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34 results for “chemical defences”
Crotalaria pallida chemical defence and ant attendance
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The efficiency of different plant defences is expected to vary depending on the combination and abundance of herbivores. Effectiveness of ant-mediated defences can also depend on ant activity and local ant assemblage, which can vary due to human activities such as intensive grazing. We used the plant <em>Crotalaria pallida</em> (Fabaceae), its two pod-boring herbivores and the ants that visit the extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) to understand how chemical defence and ant-plant associations affect plant damage. We hypothesised causal relationships between plant chemical defence, ant presence on plants and herbivore damage in scenarios of constitutive and induced plant defences and tested the different possible relationships using path analysis. The constitutive model explained the data more adequately, and each plant defence had different effects on each herbivore species. First, chemical defence significantly reduced damage by the generalist pod borer <em>Etiella zinckenella</em> but not by the specialist <em>Utetheisa ornatrix</em>. Second, ant presence reduced damage by the generalist, but had no effect on damage by the specialist. Third, a larger number of pods on the plant increased ant presence, as expected since more pods results in more EFNs. Finally, we show that these density-dependent responses by ants mediate indirect cascades on herbivory and generate context-specific responses reducing damage by <em>E. zinckenella</em> in sites with cattle grazing. In synthesis, we highlight that plant defences have distinct effects on co-occurring herbivores and that indirect defences can mediate ecological cascades that generate context dependency in the efficiency of different defences. </span></p>
Data from: Chemical defence in avian brood parasites: production and function of repulsive secretions in common cuckoo chicks
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Data from: A novel alarm signal in aquatic prey: Familiar minnows coordinate group defences against predators through chemical disturbance cues
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Data from: Effects of insularity on insect leaf herbivory and chemical defences in a Mediterranean oak species
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Crotalaria pallida chemical defence and ant attendance
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Data from: Latitudinal variation in plant chemical defences drives latitudinal patterns of leaf herbivory
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Data from: How to fight multiple enemies: target-specific chemical defences in an aposematic moth
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Data from: Resource allocation trade-offs and the loss of chemical defences during apple domestication
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Data from: De novo synthesis of chemical defences in an aposematic moth
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Data from: The cost of chemical defence: the impact of toxin depletion on growth and behaviour of cane toads (Rhinella marina).
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Data from: Chemical cues linked to risk: cues from belowground natural enemies enhance plant defences and influence herbivore behaviour and performance
1. Chemical cues are essential for many ecological interactions. Previous studies of chemically mediated multitrophic interactions have typically focused on responses to cues from plants or herbivores aboveground. It is increasingly clear, however, that belowground cues and those produced by organisms at higher trophic levels also have ecological importance. Prey animals often avoid predator odours to improve survival, and previous research documented enhanced plant resistance following contact with belowground natural enemies, though the ecological basis was unknown. 2. Here we investigated plant and insect responses to chemical cues from belowground natural enemies and explored the ecological significance of these cues for multitrophic interactions. More specifically, we examined the influence of odours emitted by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), a natural enemy of insect herbivores, on the performance and behaviour of their insect prey and the defence responses of nearby plants. 3. Our findings revealed that EPN-infected insect cadavers emit a characteristic blend of volatile compounds with bioactivity in plants and insects. EPN chemical cues influenced both performance and preference of a specialist herbivore, Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata), feeding on its host plant, potato (Solanum tuberosum). CPB larvae consumed less leaf tissue and gained less mass feeding on plants exposed to EPN cues compared to control plants. Female CPBs laid fewer eggs on plants with EPN cues than on controls, indicating deterrence by EPN cues or EPN-altered plant defences. 4. Plant defences were enhanced by exposure to live EPNs or EPN chemical cues. Potato plants exposed to EPN infective juveniles induced higher amounts of the defence hormone salicylic acid and had higher expression of the pathogen-resistance gene PR-1(PR4) in foliar tissue. Exposing plants to EPN cues primed induction of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in response to feeding damage by CPB larvae. 5. These findings suggest that herbivores avoid cues from their EPN natural enemies and plants respond to the beneficial nematodes by enhancing systemic defences that reduce herbivore performance. This work has important implications for the chemical ecology of tritrophic interactions as we report that the third trophic level can play direct and indirect roles in plant defence.
Data from: Chemical cues linked to risk: cues from belowground natural enemies enhance plant defences and influence herbivore behaviour and performance
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Data from: Divergent host plant utilization by adult and offspring is related to intra-plant variation in chemical defences
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Data from: Intracontinental plant invader shows matching genetic and chemical profiles and might benefit from high defence variation within populations
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