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24 results for “character mapping”
Data from: Stochastic character mapping of state-dependent diversification reveals the tempo of evolutionary decline in self-compatible Onagraceae lineages
A major goal of evolutionary biology is to identify key evolutionary transitions that correspond with shifts in speciation and extinction rates. Stochastic character mapping has become the primary method used to infer the timing, nature, and number of character state transitions along the branches of a phylogeny. The method is widely employed for standard substitution models of character evolution. However, current approaches cannot be used for models that specifically test the association of character state transitions with shifts in diversification rates such as state-dependent speciation and extinction (SSE) models. Here we introduce a new stochastic character mapping algorithm that overcomes these limitations, and apply it to study mating system evolution over a time-calibrated phylogeny of the plant family Onagraceae. Utilizing a hidden state SSE model we tested the association of the loss of self-incompatibility with shifts in diversification rates. Confirming long standing theory, we found that self-compatible lineages have higher extinction rates and lower net diversification rates compared to self-incompatible lineages. Furthermore, these results provide empirical evidence for the "senescing" diversification rates predicted in highly selfing lineages: our mapped character histories show that the loss of self-incompatibility is followed by a short-term spike in speciation rates, which declines after a time lag of several million years resulting in negative net diversification. Lineages that have long been self-compatible such as Fuchsia and Clarkia are in a previously unrecognized and ongoing evolutionary decline. Our results demonstrate that stochastic character mapping of SSE models is a powerful tool for examining the timing and nature of both character state transitions and shifts in diversification rates over the phylogeny.
Figure 1. Neural characters and systems discussed mapped onto a in Neurobiology of the Anomura: Paguroidea, Galatheoidea and Hippoidea
Figure 1. Neural characters and systems discussed mapped onto a partial phylogeny of Reptantia (based on Morrison et al., 2001, and Schram, 2001). Filled boxes: character present; hatched boxes: character modified; open boxes: character lost. AT – anterior telson muscle and motoneuron; FAC – fast, anterior, contralateral flexor motoneurons; hMoG – homologue of MoG (Sillar and Heitler, 1985); MG – medial giant interneuron pair; LG – lateral giant interneurons; MG – medial giant interneurons; "MG" – modified MG system (Heitler and Fraser, 1986, 1987); MoG – motor giant flexor motoneuron; nonG – non-giant (as opposed to LGs, or MGs) interneuron system for swimming by repetitive tailflipping; RSM – return stroke muscle and motoneurons; TUSR – telson-uropod stretch receptor (nonspiking: graded potentials transmitted; spiking: receptor potential converted to action potentials). VTF – ventral telson flexor muscle. 1. It is debated whether homologues of macruran MG and LG neurons have been retained in brachyuran thoracic nerve cord. Retention of MG homologues could be expected for their direct connections to leg promotor motoneurons, which in crayfish cause the legs to extend forward, thus contributing to the rearward trajectory of the MGtriggered tailflips (Heitler and Fraser, 1989). The LG neurons have no known output to thoracic leg musculature in macrurans and are presumed absent from Brachyura. If LG homologues are present, then their losses from the thalassinid and anomuran lineages occurred independently. 2. The stereotyped movements of sand crabs' (Hippoidea) digging legs differ between legs 2/3 and leg 4, corresponding, respectively, to backward walking and forward walking movements in other species (Faulkes and Paul, 1998). 3. Rhythmic movements of the legs and "tail" co-occur in Hippoidea, whereas their homologues (walking and tailflipping) in walking species are mutually excusive (Faulkes and Paul, 1997a). 4. Right and left legs of each segment alternate at onset of digging, then switch to bilateral synchrony (Faulkes and Paul, 1997b). 5. Rhythmic digging movements of the fourth legs are coordinated with uropod strokes (homologue of nonG flexions) rather than with the anterior legs (Faulkes and Paul, 1997a). Not included are the changes from the ancestral macruran condition in aminergic systems and agonistic behaviours of M. quadrispina (Antonsen and Paul, 1997, 2001).
Data from: A comment on the use of stochastic character maps to estimate evolutionary rate variation in a continuously valued trait
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Data from: Stochastic character mapping of state-dependent diversification reveals the tempo of evolutionary decline in self-compatible Onagraceae lineages
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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