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39 results for “chromosomal speciation”
Data from: Bounds to parapatric speciation: A dobzhansky-muller incompatibility model involving autosomes, X chromosomes and mitochondria
We investigate the conditions for the origin and maintenance of postzygotic isolation barriers, so called (Bateson-)Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities or DMIs, among populations that are connected by gene flow. Specifically, we compare the relative stability of pairwise DMIs among autosomes, X chromosomes, and mitochondrial genes. In an analytical approach based on a continent-island framework, we determine how the maximum permissible migration rates depend on the genomic architecture of the DMI, on sex bias in migration rates, and on sex-dependence of allelic and epistatic effects, such as dosage compensation. Our results show that X-linkage of DMIs can enlarge the migration bounds relative to autosomal DMIs or autosome-mitochondrial DMIs, in particular in the presence of dosage compensation. The effect is further strengthened with male-biased migration. This mechanism might contribute to a higher density of DMIs on the X chromosome (large X-effect) that has been observed in several species clades. Furthermore, our results agree with empirical findings of higher introgression rates of autosomal compared to X-linked loci.
Data from: Speciation genomics and a role for the Z chromosome in the early stages of divergence between Mexican ducks and mallards
Speciation is a continuous and dynamic process, and studying organisms during the early stages of this process can aid in identifying speciation mechanisms. The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Mexican duck (A. [p.] diazi) are two recently diverged taxa with a history of hybridization and controversial taxonomy. To understand their evolutionary history, we conducted genomic scans to characterize patterns of genetic diversity and divergence across the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, 3523 autosomal loci and 172 Z-linked sex chromosome loci. Between the two taxa, Z-linked loci (ΦST = 0.088) were 5.2 times more differentiated than autosomal DNA (ΦST = 0.017) but comparable to mtDNA (ΦST = 0.092). This elevated Z differentiation deviated from neutral expectations inferred from simulated data that incorporated demographic history and differences in effective population sizes between marker types. Furthermore, 3% of Z-linked loci, compared to <0.1% of autosomal loci, were detected as outlier loci under divergent selection with elevated relative (ΦST) and absolute (dXY) estimates of divergence. In contrast, the ratio of Z-linked and autosomal differentiation among the seven Mexican duck sampling locations was close to 1:1 (ΦST = 0.018 for both markers). We conclude that between mallards and Mexican ducks, divergence at autosomal markers is largely neutral, whereas greater divergence on the Z chromosome (or some portions thereof) is likely the product of selection that has been important in speciation. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature indicating elevated divergence on the Z chromosome and its likely importance in avian speciation.
Data from: Standing chromosomal variation in Lake Whitefish species pairs: the role of historical contingency and relevance for speciation
The role of chromosome changes in speciation remains a debated topic, although demographic conditions associated with divergence should promote their appearance. We tested a potential relationship between chromosome changes and speciation by studying two Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) lineages that recently colonized postglacial lakes following allopatry. A dwarf limnetic species evolved repeatedly from the normal benthic species, becoming reproductively isolated. Lake Whitefish hybrids experience mitotic and meiotic instability, which may result from structurally divergent chromosomes. Motivated by this observation, we test the hypothesis that chromosome organization differs between Lake Whitefish species pairs using cytogenetics. While chromosome and fundamental numbers are conserved between the species (2n = 80, NF = 98), we observe extensive polymorphism of subtle karyotype traits. We describe intrachromosomal differences associated with heterochromatin and repetitive DNA, and test for parallelism among three sympatric species pairs. Multivariate analyses support the hypothesis that differentiation at the level of subchromosomal markers mostly appeared during allopatry. Yet we find no evidence for parallelism between species pairs among lakes, consistent with colonization effect or postcolonization differentiation. The reported intrachromosomal polymorphisms do not appear to play a central role in driving adaptive divergence between normal and dwarf Lake Whitefish. We discuss how chromosomal differentiation in the Lake Whitefish system may contribute to the destabilization of mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation in hybrids, as documented previously. The chromosome structures detected here are still difficult to sequence and assemble, demonstrating the value of cytogenetics as a complementary approach to understand the genomic bases of speciation.
Figure 4 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 4 - Comparison of the 3L polytene chromosome arm of a Bactrocera tryoni and b Bactrocera dorsalis s.s.. Dot lines connect characteristic landmarks of the two chromosomes.
Figure 1 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 1 - a, b Polytene nuclei of Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. from China. Chromosome arms are shown. Tips are marked with arrows and centromeres are indicated with 'C'.
Figure 5 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 5 - Comparison of the 4L polytene chromosome arms of a Bactrocera tryoni and b Bactrocera dorsalis s.s.. Dot lines connect characteristic landmarks of the two chromosomes.
Figure 3 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 3 - Characteristic asynapsis in the 3L, close to the tip region, observed in Bactrocera dorsalis colony derived from China. a almost completely synapsed region b–d asynapses of the same region; asterisks (*) indicate the specific region.
Figure 2 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 2 - a–e Characteristic asynapsis in 5R chromosome arm, close to the centromere (regions 73–74), observed in the Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. colony derived from China. Asterisks (*) mark the asynaptic region, while 'C' marks the 5R centromere.
Figure 8 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 8 - a, b Polytene nuclei derived from the F1 Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. × Bactrocera tryoni hybrids. Chromosome arms are indicated. Tips are marked with arrows and centromeres are indicated with 'C'. Note the overall banding pattern homosequentiallity and the presence of limited asynapses.
Figure 9 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 9 - a–e Part of the 2R chromosome arm including the fixed inversion. Photos derived from different polytene chromosome preparations. Asterisks (*) indicate the inversion breakpoints. 'C' indicates the 2R centromere.
Figure 7 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 7 - The inverted region on the 2R polytene arm that differentiates Bactrocera tryoni from the five members of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex: a Bactrocera tryoni b Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. Dotted lines mark the chromosomal region involved in the inversion while arrows indicate the orientation.
Figure 6 from: Augustinos AA, Drosopoulou E, Gariou-Papalexiou A, Asimakis ED, Cáceres C, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Zacharopoulou A (2015) Cytogenetic and symbiont analysis of five members of the B. dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae): no evidence of chromosomal or symbiont-based speciation events. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 273-298. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9857
Figure 6 - Comparison of the 5L polytene chromosome arms of a Bactrocera tryoni and b Bactrocera dorsalis s.s.. Dot lines connect characteristic landmarks of the two chromosomes.
Data from: A test of the chromosomal rearrangement model of speciation in Drosophila pseudoobscura
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Data from: Experimental swap of Anopheles gambiae's assortative mating preferences demonstrates key role of X-chromosome divergence island in incipient sympatric speciation.
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Data from: Speciation genomics and a role for the Z chromosome in the early stages of divergence between Mexican ducks and mallards
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Data from: Bounds to parapatric speciation: A dobzhansky-muller incompatibility model involving autosomes, X chromosomes and mitochondria
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Data from: On the Coyne and Orr-igin of species: effects of intrinsic postzygotic isolation, ecological differentiation, X-chromosome size, and sympatry on Drosophila speciation
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Data from: Standing chromosomal variation in Lake Whitefish species pairs: the role of historical contingency and relevance for speciation
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Detecting shifts in the mode of chromosomal speciation across the cosmopolitan plant lineage Carex
<p>Data and code for the manuscript "Detecting shifts in the mode of chromosomal speciation across the cosmopolitan plant lineage <em>Carex</em>". </p>
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