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139 results for “brown bears”
Data and codes from: Individuality matters in human-wildlife conflicts: patterns and fraction of damage-making brown bears in the North-eastern Carpathians
<p><span>Effective, evidence-based management is required to ensure long-term coexistence between people and wildlife in an increasingly humanised world. Although behavioural individuality is recognised as a key factor affecting evolutionary and ecological processes, it has rarely been explicitly assessed in relation to human-wildlife conflicts. The </span><span>'</span><span>problem individuals</span><span>'</span><span> paradigm states that some conspecifics within a given population have a disproportionately large contribution to conflicts. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have so far systematically tested this assumption in large carnivores.</span></p> <p><span>Here, we investigated the variation in conflict behaviour among brown bears Ursus arctos within the population inhabiting the Polish Eastern Carpathians. We inspected all sites notified as damaged by bears in 2014-2017 to determine the number and sex of the individuals involved. We conducted systematic non-invasive genetic sampling to estimate the size of the local population by spatially explicit capture-recapture models. We assessed the fraction and sex ratio of damage-making bears in relation to the population, as well as the behavioural patterns by </span><span>classifying and differentiating between </span><span>occasional and repetitive damage-makers.</span></p> <p><span>Approximately one-third of the estimated 72 </span><span>(95% </span><span>CI </span><span>45.2–115.5) </span><span>brown bears inhabiting the Polish Eastern Carpathians were responsible for damage occurrence in the region. The majority of damage-makers were female (65% vs. 35% of male), which reflected the sex ratio of the local population (0.57). Thirty-three percent of the damage-making bears (i.e. 9 individuals) were classified as </span><span>'</span><span>problem individuals</span><span>'</span><span>, </span><span>exhibiting repetitive conflict behaviour.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis and applications. </span><span>This study provides evidence of intraspecific differences in conflict behaviour in a large carnivore species, the brown bear, and indicates that damage-making behaviour is not exhibited with the same frequency by all individuals within a population. Managers and policy-makers should be aware that </span><span>targeting individuals involved in conflicts without reference to the whole population may lead to misleading conclusions or an incomplete picture of the mechanisms underlying the conflicts, and thus, to mismanagement. Unravelling the behavioural patterns of individual engagement in damage through large-scale and </span><span>population-wide studies is needed to accurately assess the magnitude of damage and enhance human-wildlife coexistence in areas experiencing conflicts.</span></p>
Code and data for: Modeling the interaction between salmon management and consumption by coastal brown bears
<p>Harvest management policy for species with strong trophic connections can reverberate through food webs and cause unintended consequences such as altering the abundance of a harvested species' predators or prey. Pacific salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus</em> spp.), a key food for many predators and an economically valuable harvested species, is generally managed for maximum sustained harvests without explicit consideration for the freshwater and terrestrial food webs which they support. The density of brown bear (<em>Ursus</em> <em>arctos</em>) populations in Alaska, USA is correlated with the amount of salmon they can access and consume, so it seems likely their populations are inadvertently affected by salmon management. We simulated the effect of salmon management policy on brown bears by customizing a general bear-salmon model using empirical data from three watersheds in southwest Kodiak, Alaska. Our goal was to quantify the effect of current salmon management policy (i.e., escapement goals and early/late run allocations) on salmon consumption by brown bears. Bears in the individually based model evaluated the value of each foraging site based on salmon abundance, salmon vulnerability, and competition with other bears and made movement decisions (among salmon spawning sites) accordingly. </p> <p>The two code files provided here contain the brown bear salmon simulation, the structure for setting and adjusting the parameters of the model, and two empirical datasets needed to run simulations.</p>
FIG. 3 in Neither fish nor fowl. Isotopic evidence of a plant-based diet in (captive?) brown bears from Roman Augusta Raurica, Switzerland
FIG. 3. — Scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N values from bone collagen of the four brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) from Augusta Raurica compared to equids (Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) and dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) from Augusta Raurica (this study; Granado et al., unpublished data) and Basel-Gasfabrik (Knipper et al. 2017).
FIG. 2 in Neither fish nor fowl. Isotopic evidence of a plant-based diet in (captive?) brown bears from Roman Augusta Raurica, Switzerland
FIG. 2. — Subterranean well house in Insula 8 and well MR12.Brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus,1758) are coloured in grey.The animal silhouettes represent the minimum number of individuals (MNI), mainly agreeing with complete or almost complete carcasses. Credit: image, Claudia Zipfel, RÖmerstadt Augusta Raurica. Scale bar: 1 m.
FIG. 1 in Neither fish nor fowl. Isotopic evidence of a plant-based diet in (captive?) brown bears from Roman Augusta Raurica, Switzerland
FIG. 1. — Map of Switzerland with the location of Roman Augusta Raurica (bottom right) and location of features with (almost) complete skeletons of brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) discussed in the text: MR 12 and well house Insula 8. Credit: image, Claudia Zipfel, RÖmerstadt Augusta Raurica. Abbreviations: A, Austria; D, Germany; F, France; I, Italy.
Code and data for: Modeling the interaction between salmon management and consumption by coastal brown bears
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Data and codes from: Individuality matters in human-wildlife conflicts: patterns and fraction of damage-making brown bears in the North-eastern Carpathians
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Acceleration data reveal behavioural responses to hunting risk in Scandinavian brown bears
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Data from: Steep and deep: Terrain and climate factors explain brown bear (Ursus arctos) alpine den site selection to guide heli-skiing management
<p>Winter recreation and tourism continue to expand worldwide, and where these activities overlap with valuable wildlife habitat, there is greater potential for conservation concerns. Wildlife populations can be particularly vulnerable to disturbance in alpine habitats as helicopters and snowmachines are increasingly used to access remote backcountry terrain. Brown bears (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) have adapted hibernation strategies to survive this period when resources and energy reserves are limited, and disturbance could negatively impact fitness and survival. To help identify areas of potential conflict between helicopter skiing and denning brown bears in Alaska, we developed a model to predict alpine denning habitat and an associated data-based framework for mitigating disturbance activities. Following den emergence in spring, we conducted three annual aerial surveys (2015–2017) and used locations from three GPS-collared bears (2008–2014) to identify 89 brown bear dens above the forest line. We evaluated brown bear den site selection of land cover, terrain, and climate factors using resource selection function (RSF) models. Our top model supported the hypothesis that bears selected dens based on terrain and climate factors that maximized thermal efficiency. Brown bears selected den sites characterized by steep slopes at moderate elevations in smooth, well-drained topographies that promoted vegetation and deep snow. We used the RSF model to map relative probability of den selection and found 85% of dens occurred within terrain predicted as prime denning habitat. Brown bear exposure to helicopter disturbance was evident as moderate to high intensities of helicopter flight tracking data overlapped prime denning habitat, and we quantified where the risk of these impact was greatest. We also documented evidence of late season den abandonment due to disturbance from helicopter skiing. The results from this study provide valuable insights into bear denning habitat requirements in subalpine and alpine landscapes. Our quantitative framework can be used to support conservation planning for winter recreation industries operating in habitats occupied by denning brown bears.</p>
Genotype data from: Restoration of transborder connectivity for Fennoscandian brown bears (Ursus arctos)
<p class="brdtekstNINA">Knowledge about the connectivity among natural populations is essential to identify management units for effective conservation actions. Conservation-minded management has led to the recovery of large carnivore populations in northern Europe, possibly restoring connectivity between the two separated, but expanding brown bear (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) populations on the Scandinavian peninsula to the west and Karelia, a part of the large Eurasian population, to the east. The degree of connectivity between these populations has been poorly understood, therefore we investigated the extent of connectivity between the two populations using autosomal microsatellites and Y chromosome haplotypes in 924 male bears (the dispersing sex), sampled during a period of 12 years (2005-2017) across the transborder area where these two populations meet. Our results showed that the two populations are not genetically isolated as reported in earlier studies. We detected recent asymmetrical gene flow at a rate (individuals per generation) of 4.6-5.5 (1%) from Karelia into Scandinavia, whereas the rate was approximately 27.1-34.5 (8%) in the opposite direction. We estimated historical gene flow of effective number of migrants to be between 1.7 and 2.5 between the populations. Analyses of Y chromosome markers supported these results. Successful recovery and expansion of both populations led to the restoration of connectivity, however, it is asymmetric, possibly due to different recovery histories and population densities. By aligning monitoring between neighboring countries, we were able to better understand the biological processes across the relevant spatial scale.</p>
Data from: Competition between apex predators? Brown bears decrease wolf kill rate on two continents
Trophic interactions are a fundamental topic in ecology, but we know little about how competition between apex predators affects predation, the mechanism driving top-down forcing in ecosystems. We used long-term datasets from Scandinavia (Europe) and Yellowstone National Park (North America) to evaluate how grey wolf (Canis lupus) kill rate was affected by a sympatric apex predator, the brown bear (Ursus arctos). We used kill interval (i.e. the number of days between consecutive ungulate kills) as a proxy of kill rate. Although brown bears can monopolize wolf kills, we found no support in either study system for the common assumption that they cause wolves to kill more often. On the contrary, our results showed the opposite effect. In Scandinavia, wolf packs sympatric with brown bears killed less often than allopatric packs during both spring (after bear den emergence) and summer. Similarly, the presence of bears at wolf-killed ungulates was associated with wolves killing less often during summer in Yellowstone. The consistency in results between the two systems suggests that brown bear presence actually reduces wolf kill rate. Our results suggest that the influence of predation on lower trophic levels may depend on the composition of predator communities.
Wojtek, Syrian brown bear
Syrian brown bear is scanned by Thunk3D JS300 Jewelry scanner Lily Qin Whatsapp:+86 18501190887 Email: lily.qin@thunk3d.com FB:https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100048599976879 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Estimation of breeding population size using DNA-based pedigree reconstruction in brown bears
Robust estimates of demographic parameters are critical for effective wildlife conservation and management, but are difficult to obtain for elusive species. We estimated the breeding and adult population sizes, as well as the minimum population size, in a high-density brown bear population on the Shiretoko Peninsula, in Hokkaido, Japan, using DNA-based pedigree reconstruction. A total of 1,288 individuals, collected in and around the Shiretoko Peninsula between 1998 and 2020, were genotyped at 21 microsatellite loci. Among them, 499 individuals were identified by intensive genetic sampling conducted in two consecutive years (2019 and 2020) mainly by noninvasive methods (e.g., hair and fecal DNA). Among them, both parents were assigned for 330 bears, and either maternity or paternity was assigned to 47 and 76 individuals, respectively. The subsequent pedigree reconstruction indicated a range of breeding and adult (≥4 years old) population sizes: 128–173 for female breeders and 66–91 male breeders, and 155–200 for female adults and 84–109 male adults. The minimum population size was estimated to be 449 (252 females and 197 males) in 2019. Long-term continuous genetic sampling prior to a short-term intensive survey would enable parentage to be identified in a population with a high probability, thus enabling reliable estimates of breeding population size for elusive species. --
Autosomal SNP-genotype data of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Finland
<p>Harmonising methodology between countries is crucial in transborder population monitoring. However, immediate application of alleged, established DNA-based methods across the extended area can entail drawbacks and may lead to biases. Therefore, genetic methods need to be tested across the whole area before being deployed. Around 4,500 brown bears (<em>Ursus arctos</em>) live in Norway, Sweden, and Finland and they are divided into the western (Scandinavian) and eastern (Karelian) population. Both populations have recovered and are connected via asymmetric migration. DNA-based population monitoring in Norway and Sweden uses the same set of genetic markers. With Finland aiming to implement monitoring, we tested the available SNP-panel developed to assess brown bears in Norway and Sweden, on tissue samples from a representative set of 93 legally harvested individuals from Finland. The aim was to test for ascertainment bias and evaluate its suitability for DNA-based transnational-monitoring covering all three countries. We compared results to the performance of microsatellite genotypes of the same individuals in Finland and against SNP-genotypes from individuals sampled in Sweden (<em>N</em>=95) and Norway (<em>N</em>=27). In Finland, a higher resolution for individual identification was obtained for SNPs (PI=1.18E-27) compared to microsatellites (PI=4.2E-11). Compared to Norway and Sweden, probability of identity of the SNP-panel was slightly higher and expected heterozygosity lower in Finland indicating ascertainment bias. Yet, our evaluation show that the available SNP-panel outperforms the microsatellite panel currently applied in Norway and Sweden. The SNP-panel represents a powerful tool that could aid improving transnational DNA-based monitoring of brown bears across these three countries.</p>
Data from: Behavioural responses of brown bears to roads and hunting disturbance
<p>Harvest regulations commonly attenuate the consequences of hunting on specific segments of a population. However, regulations may not protect individuals from non-lethal effects of hunting and their consequences remain poorly understood. In this study, we compared the movement rates of Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos, n = 47) across spatiotemporal variations in risk in relation to the onset of bear hunting. We tested two alternative hypotheses based on whether behavioural responses to hunting involve hiding or escaping. If bears try to reduce risk exposure by avoiding being detected by hunters, we expect individuals from all demographic groups to reduce their movement rate during the hunting season. On the other hand, if bear avoid hunters by escaping, we expect them to increase their movement rate in order to leave high-risk areas faster. We found an increased movement rate in females accompanied by dependent offspring during the morning hours of the bear hunting season, a general decrease in movement rate in adult lone females, and no changes in males and subadult females. The increased movement rate that we observed in females with dependant offspring during the hunting season was likely an antipredator response because it only occurred in areas located closer to roads, whereas the decreased movement rate in lone females could be either part of a seasonal activity patterns or be associated with an increased selection for better concealment. Our study suggests that female brown bears accompanied by offspring likely move faster in high-risk areas to minimize risk exposure as well as the costly trade-offs (i.e., time spent foraging versus time spent hiding) typically associated with anti-predator tactics that involve changes in resource selection. Our study also highlights the importance of modeling fine-scale spatiotemporal variations in risk to adequately capture the complexity in behavioural responses caused by human activities in wildlife.</p>
Рис. 2. Основные морские течения в Тауйской губе Fig. 2. The main sea currents in the Taui Bay in Brown bear (Ursus arctos) of Zavyalov Island (Sea of Okhotsk): Abundance and possible migration routes
Рис. 2. Основные морские течения в Тауйской губе Fig. 2. The main sea currents in the Taui Bay
Fig. 2 in Movement and activity pattern of a brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) tracked in Central Balkan Mountain, Bulgaria
Fig. 2. Minimum, maximum and average speed of the bear in different habitats.
Fig. 2 in Urinary capillariosis in a free-ranging Marsican brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus)
Fig. 2. Urinary bladder, histology. Scattered eosinophils in the submucosa. Hematoxylin-eosin, 10X.
Figure 3 in Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) and wild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey
Figure 3. The distribution map of golden jackal.
Figure 2 in Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) and wild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey
Figure 2. The distribution map of gray wolf.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.