, co – coxa, en – endopod, ex – exopod. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 7 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 7 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., male, paratype Mg 1245. Right thoracopods I–VI respectively (A–F). Numbers indicating positions for setal counts in description (1–9) are shown in thoracopod III (C). Abbreviations: ba – basis, co – coxa, en – endopod, ex – exopod. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 3 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 3 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female, holotype. Head appendages A right antennule with musculature B left antennules, segments numbered C medial languette D mandible E maxillule F maxillae. Abbreviations: cg – claw guard, cl – claw, ps – proximal sensory process. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 16 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 16 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., male. Mouth parts (SEM) A labrum, posterio-lateral view, anterior margin left B lateral surface of labrum C distal part of oral cone with exposed tips of mouth parts D tips of mandibles E tips of maxillae. Abbreviations: a1 – antennules, lb – labrum, md – mandible, ml – medial languette, mx1 – maxillule, mx2 – maxilla. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 6 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 6 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., male, paratype Mg 1245. Head appendages A left antennule, segments numbered B fifth and sixth antennular segments of right antennule C labrum lateral, anterior margin right D medial languette E mandible F maxillule G maxilla lateral. Abbreviations: cg – claw guard, cl – claw, ps – proximal sensory process. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 15 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 15 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., male. Morphology of antennules (SEM) A spines of fourth segment forming 'fork' to accept claw of sixth segment (antennular segments numbered, marginal fold of mantle indicated by arrowheads) B sixth segment, left antennules, outer surface C proximal sensory process of sixth segment D junction between claw and claw guard showing their microsculpture, terminal ctenoid fold of claw guard sheathed claw indicated by asterisk, outer side. Abbreviations: ae – aesthetasc, cg – claw guard; cl – claw; ps – proximal sensory process. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 11 from: Kolbasov GA, Petrunina AS, Ho M-J, Chan BKK (2019) A new species of Synagoga (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Ascothoracida) parasitic in an antipatharian from Green Island, Taiwan, with notes on its morphology. ZooKeys 876: 55-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.876.35443
Figure 11 Synagoga arabesque sp. nov., female. Mouth parts (SEM) A labrum, posterio-lateral view, anterior margin left, enlarged ctenoid scales in rectangle area in lower right angle B mandible and maxillule (tip of mandible partially embedded in glue) C maxillule and maxillae D spines and setae along cutting (posterior) margin of mandible, middle part E spines and setiform projections along cutting (posterior) margin of maxillule, middle half F tip of maxillule G tips of maxillae. Abbreviations: md – mandible, mx1 – maxillule, mx2 – maxilla. Scale bars: in μm.
Figure 1 from: Wicksten MK, Nuttall MF, Hickerson EL (2014) Crustaceans from antipatharians on banks of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 45-54. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6280
Figure 1 - Deep reef habitat showing antipatharians Tanacetipathes sp. (foreground) and Stichopathes sp. (distant) among protruding arms of comatulid crinoids (West Flower Garden Bank, 80 m).
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