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Fig. 22 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 22. Pencil drawings of the right and left zygomatic arches (A and B) of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in dorsal view, with accompanying line drawings. Gray pattern represents matrix parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; fr frontal; ju jugal; juf jugal facet lac lacrimal; lacf lacrimal foramen; mx maxilla; pa parietal; son supraorbital notch; sq squamosal.

Fig. 18 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 18. Stereophotograph of the left orbitotemporal region of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in oblique dorsolateral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; ali alisphenoid; fdv foramen for frontal diploic vein; fr frontal; frt foramen for ramus temporalis; lac lacrimal; man mandible; mx maxilla; na nasal; oiof orbital aperture of infraorbital canal; or orbitosphenoid; pa parietal; sgf supraglenoid foramen; spf sphenopalatine foramen; sq squamosal.

Fig. 10 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 10. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in right lateral view. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina ali alisphenoid; fbu foramen buccinatorium; fr frontal; iof infraorbital foramen; lac lacrimal; mc masseteric crest; mx maxilla; naf nasal foramen; ocon occipital condyle; ompf orbital opening of minor palatine foramen; opf optic foramen; or orbitosphenoid; pmx premaxilla; son supraorbital notch; spf sphenopalatine foramen; sq squamosal; tg temporal groove.

Fig. 13 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 13. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 113 in right lateral view.

Fig. 19 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 19. Stereophotograph of the left orbitotemporal region of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 113 in oblique dorsolateral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; ef ethmoidal foramen; fr frontal; ju jugal; lac lacrimal; mx maxilla; pa parietal; pop postorbital process (broken); spf sphenopalatine foramen; sq squamosal.

Fig. 4 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 4. The skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 113 in (clockwise from upper left) dorsal ventral, anterior, posterior, right lateral, and left lateral views.

Fig. 16 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 16. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in posterior view with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: aar atlas arch; ax axis; con (mandibular) condyle; cor coronoid process; exoc exoccipital lac lacrimal; lacf lacrimal foramen; mx maxilla; ocon occipital condyle; pc pterygoid crest; pet petrosal ptc posttemporal canal; sq squamosal; sup supraoccipital.

Fig. 14 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 14. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in ventral view with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix. Abbreviations: ali alisphenoid; ax axis; azr anterior zygomatic ridge; bo basioccipital; cp crista parotica; fhy fragment of hyoid arch; foi foramen ovale inferium; fv fenestra vestibuli; gl glenoid fossa; i3a alveolus for third upper incisor; inf incisive foramen; iof infraorbital foramen; jf jugular fossa; mpf minor palatine foramen; msy mandibular symphysis; muf muscular facet; mx maxilla; oiof orbital aperture of infraorbital canal; P3 third upper premolar; pal palatine; pat postpalatine torus; pef perilymphatic foramen; pmx premaxilla; ptc posttemporal canal; ptca pterygoid canal; rvnf recess for vascular and nervous foramina (prootic canal, ventral ascending canal, canal for ramus inferior, and facial canal); sth stylohyal; tpmx thickenings of premaxilla; ttf tensor tympani fossa; vo vomer.

Fig. 12 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 12. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in left lateral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage Abbreviations: aar atlas arch; al anterior lamina; ano nasal notch; ef ethmoidal foramen; fr frontal; izr intermediate zygomatic ridge; maf masseteric fossa; mafo masseteric fovea; mf mental foramen; mx maxilla; na nasal; ocon occipital condyle; opf optic foramen; or orbitosphenoid; otc orbitotemporal canal; pa parietal; pmx premaxilla; pop postorbital process (broken); ppr paroccipital process; ptc posttemporal canal; son supraorbital notch; spf sphenopalatine foramen; sq squamosal; sth stylohyal.

Fig. 8 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 8. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in dorsal view with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; ano nasal notch; con (mandibular) condyle; cor coronoid process; exoc exoccipital; fdac foramen of dorsal ascending canal; fr frontal; frt foramen for ramus temporalis; ju jugal; juf jugal facet; lac lacrimal; mx maxilla; na nasal; naf nasal foramen; pa parietal; pmx premaxilla sgf supraglenoid foramen; sq squamosal; sup supraoccipital.

Fig. 11 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 11. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 113 in right lateral view.

Fig. 3 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 3. The skull and lower jaws of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in (clockwise from upper left) dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, right lateral, and left lateral views.

Fig. 6 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 6. Stereophotograph of the skull and lower jaws of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in anterior view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: con (mandibular) condyle; fr frontal; gl glenoid fossa; iof infraorbital foramen mf mental foramen; mx maxilla; na nasal; pmx premaxilla; sq squamosal.

Fig. 1 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters

Fig. 1. Map of Mongolia (A) with inset of southcentral region (B) indicating the major fossil localities visited by the joint expeditions of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences and the American Museum of Natural History. The specimens of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi described here come from Ukhaa Tolgod and Tugrugeen Shireh.

Fig. 49 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 49. Optimization of absence (gray) and presence (black) of dermal spines (A, three steps) and of the amount of webbing in males (B, four steps) of Chiasmocleis. Optimizations of both characters required three and four steps, respectively for dermal spines and amount of webbing. Presence of spines is the plesiomorphic state, and they were lost three times independently, while the absence of webbing is the plesiomorphic state and it appears four times independently. Taxonomy updated to the one proposed in the present work. Chiasmocleis devriesi is nested within C. anatipes and is not shown.

Fig. 50 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 50. Optimization of absence (gray) and presence (black) of the femoral line in Chiasmocleis. Four equally parsimonious alternative explanations, with four steps each. Scenario (A) shows a single appearance of the femoral line, with three reversals; scenarios (B) and (C) depicts alternative scenarios, involving appearances and reversals to absence; scenario (D) postulates four independent appearances of the femoral line. Taxonomy updated to the one proposed in the present work. Chiasmocleis devriesi is nested within C. anatipes and is not shown.

Fig. 48 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 48. Advertisement call of Chiasmocleis royi. (A) Oscillogram and (B) spectrogram of a series of nine consecutive notes emitted by a calling male from the type locality, at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru; recorded on 12 December 1990, at 23.4° C air temperature (USNM 343268, paratype; recorded by R.B. Cocroft; recording number USNM tape 269, cut 13).

Fig. 46 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 46. Holotype of Chiasmocleis royi, sp. nov. (USNM 343266), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 20.6 mm.

Fig. 45 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 45. Holotype of Chiasmocleis papachibe, sp. nov. (MPEG 30683), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 24.8 mm.

Fig. 44 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 44. Advertisement call of Chiasmocleis haddadi. (A) Oscillogram and (B) spectrogram of two consecutive multipulsed notes. Recorded at the type locality, Montagne Kotika, French Guiana (recording number FNJV 30718).