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72 results for “antipredator”
Antipredator behaviors in urban settings: Ecological experimentation powered by citizen science
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Maternal investment and early thermal conditions affect performance and antipredator responses
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Group augmentation on trial: helpers in small groups enhance antipredator defence of eggs
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Supplementary material from: Fiddler crab claws work as a deflection antipredator defence
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Effects of human and non-human predation risk on antipredator movement behaviors of an upland game bird
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Antipredator tactics: a kin-selection benefit for defensive spines in coral catfish?
Morphological features that impair a predator's ability to consume a prey item may benefit individual prey; but what of features that prolong prey-handling but do not enhance prey survival? For example, a Striped Eel Catfish (Plotosus lineatus) will be fatally envenomated if struck by its specialist predator, the Greater Sea Snake (Hydrophis major). Nonetheless, the catfish typically erects long, toxic pectoral and dorsal spines that increase prey-handling times for the snake by around eightfold. Because the catfish travel in swarms of closely-related individuals, the delay enforced by spines may enable the victim's swarm-mates to disperse before the snake is able to search for another meal. In keeping with that hypothesis, defensive spines tend to be longer in catfish from regions where the Greater Sea Snake occurs, than from areas where the snake does not occur. Our data thus suggest that defensive weaponry in catfish, as in some eusocial insects, can evolve via kin selection as well as natural selection.
Data from: Resource levels and prey state influence antipredator behavior and the strength of nonconsumptive predator effects
The risk of predation can drive trophic cascades by causing prey to engage in antipredator behavior (e.g. reduced feeding), but these behaviors can be energetically costly for prey. The effects of predation risk on prey (nonconsumptive effects, NCEs) and emergent indirect effects on basal resources should therefore depend on the ecological context (e.g. resource abundance, prey state) in which prey manage growth/predation risk tradeoffs. Despite an abundance of behavioral research and theory examining state-dependent responses to risk, there is a lack of empirical data on state-dependent NCEs and their impact on community-level processes. We used a rocky intertidal food chain to test model predictions for how resources levels and prey state (age/size) shape the magnitude of NCEs. Risk cues from predatory crabs (Carcinus maenas) caused juvenile and sub-adult snails (Nucella lapillus) to increase their use of refuge habitats and decrease their growth and per capita foraging rates on barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides). Increasing resource levels (high barnacle density) and prey state (sub-adults) enhanced the strength of NCEs. Our results support predictions that NCEs will be stronger in resource-rich systems that enhance prey state and suggest that the demographic composition of prey populations will influence the role of NCEs in trophic cascades. Contrary to theory, however, we found that resources and prey state had little to no effect on snails in the presence of predation risk. Rather, increases in NCE strength arose because of the strong positive effects of resources and prey state on prey foraging rates in the absence of risk. Hence, a common approach to estimating NCE strength – integrating measurements of prey traits with and without predation risk into a single metric – may mask the underlying mechanisms driving variation in the strength and relative importance of NCEs in ecological communities.
Data from: Does sun glare increase antipredator behaviour in prey?
As the sun gradually lowers over the horizon, prey species with more sun in their eyes should have more difficulty in visually monitoring their surroundings for threats and thus experience a higher predation risk. In a unique setting, I could examine changes in antipredator behaviour in a prey species, the semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla, facing attacks by peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus, which originated from the general direction of the lowering sun. I predicted gradual changes in antipredator behaviour as sun glare becomes more problematic later in the day. As the day progressed, sandpipers occurred in sparser groups when the sun glared but not when clouds obscured the sun, suggesting that fewer individuals engaged in risky foraging. Pecking rate and foraging success decreased later in the day when the sun glared but not otherwise implying an increase in vigilance at the expense of foraging. When more sun hit their eyes, sandpipers also moved faster suggesting increased skittishness. The sun glare effect might be relevant to any species foraging in open areas not only when the sun sets but also when it rises especially if predators can target prey species at these vulnerable times. The temporal gradient in predation risk that the sun glare effect creates might thus apply broadly and have important consequences for antipredator vigilance, foraging efficiency, and habitat use.
Data from: Evolution of antipredator behavior in an island lizard species, Podarcis erhardii (Reptilia: Lacertidae): the sum of all fears?
Organisms generally have many defenses against predation yet may lack effective defenses if from populations without predators. Evolutionary theory predicts that 'costly' antipredator behaviors will be selected against when predation risk diminishes. We examined antipredator behaviors in Aegean wall lizards, Podarcis erhardii, across an archipelago of land-bridge islands that vary in predator diversity and period of isolation. We examined two defenses, flight initiation distance and tail autotomy. Flight initiation distance generally decreased with declining predator diversity. All predator types had distinctive effects on flight initiation distance with mammals and birds having the largest estimated effects. Rates of autotomy observed in the field were highest on predator-free islands yet laboratory-induced autotomy increased linearly with overall predator diversity. Against expectation from previous work, tail autotomy was not explained solely by the presence of vipers. Analyses of populations directly isolated from rich predator communities revealed that flight initiation distance decreased with increased duration of isolation in addition to the effects of current predator diversity, whereas tail autotomy could be explained simply by current predator diversity. Although selection against costly defenses should depend on time with reduced threats, different defenses may diminish along different trajectories even within the same predator-prey system.
Data for: Multiple antipredator behaviors in red-tailed monkeys reveal spatially distinct landscapes of fear
<p>Foraging opportunity and predation risk act as opposing influences on an animal's habitat use. "Landscapes of fear" (LOF), whereby one predicts the spatial distribution of predators or perceived predator presence using prey responses, are an important tool for modeling this conflict. LOF models examining perceived predation risk are often generated using a single behavioral metric, even though individuals can respond to predation pressure with multiple potential behaviors. Here, we expanded traditional LOF approaches by measuring three antipredator behaviors in wild red-tailed monkeys (<em>Cercopithecus ascanius</em>): aggregation, alarm calling, and vigilance. We predicted that each behavior would reveal spatially explicit regions of high risk, as each behavior may attend to different aspects of perceived predation risk. The use of different behaviors may depend upon factors such as vegetation type, age/sex class of an individual, and which other antipredator behaviors are being exhibited by group members. We collected data on two troops of monkeys in the Issa Valley, Tanzania for over 19 months and conducted 3,189 group follows. We found that vegetation type varied in its effect on antipredator behavior. Monkeys conducted more antipredator behavior in more open vegetation types compared to more closed, riparian forests. The LOF models generated for each behavior mapped distinct and predominantly non-overlapping spatial regions of perceived predation risk, which was replicated across the two groups. This suggested that monkeys responded differently across their home range to specific perceived risks. Such spatially explicit behavior may indicate vegetation-specific predation risk or unique trade-offs in antipredator behavior throughout a heterogenous habitat.</p>
FIG. 4 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 4. Relationships of snout–vent length (SVL) and body condition index (BCI) category with the neck butt (NB) frequency of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Each point represents individual data of snakes in poor condition (triangle, BCI <-0.145), average condition (circle, -0.145 <BCI <0.145, and good condition (cross, BCI Ž 0.145). Solid, short-dashed, and long-dashed lines represent regression lines for poor-condition, averagecondition, and good-condition snakes, respectively. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression coefficients and darker shading shows areas of overlap between the BCI categories. There was a significant correlation of SVL (P <0.001) and BCI category (P <0.01) with NB frequency.
FIG. 1 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 1. Box plots of the frequency of antipredator behaviors exhibited by Rhabdophis subminiatus in response to 20 predatory stimuli. Medians are shown by horizontal lines. Top and bottom of boxes are the 75th and 25th quartiles, respectively. Ends of vertical line are the farthest points not exceeding 1.5 times the distance between the quartiles, and dots are more extreme values. BF: body flatten; NF: neck flatten; JK: jerk; NB: neck butt; FL: flee; IM: immobile; ST: strike; NA: neck arch.
FIG. 2 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 2. Relationships between snout–vent length (SVL), sex, and frequency of neck butt (NB), neck flatten (NF), neck arch (NA), body flatten (BF), jerk (JK), and flee (FL) of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Solid and dashed lines represent regression lines for males and females, respectively. Each point shows individual data for males (circles) and females (crosses). Significant correlations (P <0.05) with SVL were observed in NB, NF, NA, and JK, which have shaded areas representing 95% confidence intervals of regression coefficients. Darker shading shows areas of overlap between the sexes. Only FL showed a significant effect of sex, and regression lines are shown only for significant correlations.
FIG. 3 in Effects of Body Size and Condition on Antipredator Behavior Related to Nuchal Glands in Rhabdophis subminiatus
FIG. 3. Relationship between body condition index (BCI) and the frequency of neck butt (NB), neck flatten (NF), neck arch (NA), body flatten (BF), jerk (JK), and flee (FL) of Rhabdophis subminiatus. A significant correlation (P <0.05) was observed only for the relationship between BCI and NB frequency, for which regression lines are shown. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression coefficients.
Data from: Patterns in antipredator armature reduction and maintenance in isolated spring populations of an amphipod crustacean
<p class="xmsonormal"><span>Organisms colonizing new habitat can undergo adaptive change due to novel selective landscapes encountered in the new environment. Examples in nature where development of the same traits has repeatedly occurred on multiple independent occasions upon colonizing a novel habitat represent instances of parallel evolution. Here we test whether the colonization of spring habitat by the principally lacustrine amphipod crustacean <em>Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa </em>has resulted in parallel evolution in armature traits using empirical data on morphology and mitochondrial DNA and through a breeding experiment. Analysis of mtDNA CO1 sequences shows that the spring populations share no common history and have evolved in isolation from each other and from their neighbouring lake populations since deglaciation approximately 12000 years ago and are now fixed for different haplogroups. Dorsal spines and lateral projections were absent or less developed in all spring populations than in lake populations. Variation in armature development also could be explained by predator presence as populations with fish predators exhibited more developed spines than those without fish. In a laboratory breeding experiment, hybrid Spring X Lake F1 offspring had intermediate development of armature when compared to offspring of Lake X Lake and Spring X Spring matings. The results support the hypothesis that armature reduction has independently evolved on multiple occasions in <em>P. quadrispinosa. </em>Recent research has questioned the degree to which parallel evolution actually explains variance in traits. Taking into account predation regime, sexual dimorphism and mineral composition of the trait, a more precise understanding of the factors influencing parallel evolution emerges.</span></p>
Behavioural correlations across multiple stages of the antipredator response: do animals that escape sooner hide longer?
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Data from: Neglected patterns of variation in phenotypic plasticity: age- and sex-specific antipredator plasticity in a cichlid fish
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Data from: Evaluating adaptive, carry-over and plastic antipredator responses across a temporal gradient in Pacific chorus frogs
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Data from: Patterns in antipredator armature reduction and maintenance in isolated spring populations of an amphipod crustacean
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Data from: Resource levels and prey state influence antipredator behavior and the strength of nonconsumptive predator effects
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