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76 results for “carbon loss”
Soil organic carbon loss decreases biodiversity but stimulates multitrophic interactions that promote belowground metabolism
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Arctic LTER 1991: Percent moisture, bulk density, percent loss on ignition and percent organic carbon were measured for peat collected from soils in the Imnavait Creek watershed.
Percent moisture, bulk density, percent loss on ignition and percent organic carbon were measured for peat collected from soils in the Imnavait Creek watershed.
The Salinity and phosphorus mesocosm experiment in freshwater sawgrass wetlands: Determining the trajectory and capacity of freshwater wetland ecosystems to recover carbon losses from saltwater intrusion (FCE LTER), Florida, USA from 2015 to 2018
In experimental wetland mesocosms located at Florida Bay Interagency Science Center, Key Largo, Florida, researchers continuously added salinity (approximately 6.9 g salt d-1) and phosphorus ( approximately 0.5 mg P d-1) to Cladium jamaicense peat monoliths from February 2015 to February 2017 and quantified changes in carbon partitioning. Several studies, focusing on the functional roles of marsh, soil, periphyton and microbe in the sawgrass-peat ecosystem, summarized detailed methodology and results (Wilson et al. 2019; Servais et al. 2019; Mazzei et al. in press). Briefly, salinity was increased (~10 ppt) and phosphorus was added (0.45 mg P d-1) to simulate four treatment effects (n = 24 plots): i) freshwater and no-added phosphorus, ii) freshwater and added phosphorus, iii) saltwater and no-added phosphorus, and iv) saltwater and added phosphorus. Upon the termination of manipulation study (early February 2017), containers holding water and peat-sawgrass cores were drained, rinsed, and refilled with only freshwater without any added nutrient and salt. Then, we experimentally restored freshwater to previous treatment and control mesocosms from February 2017 to June 2018 to examine the capacity of wetland ecosystems to recover carbon losses from saltwater intrusion. Note that FCE1226_Water_quality.csv summarizes water quality during both the manipulation and restoration study; however, all other files in the Dataset Title section only summarize results from the restoration study. Detailed methodology is provided below.
Data from: Leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from agricultural soils in the upper US Midwest
<p>Leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) from agricultural systems are important to water quality and carbon and nutrient balances but are rarely reported; the few available studies suggest linkages to litter production (DOC) and nitrogen fertilization (DON). In this study we examine the leaching of DOC, DON, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> from no-till corn (maize) and perennial bioenergy crops (switchgrass, miscanthus, native grasses, restored prairie, and poplar) grown between 2009 and 2016 in a replicated field experiment in the upper Midwest U.S. Leaching was estimated from concentrations in soil water and modeled drainage (percolation) rates. DOC leaching rates (kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>yr<sup>-1</sup>) and volume-weighted mean concentrations (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) among cropping systems averaged 15.4 and 4.6, respectively; N fertilization had no effect and poplar lost the most DOC (21.8 and 6.9, respectively). DON leaching rates (kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>yr<sup>-1</sup>) and volume-weighted mean concentrations (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) under corn (the most heavily N-fertilized crop) averaged 4.5 and 1.0, respectively, which was higher than perennial grasses (mean: 1.5 and 0.5, respectively) and poplar (1.6 and 0.5, respectively). NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> comprised the majority of total N leaching in all systems (59-92%). Average NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> leaching (kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) under corn (35.3) was higher than perennial grasses (5.9) and poplar (7.2). NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentrations in soil water from all cropping systems were relatively low (<0.07 mg N L<sup>-1</sup>). Perennial crops leached more NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> in the first few years after planting, and markedly less after. Among the fertilized crops, the leached N represented 14-38% of the added N over the study period; poplar lost the greatest proportion (38%) and corn was intermediate (23%). Requiring only one third or less of the N fertilization compared to corn, perennial bioenergy crops can substantially reduce N leaching and consequent movement into aquifers and surface waters.</p>
Frequent burning causes large losses of carbon from deep soil layers in a temperate savanna
<p>1. Fire activity is changing dramatically across the globe, with uncertain effects on ecosystem processes, especially belowground. Fire‐driven losses of soil carbon (C) are often assumed to occur primarily in the upper soil layers because the repeated combustion of aboveground biomass limits organic matter inputs into surface soil. However, C losses from deeper soil may occur if frequent burning reduces root biomass inputs of C into deep soil layers or stimulates losses of C via leaching and priming.</p> <p>2. To assess the effects of fire on soil C, we sampled 12 plots in a 51‐year‐long fire frequency manipulation experiment in a temperate oak savanna, where variation in prescribed burning frequency has created a gradient in vegetation structure from closed‐canopy forest in unburned plots to open‐canopy savanna in frequently burned plots.</p> <p>3. Soil C stocks were non‐linearly related to fire frequency, with soil C peaking in savanna plots burned at an intermediate fire frequency and declining in the most frequently burned plots. Losses from deep soil pools were significant, with the absolute difference between intermediately burned plots versus. most frequently burned plots more than doubling when the full 1 m sample was considered rather than the top 0–20 cm alone (losses of 98.5 MgC ha<sup>‐1</sup> (−76%) and 42.3 MgC ha<sup>‐1</sup> (−68%) in the full 1 m and 0–20 cm layers, respectively). Compared to unburned forested plots, the most frequently burned plots had 65.8 MgC ha<sup>‐1</sup> (−58%) less C in the full 1 m sample. Root biomass below the top 20 cm also declined by 39% with more frequent burning. Concurrent fire‐driven losses of nitrogen and gains in calcium and phosphorus suggest that burning may increase nitrogen limitation and play a key role in the calcium and phosphorus cycles in temperate savannas.</p> <p>4. <i>Synthesis</i>: Our results illustrate that fire‐driven losses in soil C and root biomass in deep soil layers may be critical factors regulating the net effect of shifting fire regimes on ecosystem C in forest‐savanna transitions. Projected changes in soil C with shifting fire frequencies in savannas may be 50% too low if they only consider changes in the topsoil.</p>
Deepened snow cover mitigates soil carbon loss from intensive land use in a semi-arid temperate grassland
<p>Carbon (C) loss due to soil erosion is a major issue in semi-arid grasslands. The extent of soil erosion is determined by soil properties and vegetation structure, especially during the non-growing season. In many Inner Mongolian grasslands, intensive land use, such as overgrazing and mowing, has severely reduced plant cover and damaged soil structure, which has exacerbated soil C loss by erosion. At the same time, increasing winter snowfall due to climate change is stimulating plant growth and altering plant composition. However, we do not know how changes in winter snow cover interact with land-use practices to regulate soil C loss due to erosion.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a six-year snow manipulation experiment under different land-use practices (control; moderately mowed, MM; heavily mowed, HM) to measure net changes in soil depth, soil C, plant biomass, and vegetation structure.</p> <p>After six years, soil C loss under ambient snow was three times greater in the MM and four times greater in the HM treatment compared with controls during non-growing season. However, deepened winter snow alleviated erosion-induced soil C loss by 14%, 47%, 16% in the controls, MM and HM treatments, respectively.</p> <p>The severity of soil C loss declined with increasing aboveground biomass (AGB), surface root biomass and vegetation structure. Vegetation structure and AGB explained more of the variation in soil C loss than surface root biomass, possibly because a complex canopy and plant cover increases overall surface roughness, thereby reducing soil C loss. Intensified land use reduced AGB, surface root biomass and vegetation structure, but deepened snow increased overall surface roughness by promoting AGB. Hence, our study demonstrates that deepened snow can alleviate soil C loss due to land use practices by promoting AGB.</p>
Subarctic soil carbon losses after deforestation for agriculture depend on permafrost abundance - study data
<p>Contains the dataset and R code used for the study "Subarctic soil carbon losses after deforestation for agriculture depend on permafrost abundance".</p>
Data from: Variations in bark structural properties affect both water loss and carbon economics in neotropical savanna trees in the Cerrado region of Brazil
<p><span>Even after complete stomatal closure, plants lose water through the leaf cuticles and bark. This residual water conductance of leaves (g<sub>leaf-res</sub>) and stems (g<sub>bark</sub>) can negatively impact plant water balance and affect plant survival in seasonally dry environments. However, little is known about the costs and benefits associated with such water leaks, especially on stem level. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we characterized the structural and functional determinants of the variability in g<sub>bark</sub> across tropical savanna species to elucidate how variations in this trait are related to contrasting growth strategies. </span></p> <p><span>The high variability in g<sub>bark</sub> across species was associated with morphoantomical properties of the outer bark (thickness, density, and lenticel investment), and such characteristics influenced both stem transpiration and respiration, suggesting the existence of a trade-off between water conservation and oxygen permeability, which reflected contrasting growth and dehydration tolerance strategies</span><span>. For instance, species with higher g<sub>bark</sub> and g<sub>leaf-res</sub> presented a fast resource acquisition strategy but were more prone to drought-induced mortality by hydraulic failure. However, model simulations revealed that the relative contribution of g<sub>leaf-res</sub> and g<sub>bark</sub> to overall water balance depended on whether leaves were less or more resistant to cavitation than the stems. </span></p> <p><span>Synthesis. By combining correlative studies, experimental results, and a modeling exercise, we provide a new understanding of the costs and benefits associated with the variability in g<sub>bark</sub> across tropical savanna species, and a new perspective for studies of water relations and carbon economics in species from a hyperdiverse savanna. </span></p>
Global Forest Watch data: Global Tree Cover loss, Carbon data and Primary Forest loss
<p>Both datasets are available on the Global Forest Watch website on their Dashboard. The Datasets on their Dashboard are updated from time to time and can differ from the ones uploaded here. The datasets provided here are used for supporting analysis of a journal article about REDD+ in countries with high forest and low deforestation rates (HFLD).</p> <p><strong>References:</strong><br> Hansen M C<em> et al</em> 2013 High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change <em>Science</em> <strong>342</strong> 850–3, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239552</p> <p>Harris N L<em> et al</em> 2021 Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes <em>Nature Clim Change</em> <strong>11</strong> 234–40, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6</p> <p>Turubanova S, Potapov P V, Tyukavina A and Hansen M C 2018 Ongoing primary forest loss in Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia <em>Environ. Res. Lett.</em> <strong>13</strong> 74028, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacd1c</p> <p>University of Maryland and World Resources Institute "Global Primary Forest Loss". Accessed through Global Forest Watch, www.globalforestwatch.org (accessed 12 Sep 2022)</p>
Carbon loss due to grassland reclamation in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China
<p><span>The conversion of grasslands to cropland can significantly impact the terrestrial carbon cycle, yet the effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) are not well quantified due to a lack of large-scale sampling data. This study aims to quantify changes in SOC resulting from grassland reclamation in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China through paired sampling of 101 cropland plots and 101 adjacent grassland control plots. Results indicate that grassland reclamation led to an average 16.07% decrease in surface SOC content (0–10 cm). Over 80% of the study area experienced a loss in SOC, while less than 20% showed an increase. These findings underscore the significant impact of grassland reclamation on SOC depletion and highlight the importance of land management strategies to mitigate carbon loss in this region.</span></p>
Working code and data for a wall-to-wall mapping of carbon loss within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone after the 2020 catastrophic wildfire
<p>Links to data in this code are from <a href="https://github.com/Janzeero-PhD/C_loss_Chornobyl_2022">GitHub repository</a>. But can be replaced by the files supplied here.</p> <p>Only code to generate models and to create figures for their validation is provided. Also code to create GMFR function (from Riemann et al. 2010 and adapted in Henderson et al. 2019) is provided.</p> <p>Code to: calculate C stock for training and validation data set per biomass compartment; prepare raster data (mostly in Google Earth Engine); make raster predictions; calculate C loss according to local combustion factors and NBR severity levels is available <em>upon request</em>.</p> <p>MetaData.xlsx contains a description of all files within this package, and variable explanation for provided data sets.</p>
Permafrost thaw causes large carbon loss in boreal peatlands while changes to peat quality are limited
<p>Rapid, ongoing permafrost thaw of peatlands in the discontinuous permafrost zone is exposing a globally significant store of soil carbon (C) to microbial processes. Mineralisation and release of this peat C to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases is a potentially important feedback to climate change. Here we investigated the effects of permafrost thaw on peat C at a peatland complex in western Canada. We collected 15 complete peat cores (between 2.7 abd 4.5 m deep) along four chronosequences, from elevated permafrost plateaus to saturated thermokarst bogs that thawed up to 600 years ago. The peat cores were analysed for peat C storage and peat quality, as indicated by decomposition proxies (FTIR and C/N ratios) and potential decomposability using a 200-day aerobic incubation. Our results suggest net C loss following thaw, with average total peat C stocks decreasing by ~19.3 +/- 7.2 kg C m<sup>-2</sup> over <600 years (~13% loss). Average post-thaw accumulation of new peat at the surface over the same period was ~13.1 +/- 2.5 kg C m<sup>-2</sup>. We estimate ~19% (+/- 5.8%) of deep peat (>40 cm below surface) C is lost following thaw (average 26 +/- 7.9 kg C m<sup>-2</sup> over <600 years). Our FTIR analysis shows peat below the thaw transition in thermokarst bogs is slightly more decomposed than peat of a similar type and age in permafrost plateaus, but we found no significant changes to the quality or lability of deeper peat across the chronosequences. Our incubation results also showed no increase in C mineralisation of deep peat across the chronosequences. While these limited changes in peat quality in deeper peat following permafrost thaw highlight uncertainty in the exact mechanisms and processes for C loss, our analysis of peat C stocks shows large C losses following permafrost thaw in peatlands in western Canada.</p>
Geospatial data from: Identifying opportunity hot spots for reducing the risk of wildfire-caused carbon loss in western US conifer forests
<p>The geospatial dataset includes raster and vector data for visualizing the spatial distribution of risk of wildfire-caused carbon loss in Peeler et al. 2023. Raster data evaluate carbon exposure, sensitivity, and vulnerability at the pixel-level across western US carbon forests. Vector data aggregate pixel-level findings into project area and fireshed spatial units to identify target geographies (or "opportunity hot spots") where proactive forest management could reduce the greatest risk from wildfire to carbon. Vector data also identifies firesheds in which proactive forest management could simultaneously reduce the risk from wildfire to carbon and human communities.</p>
Frequent burning causes large losses of carbon from deep soil layers in a temperate savanna
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Data from: Leaching losses of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from agricultural soils in the upper US Midwest
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Data from: Biodegradable microplastics can cause more serious loss of soil organic carbon by priming effect than conventional microplastics in farmland shelterbelts
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Permafrost thaw causes large carbon loss in boreal peatlands while changes to peat quality are limited
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Data from: Predator density outweighs experimental warming effects on short-term carbon and nitrogen loss from arctic shrub litter
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Data from: Increased belowground carbon allocation reduces soil carbon losses under long-term warming
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Data from: Variations in bark structural properties affect both water loss and carbon economics in neotropical savanna trees in the Cerrado region of Brazil
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