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55 results for “bedrock”
Data from: Bedrock geological map predictions for Phanerozoic fossil occurrences
<p>This is the supplementary data repository of the <em>Paleobiology</em> paper titled <em>Bedrock Geological Map Predictions for Phanerozoic Fossil Occurrences</em>. Geographically-explicit, taxonomically resolved fossil occurrences are necessary for reconstructing macroevolutionary patterns and for testing a wide range of hypotheses in the Earth and life sciences. Heterogeneity in the spatial and temporal distribution of fossil occurrences in the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) is attributable to several different factors, including turnover among biological communities, socioeconomic disparities in the intensity of paleontological research, and geological controls on the distribution and fossil yield of sedimentary deposits. Here we use the intersection of global geologic map data from Macrostrat and fossil collections in the PBDB to assess the extent to which the potentially fossil-bearing, surface-expressed sedimentary record has yielded fossil occurrences. We find a significant and moderately strong positive correlation between geologic map area and the number of fossil occurrences. This correlation is consistent regardless of map unit age and binning protocol, except at period level; the Neogene and Quaternary have non-marine map units covering large areas and yielding fewer occurrences than expected. The sedimentary record of North America and Europe yields significantly more fossil occurrences per sedimentary area than similarly-aged deposits in most of the rest of the world. However, geographic differences in area and age of sedimentary deposits lead to regionally different expectations for fossil occurrences. Using the sampling of surface-expressed sedimentary units in North America and Europe as a predictor for what might be recoverable from the surface-expressed sedimentary deposits of other regions, we find that the rest of the globe is approximately 45% as well sampled in the PBDB. Using age and area of bedrock and sampling in North America and Europe as a basis for prediction, we estimate that over 639 thousand occurrences from outside of these regions would need to be added to the PBDB to achieve global geological parity in sampling. In general, new terrestrial fossil occurrences are expected to have the greatest impact on macroevolutionary patterns. </p>
Constraining Bedrock Groundwater Residence Times in a Mountain System with Environmental Tracer Observations and Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification: Modeling and Data Package
<p>Here we present field observations of dissolved noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe), Chloroflourcarbons (CFCs), Sulfurhexaflouride (SF6), and tritium (3H) sampled from the PLM1, PLM6, and PLM7 wells in the East River Colorado (USA) sampled in May, 2021. This observation dataset, along with the presented python modeling scripts to interpret the data, can aide in quantifying groundwater residence times and recharge conditions. The README files describes the directories and scripts.</p>
Data for 'Rethinking variability in bedrock rivers: sensitivity of hillslope sediment supply to precipitation events modulates bedrock incision during floods'
<p>This is the repository for model code, sample data, and plotting scripts for the OTTER model for Python.</p> <p>The file OTTERPy.py contains the actual model code</p> <p>The file OTTERPlottingFuncs.py contains a few scripts for plotting model results.</p> <p>The four sample data files in the repository are results from two long (1.5million model year) runs at different rock uplift rates which took several days to run on the IU Bloomington Quartz supercomputing cluster. This data should be viewed and plotted using the OTTERPlottingFuncs.py script. See that code for information on how to select which model to plot.</p> <p> </p> <pre><code>Glossary of variables - this is pretty close to exhaustive, there are a probably a couple of throwaway variables not listed here. a: Sternberg's law multiplier Ah: drainage area from Hack's Law (m^2) beta: fraction of sediment transported as bedload from 0 to 1 D: grain size at each node (m) dA: change in drainage area from node to node (m^2) depth_thresh: sediment depth at which bedrock erosion can occur Do: initial grain size Do: grain size at headwaters (m) dQs: change in sediment supply from node to node dt: time step (years) dx: space step (m) dz_b: bedrock erosion at each node dz_s: change in sed depth dz_b_t: bedrock erosion saved through time dz_b_store: bedrock erosion stored dz_s_store: sed depth change stored eQ: exponent for scaling Qw from Ah eroded_sedsup: sediment created by bedrock erosion eW: exponent for scaling W from Qw F: fractional bedrock exposure g: gravitational acceleration (M/s^2) H: water depth Hc: Hack's Law constant He: Hack's law Exponent initial_sedsup: Sediment supply in first 10k yr (equal to uplift) kf: bedrock erodibility kQ: constant for scaling Qw from Ah kv: parameter controlling discharge variability - Crave & Davy, 2001. Lower kv is more variable kw: lateral bedrock erosion constant kWid: constant for scaling W from Qw last_z: elevation at channel mouth lmbda: sediment porosity n: manning's roughness coefficient onlyonce: changes from 0 to 1 to make sure the uplift pulse only happens one time onoff: turns sediment on and off entirely onoffsedvar: turns stochastic sediment on and off Qs: sediment supply along the length of the river Qs_down: downstream sediment flux at each node Qt: sediment transport capacity Qw: water discharge Qwo: initial water discharge QwScale: array of scalar multipliers for Qw, from the chosen distribution R: effective density of submerged sediment rho_w: density of water (kg/m^3) rho_s: density of sediment (kg/m^3) savesteps: at what time should we save outputs? sed_depth: depth of seidment at each node (m) SedStore: storing snapshots of sediment thickness through time slope: river gradient (negative usually) SlopeStore: storing snapshots of channel slope through time tarray: array of model time tau_b: basal shear stress tau_c: critical shields criterion for initiation of sediment motion time: model duration (years) topo: channel elevation (bedrock + sediment) upinc: size up uplift pulse, as a multiplier of initial uplift rate upinctime: when should the pulse happen? (years) uplift: uplift field across the entire domain uprate: initial uplift rate, if using constant uplift across domain W: channel width WidthStore: storing snapshots of channel width through time Wo: initial channel width yr2sec: number of seconds in a year z: bedrock channel elevation ZStore: storing snapshots of bedrock elevation through time</code></pre>
Patterns of Alluviation in Mixed Bedrock-Alluvial Channels
<p><strong>morph2d</strong></p> <p>Filename: morph2D.f90<br> 2-Dimensional Morphodynamic Model<br> Written by Jongseok Cho and Peter A. Nelson<br> Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering<br> Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado<br> <br> Filename: P1505.mat<br> Results from the simulation of bar formation in a straight flume.<br> <br> Filename: BRtopo.txt<br> Randomly abraded bedrock topography is used to simulate the mixed bedrock-alluvial channels.<br> <br> Filename: XYZ.mat<br> The x- and y-coordinates and bedrock elevation are used in the simulations of mixed bedrock-alluvial channels.<br> <br> Filename: 2-Ax.mat, 2-Bx.mat, and 2-Dx.mat<br> Time evolution of alluvial thickness and the fraction of exposed bedrock surface for the simulations starting from the bare bedrock bed channel.<br> <br> Filename: 2-A.mat and 2-B.mat<br> Time evolution of alluvial thickness and the fraction of exposed bedrock surface for the simulations starting from the alluvial bed channel.<br> <br> Filename: 2-B2-z.mat<br> Time evolution of alluvial thickness and the fraction of exposed bedrock surface for the simulations starting from the alluvial bed channel with different sediment layer thickness.<br> <br> Filename: 2-B2-k.mat<br> Time evolution of total, bed surface, sediment transport, and bedform roughnesses for the simulations starting from the alluvial bed channel with different sediment layer thickness.<br> <br> Filename: 2-B2-x.mat<br> Time evolution of alluvial thickness and the fraction of exposed bedrock surface for the simulations starting from the alluvial bed channel without the effects of bedform and sediment transport roughnesses and shear stress correction for bedload transport.</p>
Starch granule analysis of bedrock metates in Warner Valley, Oregon
<p>Starch-rich geophytes are a highly-valued food among many human societies. For example, Indigenous people in the northern Great Basin plan social activities around the seasonal foraging of bulbs, roots, and tubers. Despite such obvious dietary and cultural importance, the antiquity of geophyte use in the Great Basin remains difficult to establish. Herbaceous underground storage organs do not preserve well in the archaeological record. Therefore, most studies rely on indirect evidence to infer geophyte consumption by hunter-gatherers during the late Pleistocene/early Holocene. It has been suggested that bedrock metates found among upland rock art sites in the northern Great Basin reflect seasonal geophyte exploitation over 14,000 years. Our study tests this hypothesis by analyzing starch residue extracted from bedrock metates at three archaeological sites in the uplands of Warner Valley, Oregon. Species of biscuit root (<em>Lomatium</em>) were collected in the field and sampled for starch. Systematic studies conducted on granules defined morphological characteristics were then applied to the identification of archaeological granules. Starch granules from geophytes, specifically <em>Lomatium</em> spp., were identified on metate surfaces at all sites, thereby providing direct evidence for the collection and processing of geophytes. These results support previous hypotheses regarding Paleoindian foraging strategies in the northern Great Basin.</p>
Guerrero Two Copper Spikes in Bedrock (2019)
Site 2-04-8MO02343: Two copper spikes and a smaller variety of fastener are embedded in the bedrock at a shipwreck site thought to be that of the 1827 pirate slave ship *Guerrero*. These spikes are part of a broader feature of copper sheeting and spikes found along the east side of the site (see https://skfb.ly/6SCKy). Model created June, 2019. Scale = 5 centimeters. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data for: Experiment on hydrodynamic characteristics of plunging flows in bedrock canyon bends
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Data from: The impact of river capture on fluvial terraces and bedrock incision
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Starch granule analysis of bedrock metates in Warner Valley, Oregon
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Data from: Bedrock geological map predictions for Phanerozoic fossil occurrences
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Bedrock rivers are steep but not narrow: Hydrological and lithological controls on river geometry across the USA
<p>Dataset used in the article:</p> <p>Buckley, J, Hodge RA and Slater L. 2024. Bedrock rivers are steep but not narrow: Discharge and lithological controls on river geometry across the USA. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130/G51627.1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1130/G51627.1</a></p> <p>All data apart from rock type and precipitation are from National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009 data (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). Lithology data were extracted from the Geology of the Conterminous United States dataset (Schruben et al., 1994). Precipitation data are from https://prism.oregonstate.edu/normals/.</p> <p>This dataset has been updated to reflect the changes made to the second revised version of the paper.</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p> <p>The National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009 data were a result of the collective efforts of dedicated field crews, laboratory staff, data management and quality control staff, analysts and many others from EPA, states, tribes, federal agencies, universities, and other organizations. Please contact <a href="mailto:nars-hq@epa.gov">nars-hq@epa.gov</a> with any questions.</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Schruben, P.G., Arndt, R.E., Bawiec, W.J., and Ambroziak, R.A., 1994, Geology of the Conterminous United States at 1: 2,500,000 Scale–A Digital Representation of the 1974 PB King and HM Beikman Map: US Geological Survey: Digital Data Series, DDS-11, scale, v. 1, p. 2500000.</p> <p>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016, National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009:, https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/data-national-aquatic-resource-surveys (accessed September 2021).</p> <p> </p>
The influence of bedrock river morphology and alluvial cover on gravel entrainment: Datasets
<p>These datasets accompany the following papers:</p> <p>Buechel MEH, Hodge RA and Kenmare S. The influence of bedrock river morphology and alluvial cover on gravel entrainment: Part 1. Pivot angles and surface roughness. Under revision for ESPL.</p> <p>Hodge RA and Buechel MEH. The influence of bedrock river morphology and alluvial cover on gravel entrainment: Part 2. Modelling critical shear stress. Under revision for ESPL.</p> <p>The aim of these papers was to investigate the impact of bedrock surface topography on critical shear stress. Three datasets are provided:</p> <p>1. surface DEMs: point clouds of all experimental surface topography</p> <p>2. pivot angle data: pivot angles measured using the experimental surfaces</p> <p>3. entrainment modelling data: results of the entrainment modelling</p> <p>Further information on each dataset is provided in a read_me file in each folder.</p>
Dataset: Quantification of post-glacier bedrock surface erosion in the European Alps using 10Be and optically stimulated luminescence exposure dating
<p>This contains the dataset associated with the publication titled "Quantification of post-glacier bedrock surface erosion in the European Alps using 10Be and optically stimulated luminescence exposure dating" published in Earth Surface Dynamics (2022).</p>
A Review of Global Bedrock (234U/238U) Disequilibrium and its Controlling factors on Earth's Surface
<p>The <sup>234</sup>U-<sup>238</sup>U disequilibrium system offers a broad spectrum of applications to study various Earth-surface processes, such as the evolution of weathering profile and erosion through time and sediment transport processes across the river catchments. Many of these applications require a critical assumption regarding the initial bedrock (<sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U) activity ratios ( ), typically assumed to be in secular equilibrium. However, it was until recently that this assumption was gradually challenged. To address this uncertainty and the controlling factors responsible for disequilibrium, we measured of the uncomminuted bedrock retrieved from Qinghai, China, in which one of the samples (ZC2F) exhibits severe <sup>234</sup>U deficiency, with measured to be 0.691 ± 0.004 (2σ; n = 3). To complement our new data, we compiled the published global values ranging from 0.700 to 1.280, with an average of 0.981 ± 0.070 (2σ; n = 160), indicating that visibly unweathered rocks worldwide could have activity ratios higher or lower than 1. This widely observed <sup>234</sup>U depletion among global bedrock (especially in the near-surface region, < 10 m) cannot result from the direct α-recoil of <sup>234</sup>U alone but is attributed to the preferential release of <sup>234</sup>U from microfissures created during rock diagenesis and probably from hydrothermal alteration processes. Moreover, the bedrock <sup>234</sup>U deficiency corroborates the local lithology, primarily defined by the mineral crystal sizes and abundance of specific minerals (biotite and quartz in granites) and the local precipitation amount where the bedrocks were recovered. In addition, bedrock samples can likewise be enriched with <sup>234</sup>U, as evidenced by the nine chemically treated bedrocks’ compiled in this study, ranging from 1.002 to 1.020 (n = 9), attributed to alpha recoil gain from neighboring grains or surface deposits enriched with uranium. As bedrock can be modified by geologic factors, such as tectonism, lithology, and climate, notably in the near-surface region, should be constrained with an optimal sampling strategy to provide a holistic perspective of evaluating catchment-scale Earth-surface processes. </p>
Bedrock Grinding Stone, Arcidosso
A section of bedrock on Via Degli Olmi with both recent ggrinding grooves, and ancient tool swharpening grooves that are filled with lichens. Model was created in Reality Capture using 445 photographs. The Mt. Amiata Project is an ongoing GDH collaboration involving faculty and students at the University of Florence and the University of Siena. We could not have done this project without the considerable support of the Municipality of Arcidosso. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Steelquist et al., 2024 - The impact of bedrock meander cutoffs on 50 kyr-scale incision rates, San Juan River, Utah -- Datasets
<p>Datasets used in Aaron T. Steelquist, Gustav B. Seixas, Mary L. Gillam, Sourav Saha, Seulgi Moon, and George E. Hilley, 2024, <em>The impact of bedrock meander cutoffs on 50 kyr-scale incision rates, San Juan River, Utah, </em>Earth Surface Dynamics</p>
Bedrock weathering controls on terrestrial carbon-nitrogen-climate interactions
<p>Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition is widely considered to increase CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration by land plant communities on a global scale. Here, we suggest that bedrock nitrogen weathering contributes significantly more to nitrogen-carbon interactions than anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. This working hypothesis is based on the application of empirical results into a global biogeochemical simulation model from the mid-1800s to the end of the 21st century. We demonstrate that rock nitrogen inputs have contributed roughly 2 to 11 times more to net primary productivity gains than nitrogen deposition since pre-industrial times. Projections based on RCP 8.5 show that rock nitrogen inputs and biological nitrogen fixation contribute 2 to 5 times more to terrestrial carbon uptake than anthropogenic nitrogen deposition through year 2101. The enhancement of carbon uptake via rock nitrogen weathering partially resolves nitrogen-carbon discrepancies in Earth system models and offers an alternative explanation for lack of progressive nitrogen limitation in the terrestrial biosphere. We conclude that natural N inputs impart major control over terrestrial CO2 sequestration in Earth's ecosystems.</p>
Bedrock weathering controls on terrestrial carbon-nitrogen-climate interactions
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Bedrock geologic map of Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and maps of fractures and geology in roadcuts along Interstate-93, Grafton County, New Hampshire.
Bedrock Geologic Map of Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and maps of fractures and geology in roadcuts along Interstate-93, Grafton County, New Hampshire. Two maps are included in this data set. Interstate I-93 map includes plots summarizing data for fractures shown on map roadcuts. Citation: Barton, C. C., R. H. Camerlo and S. W. Bailey. 1997. Bedrock Geologic Map of Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and maps of fractures and geology in roadcuts along Interstate-93, Grafton County, New Hampshire. Sheet 1, Scale 1:12,000; Sheet 2, Scale 1:200. U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-2562 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Numerical simulations of meanders migrating laterally as they incise into bedrock
<p>The date is related to numerical simulation results in the paper submitted to JGR-ES.</p>
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