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562 results for “bets”
Multiple-batch spawning as a bet-hedging strategy in highly stochastic environments: an exploratory analysis of Atlantic cod
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Generalists versus specialists in fluctuating environments: a bet‐hedging perspective
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Data from: Betting on rains that do not come: Monsoon failure and leaf area overshoot relate to increased tree mortality from drought
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Data from: No carbon "bet hedging" in pine seedlings under prolonged summer drought and elevated CO2
More frequent drought episodes are expected to cause higher mortality in isohydric tree species such as pines, because individuals close their stomata early during drought in order to maintain constant needle water potentials. It has been suggested that trees delay the ensuing carbon starvation by actively storing carbon at the expense of growth ("bet hedging"). Because such a strategy is only adaptive in drought-prone regions, we hypothesise that the degree of carbon "bet hedging" should differ between ecotypes. We repeatedly measured the allocation of biomass, starch and soluble sugars to needles, stem and roots in seedlings of nine populations of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra along a gradient from Central Europe to the Mediterranean. During two consecutive growing seasons, seedlings grown from seed were exposed to factorial combinations of 4 months of drought (D1, D2) and ambient/elevated CO2 (aCO2/eCO2). Drought-stressed pine seedlings did neither increase starch concentrations, nor change biomass production or experience lower mortality under eCO2 compared to aCO2. By the end of D2, seedlings from drier origin had accumulated more starch but at the same time also more biomass than seedlings from wetter origin. Surprisingly, seedlings acclimatised to dry conditions after D1 so that mortality dropped to zero and drought effects on needle starch (P. sylvestris) and overall starch (P. nigra), respectively, disappeared after D2. Synthesis. The absence of a trade-off between carbon storage (starch) and growth (biomass), and the patterns of mortality observed in seedlings growing under combined drought and eCO2 do not support the theory of carbon "bet hedging" in isohydric Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra. Results suggest that reduced growth and acclimatisation minimised seedling mortality in the second year. Acclimatisation might thus enable pine seedlings to resist a moderate increase in summer drought frequency expected in the future.
Data from: Mating portfolios: bet-hedging, sexual selection and female multiple mating
Polyandry (female multiple mating) has profound evolutionary and ecological implications. Despite considerable work devoted to understanding why females mate multiply, we currently lack convincing empirical evidence to explain the adaptive value of polyandry. Here, we provide a direct test of the controversial idea that bet-hedging functions as a risk-spreading strategy that yields multi-generational fitness benefits to polyandrous females. Unfortunately, testing this hypothesis is far from trivial, and the empirical comparison of the across-generations fitness payoffs of a polyandrous (bet hedger) versus a monandrous (non-bet hedger) strategy has never been accomplished because of numerous experimental constraints presented by most 'model' species. In this study, we take advantage of the extraordinary tractability and versatility of a marine broadcast spawning invertebrate to overcome these challenges. We are able to simulate multi-generational (geometric mean) fitness among individual females assigned simultaneously to a polyandrous and monandrous mating strategy. Our approaches, which separate and account for the effects of sexual selection and pure bet-hedging scenarios, reveal that bet-hedging, in addition to sexual selection, can enhance evolutionary fitness in multiply mated females. In addition to offering a tractable experimental approach for addressing bet-hedging theory, our study provides key insights into the evolutionary ecology of sexual interactions.
Data from: A case for a joint strategy of diversified bet hedging and plasticity in the pea aphid wing polyphenism
Phenotypic plasticity and diversified bet hedging are strategies for coping with variable environments. Plasticity is favoured when an organism can predict future conditions using environmental cues, while bet hedging is favoured when predictive cues are not available. Theoretical analyses suggest that many organisms should use a mixture of both strategies, because environments often present both scenarios. Here, we examine if the pea aphid wing polyphenism, a well-known case of plasticity, is potentially a mixture of plasticity and bet hedging. In this polyphenism, asexual females produce more winged offspring in crowded conditions, and wingless offspring in uncrowded conditions. We find that pea aphids use plasticity to respond to crowding and we find considerable genetic variation for this response. We further show that individual aphids produce both winged and wingless offspring, consistent with the variability expected in a bet hedging trait. We conclude that the pea aphid wing polyphenism system is probably a mixture of plasticity and bet hedging. Our study adds to a limited list of empirical studies examining mixed strategy usage, and suggests that mixed strategies may be common in dispersal traits.
Data from: Are dormant plants hedging their bets? Demographic consequences of prolonged dormancy in variable environments
During the growing season, some individuals in perennial plant populations may remain alive below ground while others emerge. This phenomenon, known as prolonged dormancy, seems maladaptive, because prolonged dormancy delays growth and reproduction. However, prolonged dormancy may offer the benefit of safety while below ground, leading to the hypothesis that prolonged dormancy is a bet hedging strategy. We evaluated this hypothesis using a 25-year demographic study of Astragalus scaphoides, an iteroparous perennial plant. First, we determined the relationship between prolonged dormancy and fitness using data from individuals in our population. This analysis showed that prolonged dormancy decreased arithmetic mean fitness and reduced variance in fitness. Geometric mean fitness was maximized at intermediate levels of prolonged dormancy. Empirical patterns of lifetime reproductive success confirm this relationship. We also compared fitness of plants in our population to hypothetical plants without prolonged dormancy, which generally revealed benefits of prolonged dormancy, even if plants could forego prolonged dormancy without costs to other vital rates. Therefore, prolonged dormancy may indeed function as a bet hedging strategy, but the benefits of remaining below ground only outweigh the costs for a subset of individuals. Bet hedging has been demonstrated in plants with simple life histories, such as annuals and monocarpic perennials; we present evidence that bet hedging may be important for plants with more complex life histories.
Foto van Bet van Beeren
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
On following pages 51 Pygmy Bamboo Bat (Tylonyctens pygmaea). 52 Indoma ayan Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycreııs fu/vrda). 53 Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrers pachypus) 54 Tonkm Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrerıs ronk nensrs) 55 Malayan Greater Bamboo Bat (Ty onyctens malayana) 56 Sumatran Greater Bamboo Bat (Tyloııycrerıs robusta/a) 57 Yok Don He meted Bat (Cass srre us yokdonens s) 58 Surat He meted Bat (Cassısrrel us dımıssus), 59 Rohu s Bat (Phıleror brachyptems). 60 Western False Prp strelle (Fels srrellus mackenzıeı), 61 Eastern False P pıstrelle (Fa s stre us rasmanıens s) 62 Ye ow-I pped Cave Bat (Vespade us douglasorum). 63 Northern Cave Bat (Vespade us caunnus). 64 Fmleysons Cave Bat (Vaspadelus fınlaysonı), 65 Eastern Cave Bat (Vespade us rroughtonı) 66 In and Forest Bat (Vespade us bavsrstodrı) 67 Eastern Forest Bat (Vespadelus pumılus), 68 Lıttle Forest Bat (Vespade/us vu/turnus) 69 Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus der! ngtonı), 70 Southern Forest Bat (Vespade us ragu us) 71 Large-eared P ed Bet (Cha noobus dwyerr) 72 L tt e Pıed Bat (Cha/ınolobus pıcarus). 73 Hoary Wettled Bet (Che/rnolobus rııgrogrısaus), 74 Gould's Wattled Bat (Chalınolobus gouldıı). 75 New Caledonıan Wattled Bat (Chalıno/obus neocaledonıcus) 76 Chocolate Wattled Bet (Chalnolobus morro), 77 New Zealand Long-taıled Bat (Chahnolobus ruberculetus) in Vespertilionidae
On following pages 51 Pygmy Bamboo Bat (Tylonyctens pygmaea). 52 Indoma ayan Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycreııs fu/vrda). 53 Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrers pachypus) 54 Tonkm Greater Bamboo Bat (Tylonycrerıs ronk nensrs) 55 Malayan Greater Bamboo Bat (Ty onyctens malayana) 56 Sumatran Greater Bamboo Bat (Tyloııycrerıs robusta/a) 57 Yok Don He meted Bat (Cass srre us yokdonens s) 58 Surat He meted Bat (Cassısrrel us dımıssus), 59 Rohu s Bat (Phıleror brachyptems). 60 Western False Prp strelle (Fels srrellus mackenzıeı), 61 Eastern False P pıstrelle (Fa s stre us rasmanıens s) 62 Ye ow-I pped Cave Bat (Vespade us douglasorum). 63 Northern Cave Bat (Vespade us caunnus). 64 Fmleysons Cave Bat (Vaspadelus fınlaysonı), 65 Eastern Cave Bat (Vespade us rroughtonı) 66 In and Forest Bat (Vespade us bavsrstodrı) 67 Eastern Forest Bat (Vespadelus pumılus), 68 Lıttle Forest Bat (Vespade/us vu/turnus) 69 Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus der! ngtonı), 70 Southern Forest Bat (Vespade us ragu us) 71 Large-eared P ed Bet (Cha noobus dwyerr) 72 L tt e Pıed Bat (Cha/ınolobus pıcarus). 73 Hoary Wettled Bet (Che/rnolobus rııgrogrısaus), 74 Gould's Wattled Bat (Chalınolobus gouldıı). 75 New Caledonıan Wattled Bat (Chalıno/obus neocaledonıcus) 76 Chocolate Wattled Bet (Chalnolobus morro), 77 New Zealand Long-taıled Bat (Chahnolobus ruberculetus)
On following pages 3 Yemen Tr dent Bat (Traenops parvus), 4 Alf can Tndent Bet (Tnaenops efer) 5 Rufous Tr dent Bat (Trıaenops menamena) 6 Percve sTndent Bat (C/oeots perc val) 7 Grand d er sTndent Bat (Pararnaenops auntus). 8 Trouessarfs Tr dent Bat (Paratr aenops furcula). 9 Paul an s Tr dent Bat (Pararnaenops pau am) in Rhinonycteridae
On following pages 3 Yemen Tr dent Bat (Traenops parvus), 4 Alf can Tndent Bet (Tnaenops efer) 5 Rufous Tr dent Bat (Trıaenops menamena) 6 Percve sTndent Bat (C/oeots perc val) 7 Grand d er sTndent Bat (Pararnaenops auntus). 8 Trouessarfs Tr dent Bat (Paratr aenops furcula). 9 Paul an s Tr dent Bat (Pararnaenops pau am)
Portret van Bet van Beeren
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FP7 NanoValid: Report on an interlaboratory comparison on BET specific surface area of nanoparticulate TiO2 (Anatase)
<p>This Report describes an international inter-laboratory comparison covering 20 data sets aiming on the establishment of the used method (BET) as a reference method in the measurement of nanoparticles. Another purpose was the certification of the porous reference material #15 BAM <em>Titania</em> as CRM BAM-P110 (cf. NanoValid deliverable D 5.41/42). The certified values with combined uncertainty determined obtained by nitrogen adsorption at 77.3 K according to the international standards ISO 15901-2 and ISO 9277 are given in the report.</p> <p>The NanoValid nanomaterial reporting form for the shared nano-particulate Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> sampleis added and delivers SEM, T-SEM, EDX, BET and XRD images or spectra.</p> <p>Information on the EU FP7 Project NanoValid <em>Development of reference methods for hazard identification, risk assessment and LCA of engineered nanomaterials</em> can found here: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/101043/factsheet/en</p> <p> </p>
Data from: When sensing is gambling: an experimental system reveals how plasticity can generate tunable bet-hedging strategies
Genotypes can persist in unpredictable environments by 'hedging their bets' and producing diverse phenotypes. Theoretical studies have shown that the phenotypic variability needed for a bet-hedging strategy can be generated by factors either inside or outside an organism. However, sensing the environment and bet hedging are frequently treated as distinct evolutionary strategies. Furthermore, nearly all empirical studies of the molecular underpinnings of bet-hedging strategies to date have focused on internal sources of variability. We took a synthetic approach and constructed an experimental system where a phenotypic trade-off is mediated by actively sensing a cue present in the environment. We show that active sensing can generate a diversified bet-hedging strategy. Mutations affecting the norm of reaction to the cue alter the diversification strategy, indicating that bet hedging by active sensing is evolvable. Our results indicate that a broader class of biological systems should be considered as potential examples of bet-hedging strategies, and that research into the structure of environmental variability is needed to distinguish bet-hedging strategies from adaptive plasticity.
Altruistic bet-hedging and the evolution of cooperation in a Kalahari bird
<p>Analyses of the global biogeography of altruism suggest that unpredictable environments have favoured the evolution of altruistic helping behaviour (helping to rear the offspring of others). It has therefore been hypothesised that selection for altruism may frequently arise because helping reduces variance in the reproductive success of relatives in unpredictable environments (a scenario termed 'altruistic bet-hedging'). Here we show that helping behaviour does reduce environmentally-induced variance in the reproductive success of relatives in a wild cooperative bird, the white-browed sparrow-weaver (<i>Plocepasser mahali</i>). Our decade-long study in the Kalahari desert reveals that non-breeding helpers have no overall effect on the mean reproductive success of related breeders, but instead reduce <i>variance </i>in the reproductive success of related breeders. Moreover, this variance reduction arises in part because helpers specifically reduce unpredictable rainfall-induced variance in reproductive success, just as hypothesised by global comparative analyses. Our novel analytical approach implicates effects of helping <i>per se </i>rather than correlated effects of group size and isolates within-mother effects of helping from potentially confounding among-mother variation in performance. Our findings lend new strength to the leading explanation for the global biogeography of altruism and highlight the wider importance of considering the impacts of altruism on both the mean and variance in performance of recipients.</p>
bet_quotes_dataset
<p>El conjunt de dades correspon als mercats d’apostes de tennis disponibles a Marathonbet en el moment de l’execució de l’script BetScraping. D’aquests se n’obtindrà el nom de l’esport, per si en un futur es volguessin tractar esports addicionals a banda del tennis; els camps descriptius de l’esdeveniment esportiu, que serien els dos participants (ja siguin equips o individuals); i finalment la informació dels mercats, amb les apostes i quotes corresponents que ofereix la casa d’apostes.</p> <p>El <em>dataset</em> inclou els següents camps.</p> <ul> <li><strong>BettingSite</strong>: Nom de la casa d’apostes d’on s’han extret les dades.</li> <li><strong>Sport</strong>: Nom de l’esport.</li> <li><strong>Event</strong>: Nom descriptiu de l’esdeveniment esportiu al qual correspon l’aposta. Està format pel nom del local, la paraula “vs” i el nom del visitant.</li> <li><strong>Local</strong>: Nom del jugador/equip que actua com a local al partit.</li> <li><strong>Visitor</strong>: Nom del jugador/equip que actua com a visitant al partit.</li> <li><strong>Market</strong>: Mercat de l’aposta, que agruparà tots els possibles resultats.</li> <li><strong>Bet</strong>: Identificador de l’aposta dins del mercat.</li> <li><strong>Quote</strong>: Quota que ofereix la casa en el cas d’aposta guanyadora.</li> <li><strong>ScrapDateTime</strong>: Data i hora en la que es va fer l’scrapping de l’aposta, amb el format YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.nnnnnn (UTC).</li> </ul>
Data for: Can language representation models think in bets?
<p>The dataset contains three files: *Item_Sets.xlsx*, *Value_Questions.xlsx*, and *Bet_Questions.xlsx*. Each of the three files corresponds to each of the three benchmarks in the manuscript currently under submission to Royal Society Open Science and is also available as a preprint: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07519">https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07519</a>.</p> <p>The items in Item_Sets.xlsx is used to create the other two files. Value_Questions.xlsx is used in RQ1, and Bet_Questions.xlsx is used in both RQ2 and RQ3.</p>
Data for: Bet-hedging via dispersal aids the evolution of plastic responses to unreliable cues
<p>Adaptive plasticity is expected to evolve when informative cues predict environmental variation. However, plastic responses can be maladaptive even when those cues are informative, if prediction mistakes are shared across members of a generation. These fitness costs can constrain the evolution of plasticity when initial plastic mutants use cues of only moderate reliability. Here we model the barriers to the evolution of plasticity produced by these constraints and show that dispersal across a metapopulation can overcome them. Constraints are also lessened, though not eliminated, when plastic responses are free to evolve gradually and in concert with increased reliability. Each of these factors can be viewed as a form of bet-hedging: by lessening correlations in the fates of relatives, dispersal acts as diversifying bet-hedging, while producing submaximal responses to a cue can be understood as a conservative bet-hedging strategy. While poor information may constrain the evolution of plasticity, the opportunity for bet-hedging may predict when that constraint can be overcome. </p>
Bet Cell Therapy in Diabetes Type 1
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01379729. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
Blinatumomab Expanded T-cells (BET) in Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03823365. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 31.
Dual BET and CBP/p300 Inhibitor in Patients With Targeted Advanced Solid Tumors and Hematological Malignancies
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05488548. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.