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174 results for “bee diversity”
Data from: Climatic conditions and landscape diversity predict plant-bee interactions and pollen deposition in bee-pollinated plants.
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Increasing agricultural habitat reduces solitary bee offspring number and weight in apple orchards through reduced floral diet diversity and increased fungicide risk
<p>1. Threats to bee pollinators such as land use change, high pesticide risk, and reduced floral diet diversity are usually assessed independently, even though they often co-occur to impact bees in agroecosystems.</p> <p>2. We established populations of the non-native mason bee O. cornifrons at 17 NY apple orchards varying in proportion of surrounding agriculture and measured floral diet diversity and pesticide risk levels in the pollen provisions they produced. We used path analysis to test the direct and indirect effects of different habitats, diet diversity, and pesticide risk on emergent female offspring number and weight.</p> <p>3. Our results showed that high proportions of agricultural habitat surrounding bee nests indirectly reduced the number of female offspring produced, by reducing floral diet diversity in pollen.</p> <p>4. When proportion agriculture surrounding bee nests was high, bees collected increased proportions of Rosaceae in their pollen provisions, which marginally (0.05<p<0.1) increased fungicide risk levels in pollen, which, in turn, marginally reduced female offspring weight. In contrast, female offspring weight increased as proportion surrounding open habitat (wildflowers, grassland, pasture) increased, but this effect was not influenced by proportion Rosaceae or fungicide risk levels in pollen.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and Applications: To promote healthy O. cornifrons populations in apple, we must maintain floral resource diversity and open habitats, while reducing fungicide risk levels and agricultural habitats. More broadly, our results show that land use change, in the form of increasing agricultural habitat, can negatively impact bee populations in agroecosystems indirectly through multiple, simultaneous threats. We must strive to understand these complex interactions between simultaneous threats to maintain healthy bee populations in agroecosystems, where we rely on them for pollination.</p>
Data from: Diverse pollen nutrition can improve the development of solitary bees but does not mitigate negative pesticide impacts
<p>Floral resource loss and pesticide exposure are major threats to bees in intensively managed agroecosystems, but interactions among these drivers remain poorly understood. Altered composition and lowered diversity of pollen nutrition may reinforce negative pesticide impacts on bees. Here we investigated the development and survival of the solitary bee <em>Osmia bicornis</em> provisioned with three different pollen types, as well as a mixture of these types representing a higher pollen diversity. We exposed bees of each nutritional treatment to five pesticides at different concentrations in the laboratory. Two field-realistic concentrations of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulating insecticides (thiacloprid, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone), as well as of two fungicides (azoxystrobin and tebuconazole) were examined. We further measured the expression of two detoxification genes (<em>CYP9BU1</em>, <em>CYP9BU2</em>) under exposure to thiacloprid across different nutrition treatments as a potential mechanistic pathway driving pesticide-nutrition interactions. We found that more diverse pollen nutrition reduced development time, enhanced pollen efficacy (cocoon weight divided by consumed pollen weight) and pollen consumption, and increased weight of <em>O. bicornis</em> after larval development (cocoon weight). Contrary to fungicides, high field-realistic concentrations of all three insecticides negatively affected <em>O. bicornis</em> by extending development times. Moreover, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone also reduced pollen efficacy and cocoon weight, and sulfoxaflor reduced pollen consumption and increased mortality. The expression of detoxification genes differed across pollen nutrition types, but was not enhanced after exposure to thiacloprid. Our findings highlight that lowered diversity of pollen nutrition and high field-realistic exposure to nAChR modulating insecticides negatively affected the development of <em>O. bicornis</em>, but we found no mitigation of negative pesticide impacts through increased pollen diversity. These results have important implications for risk assessment for bee pollinators, indicating that negative effects of nAChR modulating insecticides to developing solitary bees are currently underestimated.</p>
Data from: Forest bees benefit from compositionally diverse broadleaf canopies
<p><strong>Data from:</strong></p> <p><strong>Forest bees benefit from compositionally diverse broadleaf canopies</strong></p> <p>2024. Forest Ecology and Management 566: 122051. <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122051" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122051</span></a></p> <p> </p> <p>Clayton R. Traylor<sup>1,2</sup>, Michael D. Ulyshen<sup>3</sup>, Don C. Bragg<sup>4</sup>, Joseph V. McHugh<sup>1</sup></p> <p> </p> <p><sup>1</sup> Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA</p> <p><sup>2</sup> Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA</p> <p><sup>3</sup> Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Athens, GA 30602, USA</p> <p><sup>4</sup> Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Monticello, AR, 71656, USA</p> <p> </p> <p>Corresponding author: Clayton R. Traylor ( <a href="mailto:clayton.r.traylor@gmail.com">clayton.r.traylor@gmail.com</a> )</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Forests provide critical habitats for pollinating insects, including forest-dependent and habitat generalist species, yet it is unknown how these assemblages are shaped by overstory tree composition. We sampled bees in closed canopy plots in the southeastern United States representing a continuum of forest age and tree composition, from younger conifer-dominated forests to older forests dominated by deciduous broadleaf trees. Species-specific responses of bees to forest composition, and the influence of their traits on responses, were estimated using a joint species distribution model. Additionally, we investigated species richness trends of nesting, sociality, and phenological trait groups. Forest composition greatly influenced bee species occurrence: 48 % of species had positive relationships with the diversity of insect-pollinated broadleaf trees and 46 % had negative relationships with the proportion of conifer basal area. Bee species with early phenological activity drove these responses and richness patterns supported these trends. Our results indicate that phenology is an important factor determining bee species’ forest dependency and sensitivity to forest composition in this region. We conclude that diverse broadleaf forests are crucial to maintaining bee diversity by providing floral resources that support forest-dependent species even in closed canopy conditions. Conifer forests can also provide valuable habitat to bee pollinators when restored to open canopy conditions. However, because no traits are indicative of conifer forest dependency and bee species respond to understory flora rather than tree attributes, open conifer forests may more strongly favor habitat generalists than forest specialists.</p>
Wildfire severity alters drivers of interaction beta-diversity in plant-bee networks
Spatial variation in species interactions (interaction β-diversity) and its ecological drivers are poorly understood, despite their relevance to community assembly, conservation, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated effects of wildfire severity on patterns and four proximate ecological drivers of interaction β-diversity in plant-bee communities across three localities in the Northern Rocky Mountains (Montana, USA). Wildfires decreased interaction β-diversity but increased interaction frequency (number of visits) and richness (number of links). After controlling for interaction frequency and richness, standardized effect sizes of interaction β-diversity were highest following mixed-severity wildfires, intermediate following high-severity wildfires, and lowest in unburned landscapes, suggesting that wildfire increases spatial aggregation of plant-bee interactions. Moreover, higher effect sizes in burned landscapes were largely determined by turnover in the species composition of both trophic levels rather than by interaction rewiring (spatial turnover in local species interactions not due to species turnover). The underrepresented level of rewiring indicated spatial consistency in post-disturbance patterns of interactions among co-occurring species. Together, our findings suggest that wildfire alters the β-diversity of mutualistic species interactions via linked assembly of plant-bee communities and provide insights into how environmental change alters complex networks of species interactions.
Functional diversity of farmland bees across rural-urban landscapes in a tropical megacity
Urbanization is a major threat to biodiversity and food security, as expanding cities, especially in the Global South, increasingly compete with natural and agricultural lands. However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assessed how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable-producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behaviour, body size and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of grey area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity-nesting, and surprisingly, specialist bees benefitted from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground-nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available besides roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promoted taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promoted the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation could maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the non-cropping season. However, exotic plants decreased functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) to preserve semi-natural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for above-ground nesters, (2) to promote farm-level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables and spices), (3) to maintain native natural vegetation along field-margins, (4) to control and remove invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant-pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, can be used to develop win-win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities.
Different types of semi-natural habitat are required to sustain diverse wild bee communities across agricultural landscapes
<p><span>1. Semi-natural habitats provide important resources for wild bees in agricultural landscapes. Landscapes under management are dynamic and floral resources fluctuate in space and time. Thus, promoting different semi-natural habitat types within landscapes could be key to support diverse bee meta-communities throughout the season.</span></p> <p><span>2. Here, we integrate analyses of </span><span>a</span><span>-diversity (species richness) and </span><span>b</span><span>-diversity and species-habitat networks to examine the relative contribution of all major semi-natural habitats to wild bee meta-communities in agricultural landscapes. We sampled extensively and conventionally managed meadows, flower strips, hedgerows and forest edges in spring, early and late summer in 25 landscapes in Switzerland. </span></p> <p><span>3. Habitat types varied in their importance for wild bees throughout the season: While extensively managed meadows supported more rare species, habitat specialists and bee species overall than the other habitat types, flower strips were most important later in the season. Each of the five investigated habitat types harboured relatively unique sets of species with different habitats generally acting as distinct modules in the overall bee-habitat network. </span></p> <p><span>4. Not only flower richness in a habitat per se, but also flower-habitat network properties (habitat strength and functional complementarity) were good predictors of wild bee richness. In addition to local floral richness, landscape composition and configuration interactively influenced </span><span>b</span><span>-diversity patterns across habitats.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis and applications</span><span>. Our study highlights the value of pollinator-habitat network analysis to inform pollinator conservation management at the landscape scale, especially when combined with information on floral resources and flower-habitat networks. Maintaining different types of semi-natural habitats offers diverse and complementary resources throughout the season, which are crucial to sustain diverse wild bee meta-communities in agricultural landscapes. Particularly meadow extensification schemes can play a key role in safeguarding rare and specialist species in these landscapes. While locally a high flower richness promoted bee abundance and richness in general, our results indicate that increasing connectivity between habitat patches in landscapes dominated by arable crops appears to improve species exchange between local bee communities of different habitats, thereby possibly increasing their resilience to disturbances.</span></p>
Figure 1 in Diversity of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in and around Namdapha National Park, with an Updated Checklist from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Figure 1. Sampling location of bees in Arunachal Pradesh.
Abundance and beta-diversity of bumble bees, wildflowers, and their interactions in the Berchtesgadener Alps
<p>The structuring of biological communities along mountain slopes is complex, and elevational range shifts in response to climate change involve more than merely tracking suitable temperature envelopes. When species move, they do so in the context of biological communities, and the outcomes of these movements depend on how and to what extent biotic interactions are reordered. Bumble bees (Hymentopera: *Bombus* spp.) are cold-adapted species associated with mountain habitats, and they are already exhibiting upslope range shifts that are expected to result in habitat loss, novel competitive interactions, and the rewiring of pollination networks. Predicting and interpreting these shifts, however, requires an understanding of the current elevational patterns of bumble bees and their floral mutualists that are being acted upon by climate change. We recorded bumble- bee-flower interactions over three years along an 1400 m elevational gradient in the German Alps. Using nonlinear modeling, we analyze the elevational patterns at the nested levels of species abundance, species β-diversity, and interaction β-diversity. We demonstrate that the tree line ecotone is (1) a distributional interface between low/mid- and high-elevation bumble bee species, (2) a threshold above which floral resource availability sharply decreases, and (3) a zone of accelerated turnover of floral composition and bumble- bee-flower interactions. The implications of these findings extend beyond the particular case of bumble bees to demonstrate that linear elevational temperature gradients are ecologically punctuated, and the outcomes of climate-induced range shifts will depend on dynamics at the tree line ecotone.</p>
Fig. 4 in Wild bees (Anthophila) of Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago) and their habitats: species diversity, distribution patterns and bee-plant network *
Fig. 4: Bipartite graph of the bee-plant network of Porto Santo.
Fig. 3 in Stingless Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) Diversity In Dipterocarp Forest Reserves In Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 3. Stingless bee species accumulation at traps in the six Virgin Jungle Reserves.
Colony fitness increases in the honey bee at queen mating frequencies higher than genetic diversity asymptote
Abstract Across the eusocial Hymenoptera, a queen's mating frequency is positively associated with her workers' genetic diversity and colony's fitness. Over 90% of a colony's diversity potential is achieved by its mother's tenth effective mating (me); however, many females mate at levels of me > 10, a zone we here call hyperpolyandry. We compared honey bee colony fitness at mating levels near and above this genetic diversity asymptote. We were interested in how hyperpolyandry affects colony phenotypes arising from both common tasks (brood care) and rare specialized tasks (parasite resistance). We used an unselected wild line of bees and a Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) line selected to resist the parasite Varroa destructor. Virgin queens were instrumentally inseminated to replicate the following queen/colony conditions: (1) VSH semen/low polyandry (observed mating number = mo = 9), (2) VSH semen/high polyandry (mo = 54), (3) wild type semen/low polyandry, or (4) wild semen/high polyandry. There was a positive effect of polyandry on brood survival, an outcome of common tasks, with highest values at mo = 54. There was an interaction between polyandry and genetics such that differences between genetic lines expressed only at mo = 54, with fewer mites in VSH colonies. These results are consistent with two hypotheses for the evolution of mating levels in excess of the genetic diversity asymptote: hyperpolyandry improves colony fitness by (1) optimizing genotype compositions for common tasks and (2) by capturing rare specialist allele combinations, resisting cliff-edge ecological catastrophes. Significance statement Polyandry is a female's practice of mating with several males, storing their sperm, and using it to produce one or more clutches of genetically diverse offspring. In the social Hymenoptera, polyandry increases the genetic diversity and task efficiency of workers, leading to improved colony fitness. Over 90% of the increase in a colony's diversity potential is achieved by its mother's tenth mating; however, many females practice hyperpolyandry, a term we reserve here for mating levels above this genetic diversity asymptote. We show that a token of colony fitness arising from common tasks, brood survival, improves universally as one moves from sub- to hyperpolyandrous mating levels. However, a colony phenotype arising from a rare parasite resistance task is only expressed in the presence of the controlling alleles and under conditions of hyperpolyandry. These results suggest adaptive mechanisms by which hyperpolyandry could evolve.
Data from: European bee diversity: Taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><u><span>Aim </span></u></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Wild bees still face striking shortfalls in knowledge of biodiversity in key regions of the world. This includes Europe, where despite a long tradition of data gathering, the continental scale distribution patterns of wild bees have not been systematically analysed to date. This study aims to characterise large-scale biodiversity patterns to: (i) understand spatial-temporal heterogeneity in large-scale databases, (ii) locate genuine diversity hotspots and their relationship with biogeographical patterns or habitats of interests, and (iii) identify understudied species and areas to further design conservation actions for most at risk species in key regions. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><u><span>Location </span></u></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Europe</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><u><span>Taxon</span></u></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Bees </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><u><span>Methods</span></u></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We present a continental and standardised study of bee taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity patterns in Europe, using a large compilation of occurrence records of nearly three million validated occurrence records for 1,515 wild bee species.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><u><span>Results</span></u></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Southern and eastern Europe suffer from the largest gaps in data availability while northern and western regions benefit from better historical coverage. Our models show that higher wild bee diversity in Europe is hosted in xeric, warm areas, as highlighted by a clear latitudinal gradient. However, phylogenetic diversity is predicted to be more homogenous across Europe than taxonomic diversity, suggesting that policies and strategies targeted to protect species richness may differ from those targeting greater phylogenetic diversity.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><u><span>Main conclusions</span></u></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>This study represents a significant advance in the characterisation of wild bee distribution patterns across Europe and is an important stepping stone towards the design of more targeted survey efforts and conservation actions of this key group of pollinators. This, in turn, will provide the data necessary to improve the spatiotemporal coverage in a context of ongoing and future Europe-wide monitoring schemes, to ultimately develop cost-effective, coordinated and evidence-based conservation actions and tailored habitat management actions that can be implemented on a smaller scale.</span></p>
Data from: Chilean bee diversity: Contrasting patterns of species and phylogenetic turnover along a large-scale ecological gradient
<p>Title of dataset</p> <p>Data from: Chilean bee diversity: Contrasting patterns of species and phylogenetic turnover along a large-scale ecological gradient</p> <p>Authors of dataset</p> <p>Leon Marshall<sup>1,2</sup>, John S. Ascher<sup>3</sup>, Cristian Villagra<sup>4</sup>, Amaury Beaugendre<sup>1</sup>, Valentina Herrera<sup>4</sup>, Patricia Henríquez-Piskulich<sup>4</sup>, Alejandro Vera<sup>5</sup>, Nicolas J. Vereecken<sup>1</sup></p> <ol> <li>Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/2, B 1050 Brussels, Belgium</li> <li>Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands</li> <li>Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore</li> <li>Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile</li> <li>Departamento de Biología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile</li> </ol> <p>Abstract</p> <p>Chile's isolation and varied climates have driven the evolution of a unique biodiversity with a high degree of endemism. As a result, Chile encompasses diverse environments, including the Mediterranean-type ecosystem, a global biodiversity hotspot. These environments are currently threatened by anthropogenic land use change impacting the integrity of local biomes and associated species. This area is the most intensively sampled of the country with high endemicity of native bee species. Characterising habitat requirements of bees is a pressing priority to safeguard these insects and the ecosystem services they provide. We investigated broad-scale patterns of bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) diversity using newly accessible expert-validated datasets comprising digitized specimen records from Chilean and US collections, and novel expert-validated type specimen data for the bees of Chile. We used a generalised dissimilarity modelling (GDM) approach to explore both compositional and phylogenetic β-diversity patterns across latitudinal, altitudinal, climate and habitat gradients in well-sampled bee assemblages in Central Chile. Using the GDM measures of increasing compositional and environmental dissimilarity we categorised and compared the most important drivers of these patterns and used them to classify 'wild bee ecoregions' (WBE) representing unique assemblages. Turnover of bee assemblages was explained primarily by latitudinal variation (proxy for climate) from south to north in Chile. However, temperature variations, precipitation and the presence of bare soil also significantly explained turnover in bee assemblages. In comparison, we observed less turnover in phylogenetic biodiversity corresponding to spatial gradients. We identified six de novo ecoregions (WBE), all with distinct taxa, endemic lineages, and representative species. The WBE represent distinct spatial classifications but have similarities to existing biogeographical classifications, ecosystems and bioclimatic zones. This approach establishes the baseline needed to prioritise bee species conservation efforts across this global biodiversity hotspot. We discuss the novelty of this classification considering previous biogeographical characterisations and their relevance in assessing conservation priorities for bee conservation. We argue that Chile's WBE highlight areas in need of funding for bee species surveys and description, distribution mapping and strengthening of conservation policies.</p> <p>Usage notes</p> <p>The dataset contains species occurrence data of chilean bees aggregated to a 5 x 5 km grid shapefile. The shapefile of the grid and the raster mask of the Central Chilean study area are also included. Finally, a database of type specimen data used to supplement the dataset is included here. The code for the analysis can be found at: <a href="https://github.com/lmar116/ChileanBeeDiversity">https://github.com/lmar116/ChileanBeeDiversity</a>.</p> <p>Shapefiles, rasters, CSV files and code were all loaded and analyzed using R statistics software. </p> <p>Four files are included:</p> <ol> <li>Marshall-et-al-2023_Ecosphere_DataTable_bee_grid: contains all species occurrence data used in GDM analysis, Grid column refers to cl.5km.shp.</li> <li>cl.5km.shp (and associated files): 5 x 5 km grid shapefile of the Central Chilean study area</li> <li>chile.mask.tif: raster outline of the Central Chilean study area</li> <li>Marshall-et-al-2023_Ecosphere_CentralChileTypeSpecimens.xlsx: contains type specimen data used to supplement species occurrence dataset.</li> </ol>
Data from: Global taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of bees in apple orchards
<p>An essential prerequisite to safeguard pollinator species is characterisation of the multifaceted diversity of crop pollinators and identification of the drivers of pollinator community changes across biogeographical gradients. The extent to which intensive agriculture is associated with the homogenisation of biological communities at large spatial scales remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated diversity drivers for 644 bee species/morphospecies in 177 commercial apple orchards across 33 countries and four global biogeographical biomes. Our findings reveal significant taxonomic dissimilarity among biogeographical zones. Interestingly, despite this dissimilarity, species from different zones share similar higher-level phylogenetic groups and similar ecological and behavioural traits (i.e. functional traits), likely due to habitat filtering caused by perennial monoculture systems managed intensively for crop production. Honey bee species dominated orchard communities, while other managed/manageable and wild species were collected in lower numbers. Moreover, the presence of herbaceous, uncultivated open areas and organic management practices were associated with increased wild bee diversity. Overall, our study sheds light on the importance of large-scale analyses contributing to the emerging fields of functional and phylogenetic diversity, which can be related to ecosystem function to promote biodiversity as a key asset in agroecosystems in the face of global change pressures.</p>
Increasing agricultural habitat reduces solitary bee offspring number and weight in apple orchards through reduced floral diet diversity and increased fungicide risk
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Data from: European bee diversity: Taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns
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Declining floral color diversity shifts bee color preferences in fragmented habitats
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Data from: Diverse pollen nutrition can improve the development of solitary bees but does not mitigate negative pesticide impacts
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Data from: Flower-derived environmental DNA reveals community diversity, species abundances, and ecological interactions in bee pollinators
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