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126 results for “chorus”
Remote Sensing of Radiation Belt Energetic Electrons Using Lightning Triggered Upper Band Chorus
<p>We report very low frequency (VLF) observation of interaction of waves from atmospheric lightning with radiation belt particles. The observation provides a unique opportunity to remotely sense the dynamics of the energetic particle population in the Earth’s radiation belts and how this population leads to amplification and generation of waves.</p>
Whistler-mode chorus waves at Mars
<p>Chorus waves are naturally occurring electromagnetic emissions in space and are known to produce highly energetic electrons in the hazardous radiation belt. The characteristic feature of chorus is its fast frequency chirping, whose mechanism remains a long-standing problem. While many theories agree on its nonlinear nature, they differ on whether or how the background magnetic field inhomogeneity plays a key role. Here, using observations of chorus at Mars and Earth, we report direct evidence showing that the chorus chirping rate is consistently related to the background magnetic field inhomogeneity, despite orders of magnitude difference in a key parameter quantifying the inhomogeneity at the two planets. Our results show an extreme test of a recently proposed chorus generation model and confirm the connection between the chirping rate and magnetic field inhomogeneity, opening the door to controlled plasma wave excitation in the laboratory and space. <br> </p>
Vocal performance increases rapidly during the dawn chorus in Adelaide's warbler
<p><span>Many songbirds sing intensely during the early morning, resulting in a phenomenon known as the dawn chorus. We tested the hypothesis that male Adelaide's warblers (<em>Setophaga</em> <em>adelaidae</em>) warm up their voices during the dawn chorus. If warming up the voice is one of the functions of the dawn chorus, we predicted that vocal performance would increase more rapidly during the dawn chorus compared to the rest of the morning and that high song rates during the dawn chorus period contribute to the increase in vocal performance. The performance metrics <em>recovery time, voiced frequency modulation</em>, and <em>unvoiced</em> <em>frequency</em> <em>modulation</em> were low when birds first began singing, increased rapidly during the dawn chorus, and then leveled off or gradually diminished after dawn. These changes are attributable to increasing performance within song types. Reduction in the duration of the silent gap between notes is the primary driver of improved performance during the dawn chorus. Simulations indicated that singing at a high rate during the dawn chorus period increases performance in two of the three performance measures (<em>recovery</em> <em>time</em> and <em>unvoiced</em> <em>frequency</em> <em>modulation</em>) relative to singing at a low rate during this period. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that vocal warm-up is one benefit of participation in the dawn chorus. </span></p>
Simulation data for "Connection between Chorus Wave Amplitude and Background Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity: A Parametric Study" which will be submitted to Geophysical Research Letters
<p>Simulation data for "Connection between Chorus Wave Amplitude and Background Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity: A Parametric Study" which will be submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.</p> <p>Including the simulation input parameter file and the necessary output data for analysis described in the article. The output data consists of waveform data at certain locations (|MLAT| = 3 deg).</p>
Ray-tracing data for "Propagation of very oblique chorus waves near a plasmaspheric plume boundary"
<p>The dataset consists of ray-tracing results, background density models, and the figure codes for the manuscript "Propagation of very oblique chorus waves near a plasmaspheric plume boundary". The dataset and codes are in Matlab.</p>
Túngara frog call-timing decisions arise as internal rhythms interact with fluctuating chorus noise
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Vocal performance increases rapidly during the dawn chorus in Adelaide’s warbler
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Data for the detection of the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata) using environmental DNA and call surveys at 180 ponds sampled in 2017-2018 in southeastern Québec, Canada
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Data from: Multi-night territorial behavior, chorus attendance, and mating success in red-eyed treefrogs
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Data from: Fish chorusing patterns in California (USA) National Marine Sanctuaries
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The phantom chorus: birdsong boosts human well-being in protected areas
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Data from: Staying ahead of the game –plasticity in chorusing behavior allows males to remain attractive in different social environments
The dynamic nature of many breeding aggregations, where the composition and attractiveness of a male's competitors is ever changing, places extreme pressure on advertising males to remain competitive. In response to this challenge, males may adjust the properties of their calls, or change when they signal relative to their nearest neighbors, which are likely their strongest competitors. We used two playback experiments - one simulating a conspecific environment and the other simulating a mixed-species environment - to test the hypothesis that males use social plasticity in signal features, signal timing, or both, to remain attractive. Further, we examined whether this plasticity is mediated by selective attention, through which males change calling behavior in response to the most relevant competitors, while disregarding less relevant rivals. We find that males change some temporal call features, but rely strongly on signal timing to remain attractive relative to rivals. Simultaneous assessment of both types of calling plasticity allowed us to makes sense of counterintuitive responses of male calling behavior that would otherwise appear non-adaptive. We further show that this plasticity is most pronounced in response to attractive/conspecific males. We discuss how sexual selection by female choice may influence the trade-off between call feature and call timing plasticity, as well as how competitive interactions on a local scale may affect the overall acoustic environment in the chorus.
Self-organising cicada choruses respond to the local sound and light environment
<p>1. Periodical cicadas exhibit an extraordinary capacity for self-organising spatially synchronous breeding behavior. The regular emergence of periodical cicada broods across the US is a phenomenon of longstanding public and scientific interest, as the cicadas of each brood emerge in huge numbers and briefly dominate their ecosystem. During the emergence, the 17-year periodical cicada species Magicicada cassini is found to form synchronised choruses, and we investigated their chorusing behavior from the standpoint of spatial synchrony.</p> <p>2. Cicada choruses were observed to form in trees, calling regularly every five seconds. In order to determine the limits of this self-organising behaviour, we set out to quantify the spatial synchronisation between cicada call choruses in different trees, and how and why this varies in space and time.</p> <p>3. We performed 20 simultaneous recordings in Clinton State Park, Kansas, in June 2015 (Brood IV) with a team of citizen-science volunteers using consumer equipment (smartphones). We use a wavelet approach to show in detail how spatially synchronous, self-organised chorusing varies across the forest.</p> <p>4. We show how conditions that increase the strength of audio interactions between cicadas also increase the spatial synchrony of their chorusing. Higher forest canopy light levels increase cicada activity, corresponding to faster and higher-amplitude chorus cycling and to greater synchrony of cycles across space. We implemented a relaxation-oscillator-ensemble model of interacting cicadas, finding that a tendency to call more often, driven by light levels, results in all these effects.</p> <p>5. Results demonstrate how the capacity to self-organise in ecology depends sensitively on environmental conditions. Spatially correlated modulation of cycling rate by an external driver can also promote self-organisation of phase synchrony.</p>
Data from: Contact zone dynamics during early stages of speciation in a chorus frog (Pseudacris crucifer)
Characterizing the genetic and behavioural consequences of contact between previously geographically isolated lineages provides insights into the mechanisms underlying diversification and ultimately speciation. The spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) is a widespread Nearctic chorus frog with six divergent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages, many of which came into secondary contact during the Holocene. We examined genetics, morphology, advertisement calls and female preference for two lineages that began diverging in allopatry in the Pliocene and now overlap in southwestern Ontario, Canada. We found non-coincident clines in mtDNA and nuclear DNA, mirroring directionality of premating isolation barriers. We also found divergence in a range of traits between these two lineages, displacement in male call attributes and female preference for calls of their natal lineage in sympatry. Hybrids were morphologically distinct from both parental lineages, but hybrid male calls were acoustically intermediate. Female hybrids showed asymmetrical preference for Eastern male calls. These results considered together provide evidence of either unidirectional hybridization or selection against hybrids, potentially implying reproductive character displacement. Our work demonstrates the utility of integrated, multi-character approaches to understanding the processes of divergence and the nature of speciation.
Data from: Sperm competition and the evolution of precopulatory weapons: testis size and amplexus position, but not arm strength, affect fertilization success in a chorusing frog
Trade-offs between pre- and postcopulatory traits influence their evolution, and male expenditure on such traits is predicted to depend on the number of competitors, the benefits from investing in weapons, and the risk and intensity of sperm competition. Males of the chorusing frog Crinia georgiana use their arms as weapons in contest competition. Previously, we showed that increased numbers of rivals elevated the risk and intensity of sperm competition due to multimale amplexus, and caused a reversal in the direction of precopulatory selection on arm girth. Here we focused on the factors affecting postcopulatory fertilization success during group spawning, using paternity data from natural choruses. Competitive fertilization success depended on the time spent amplexed and amplexus position. Relative testes size but not arm girth, contributed to fertilization success, but the effect of testes size depended on amplexus position. Our findings offer within species empirical support for recent sperm competition models that incorporate precopulatory male-male competition, and show why an understanding of the evolution of animal weapons requires a consideration of both pre- and postcopulatory episodes of sexual selection.
Data from: Competition and cooperation in a synchronous bushcricket chorus
Synchronous signalling within choruses of the same species either emerges from cooperation or competition. In our study on the katydid Mecopoda elongata, we aim to identify mechanisms driving evolution towards synchrony. The increase of signal amplitude owing to synchronous signalling and the preservation of a conspecific signal period may represent cooperative mechanisms, whereas chorus synchrony may also result from the preference of females for leading signals and the resulting competition for the leader role. We recorded the timing of signals and the resulting communal signal amplitudes in small choruses and performed female choice experiments to identify such mechanisms. Males frequently timed their signals either as leader or follower with an average time lag of about 70 ms. Females selected males in such choruses on the basis of signal order and signal duration. Two-choice experiments revealed a time lag of only 70 ms to bias mate choice in favour of the leader. Furthermore, a song model with a conspecific signal period of 2 s was more attractive than a song model with an irregular or longer and shorter than average signal period. Owing to a high degree of overlap and plasticity of signals produced in 'four male choruses', peak and root mean square amplitudes increased by about 7 dB relative to lone singers. Modelling active space of synchronous males and solo singing males revealed a strongly increased broadcast area of synchronous signallers, but a slightly reduced per capita mating possibility compared with lone singers. These results suggest a strong leader preference of females as the ultimate causation of inter-male competition for timing signals as leader. The emerging synchrony increases the amplitude of signals produced in a chorus and has the potential to compensate a reduction of mating advantage in a chorus. We discuss a possible fitness benefit of males gained through a beacon effect and the possibility that signalling as follower is stabilized via natural selection.
Data from: Phylogeographic inference using Bayesian model comparison across a fragmented chorus frog species complex
Fragmented species complexes provide an interesting system for investigating biogeographic history and the present distribution of genetic variation. Recent advances in sequencing technology and statistical phylogeography enable the collection and rigorous analysis of large multilocus data sets, but designing studies that produce meaningful phylogeographic inferences remains challenging. We implemented a Bayesian model comparison approach to investigate previous biogeographic hypotheses while simultaneously inferring the presence of genetic structure in a chorus frog species complex. The Illinois chorus frog (Pseudacris illinoensis), originally described as a subspecies of the broadly distributed Strecker's chorus frog (Pseudacris streckeri), occurs in small, disjunct regions associated with scarce sand prairie habitats that have been impacted by human development. We used high-throughput sequencing to develop and collect a multitiered genetic data set comprised of three different marker types (23 anonymous nuclear sequence loci, four mitochondrial genes and 14 microsatellite loci) designed to address questions across different evolutionary timescales. Phylogenetic analyses uncovered a deep divergence between populations in the Edwards Plateau of central Texas and all other P. streckeri/P. illinoensis populations, but suggest the disjunct distribution of P. illinoensis occurred more recently. Our best-supported migration model is consistent with the hypothesis that central Texas represented a refugium from which populations expanded via multiple routes. This model also indicates that disjunct northern and southern regions of P. illinoensis should be considered genetically distinct management units. Our study provides an evolutionary context for future studies and conservation efforts in P. illinoensis and demonstrates the utility of model-based approaches for phylogeographic inference.
Data from: Species tree estimation of North American chorus frogs (Hylidae: Pseudacris) with parallel tagged amplicon sequencing
The field of phylogenetics is changing rapidly with the application of high-throughput sequencing to non-model organisms. Cost-effective use of this technology for phylogenetic studies, which often include a relatively small portion of the genome but several taxa, requires strategies for genome partitioning and sequencing multiple individuals in parallel. In this study we estimated a multilocus phylogeny for the North American chorus frog genus Pseudacris using anonymous nuclear loci that were recently developed using a reduced representation library approach. We sequenced 27 nuclear loci and three mitochondrial loci for 44 individuals on 1/3 of an Illumina MiSeq run, obtaining 96.5% of the targeted amplicons at less than 20% of the cost of traditional Sanger sequencing. We found heterogeneity among gene trees, although four major clades (Trilling Frog, Fat Frog, crucifer, and West Coast) were consistently supported, and we resolved the relationships among these clades for the first time with strong support. We also found discordance between the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets that we attribute to mitochondrial introgression and a possible selective sweep. Bayesian concordance analysis in BUCKy and species tree analysis in *BEAST produced largely similar topologies, although we identify taxa that require additional investigation in order to clarify taxonomic and geographic range boundaries. Overall, we demonstrate the utility of a reduced representation library approach for marker development and parallel tagged sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq for phylogenetic studies of non-model organisms.
Data from: Sunrise in the city: disentangling drivers of the avian dawn chorus onset in urban greenspaces
Urban systems are known to have a number of effects on avian richness, density, and morphological and behavioral traits. However, no study to date has simultaneously examined the wide range of urban variables in relation to the avian dawn chorus, a complex behavioral phenomenon. Previous studies investigating adjustments of the dawn chorus onset in urban settings have mainly been confined to relationships with noise and light levels. In addition to noise and light levels, in this study we included other potentially related environmental characteristics describing vegetation structure, urban infrastructure, and human activity, all of which have been shown to be drivers of bird diversity in urban areas. We conducted dawn chorus surveys at 38 Los Angeles urban greenspaces and used a classification and regression tree analysis to identify specific urban scenarios that best explained timing differences in the dawn chorus onset. Our results show that light level was the most important variable related to the dawn chorus onset time, in which, counter-intuitively, bird communities in greenspaces with higher light levels had later onsets. In addition, noise was an important factor for the chorus onset in greenspaces with higher light levels. Although our results differ from those of previous studies, these findings highlight the importance of noise and light levels in explaining dawn chorus onset variation, indicating the need for further research in untangling this complex and ecologically important phenomenon.
Data from: Hierarchical Hybrid Enrichment: multi-tiered genomic data collection across evolutionary scales, with application to chorus frogs (Pseudacris)
Determining the optimal targets of genomic sub-sampling for phylogenomics, phylogeography, and population genomics remains a challenge for evolutionary biologists. Of the available methods for sub-sampling the genome, hybrid enrichment (sequence capture) has become one of the primary means of data collection for systematics, due to the flexibility and cost efficiency of this approach. Despite the utility of this method, information is lacking as to what genomic targets are most appropriate for addressing questions at different evolutionary scales. In this study, first we compare the benefits of target loci developed for deep- and shallow-scales by comparing these loci at each of three taxonomic levels: within a genus (phylogenetics), within a species (phylogeography) and within a hybrid zone (population genomics). Specifically, we target evolutionary conserved loci that are appropriate for deep phylogenetic scales and more rapidly evolving loci that are informative for phylogeographic and population genomic scales. Second, we assess the efficacy of targeting multiple locus sets for different taxonomic levels in the same hybrid enrichment reaction, an approach we term hierarchical hybrid enrichment. Third, we apply this approach to the North American chorus frog genus Pseudacris to answer longstanding evolutionary questions across taxonomic and temporal scales. We demonstrate that in this system the type of genomic target that produces the most resolved gene trees differs depending on the taxonomic level, although the potential for error is substantially lower for the deep-scale loci at all levels. We successfully recover data for the two different locus sets with high efficiency. Using hierarchical data targeting deep and shallow levels, we (a) resolve the phylogeny of the genus Pseudacris and introduce a novel visual and hypothesis-testing method that uses nodal heat maps to examine the robustness of branch support values to the removal of sites and loci; (b) estimate the phylogeographic history of P. feriarum, which reveals five independent invasions of sympatry by this species to form replicated reinforcement contact zones with P. nigrita with ongoing gene flow into sympatry; and (c) quantify with high confidence the frequency of hybridization in one of these zones between P. feriarum and P. nigrita, which is much lower than previously found by microsatellite-based studies. We find that the hierarchical hybrid enrichment approach offers an efficient, multi-tiered data collection method for simultaneously addressing questions spanning multiple evolutionary scales.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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