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138 results for “cliff”
FIG. 8 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm.
FIG. 7. — Specimen MPV 2020.1.2 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 7. — Specimen MPV 2020.1.2, proximal end of left tibia of?Streptospondylus altdorfensis from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), medial (B), proximal (C), lateral (D), posterior (E) views. Abbreviations: cnc, cnemial crest; fc, fibular crest; ict, incisura tibialis. Scale bar: 5 cm.
FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471, right femur of an indeterminate Megalosauridae from H14 level of Marnes de Villers, in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views; proximal end in proximal view (C); distal end in proximal (D), medial (E) and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; gt, great trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; mdc, mesiodistal crest. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIG. 6 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 6. — Dorsal vertebrae of Streptospondylus altdorfensis from Vaches Noires cliffs. Specimen MNHN.F.RJN82 of the type specimen of Streptospondylus altdorfensis in right lateral (A) and ventral (B) views. Specimen MPV 2020.1.10 (Callovian or Oxfordian marls) in right lateral (C) and ventral (D) views. Specimen B5 (Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers), in right lateral (E) and ventral (F) views. Abbreviations:ddpc, double pleurocentral depression; vp, ventral plateau.Scale bars:5 cm.
FIG. 4 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 4. —?Streptospondylus altdorfensis, anterior cervical vertebra (MPV 2020.1.11), Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and right lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: ags, Actinostreon gregareum shell; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprf, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; dp, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; plr, pleurocoele; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm.
FIG. 1 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 1. — Vaches Noires cliffs synthetic log with studied specimen position. Grey interval indicates unclear provenance; dotted line is for easily recognizable Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers (modified from Dugué et al. 1998).
FIG. 2 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 2. — Megalosauroidea indet., left premaxilla (B1), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (A), medial (B) and posterior (C) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: snf, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm.
FIG. 5. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN472 in New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)
FIG. 5. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN472, anterior dorsal vertebra of Streptospondylus altdorfensis from Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers, in left lateral (A), posterior (B), dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: pcd, pleurocentral depression; pp, parapophysis; vp, ventral plateau. Scale bar: 5 cm.
Data and scripts for 'Sub-seasonal variability of supraglacial ice cliff melt rates and associated processes from time-lapse photogrammetry'
<p>This repository contains three zipped elements used in the study <em>Sub-seasonal variability of supraglacial ice cliff melt rates and associated processes from time-lapse photogrammetry (</em>https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-81):</p> <p>1. The time-lapse DEMs (original and flow-corrected), orthomosaics (not flow-corrected) and cliff outlines (original and flow-corrected) of the 24K and Langtang survey areas used in this study. The spatial resolution is the same as used in the analysis. These zipped files also contain a .csv file (time_selection.csv) indicating for each index (indicated in the file name) the serial date number in days (date origin January 0, 0000).</p> <p>2. The R and Python scripts (Scripts_final.zip) used to process the DEMs and orthomosaics from the time-lapse images as well as the script to calculate the slope-perpendicular melt. These scripts come with .csv and .txt files that serve as template for the required input data format.</p>
Ngozumpa Glacier Gokyo ice cliffs photographic surface model
<p>Data files of a photographic surface model of three ice cliffs exposed on the surface of the Ngozumpa Glacier ( 27°57′N, 85°42′E), Nepal, near the village of Gokyo.</p> <p>Details of how the data were produced:</p> <ul> <li>1160 full resolution JPEG images were used to make the difgital surface model (DSM)</li> <li>Photos were taken using Nikon D5000 with 100mm Tamron macro lens on 4th April 2016</li> <li>7 ground control points (GCPs) within the captured scene were used to scale and georeference the DSM</li> <li>GCPs were measured using a Trimble XH6000 with Tornado antenna as rover and a Trimble Geo7X with Zephyr antenna as a local base station</li> <li>Agisoft Photoscan (v1.26) was used to make the DSM using a SfM-MVS workflow</li> <li>Point pairs appearing in only one image pair and havoing a reprojection error grreater than 0.5 pixels were removed</li> <li>Model optimization was done using default parameters of f, b1, b2, cx, cy, k1-4, p1 and p2 and, as the lens distortion plot showed no extreme skewing or distortion, these optimization settings were accepted.</li> <li>The dense point cloud was generated using the ‘High’ quality setting with ‘Aggressive’ point filtering.</li> <li>The dense point cloud was then used directly to generate the DSM and orthomosaic at resolutions of 0.046 and 0.023 m respectively.</li> </ul> <p>Description of files:</p> <ul> <li><strong>GokyoIceCliffs_POINTCLOUD.txt:</strong> dense point cloud including the whole scene covered by the photographs. Format: x,y,z, text file, WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N.</li> <li><strong>GokyoIceCliffs_DSM_0.04.tif:</strong> 0.046 m resolution digital terrain model derived from the dense point cloud covering the area of interest including the 3 sampled ice cliffs. Format: TIFF WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N.</li> <li><strong>GokyoIceCliffs_ORTHO_0.04.tif: </strong>0.023 m resolution orthophoto covering the area of interest including the 3 sampled ice cliffs. Format: TIFF WGS 84 / UTM zone 45N.</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Fig. 4 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism
Fig. 4. Flow diagram explaining the peculiar patterns of remodelling seen in the Aust Cliff bones BRSMG Cb3869 and Cb3870. In a simple vascular canal, lamellar bone is deposited centripetally forming a primary osteon. In the Aust Cliff shafts, the inner lamellae of this primary osteon are later resorbed from the inside. When erosion stops before the entire primary osteon is resorbed, leaving a resorption line within the primary osteon, new lamellae can be deposited and a secondary osteon forms within the primary one. With ongoing resorption, an erosion cavity forms, the size of which exceeds the one of the former primary osteon. When resorption stops, deposition of lamellar bone can resume.
Fig. 1 in Unique bone histology in partial large bone shafts from Upper Triassic of Aust Cliff, England: An early independent experiment in gigantism
Fig. 1. Photographs in different views of long bone shafts of BRSMG Cb3870 (A) and Cb3869 (B) from the Westbury Formation of Aust Cliff near Bristol, UK; in anterior (A 1, B 1),?lateral (A 2, B 2), posterior (A 3, B 3),?medial (A 4, B 4), proximal (B 5) and distal (A 6, B 6) views; cut and ground surface in distal view (A 5). The specimens represent notably straight shafts of large long bones, presumably femora. Core sample location indicated by the black circle. Note that in BRSMG Cb3870 only a small area of outer bone surface is preserved, constraining the sample location. Modified from Galton (2005).
Text-fig. 3. a–g, i, j: Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Wyoming and Oregon. a, b: Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Enlarged lateral view of split wing displaying venation along outer edge. Note the seed present in the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023b. b: Enlarged lateral view of split wing containing seeds within the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023c. c: Lateral view of fruit from White Cliffs, Oregon. UF 262-17690. d: Lateral view of fruit from West Branch Creek, Oregon. UF 229-53091. in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America
Text-fig. 3. a–g, i, j: Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Wyoming and Oregon. a, b: Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Enlarged lateral view of split wing displaying venation along outer edge. Note the seed present in the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023b. b: Enlarged lateral view of split wing containing seeds within the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023c. c: Lateral view of fruit from White Cliffs, Oregon. UF 262-17690. d: Lateral view of fruit from West Branch Creek, Oregon. UF 229-53091.
Text-fig. 1. Distribution map for Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov. showing the Kisinger Lakes (KL) sites of the Tepee Trail Formation in Wyoming and Clarno Formation localities in Oregon – West Branch Creek (WBC) and White Cliffs (WC). in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America
Text-fig. 1. Distribution map for Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov. showing the Kisinger Lakes (KL) sites of the Tepee Trail Formation in Wyoming and Clarno Formation localities in Oregon – West Branch Creek (WBC) and White Cliffs (WC).
Text-fig. 3. Stratigraphic section through part of the Ashawq Formation at the Omanitherium type locality, Dhofar Governorate, Oman. Beds A–D are indurated cliff-forming strata identified in the accompanying field photographs (Textfigs 4, 5). Note the increase in marine influence as one ascends through the section, the fauna in Beds A and B being dominated by freshwater molluscs and land snails, with few brackish water specimens, whereas the biota in Bed D is frankly marine with a single specimen of the freshwater snail Pila. Bed C yielded Vermetus, oysters and sponges, but also contains abundant land snails and a low diversity of freshwater gastropods. in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds
Text-fig. 3. Stratigraphic section through part of the Ashawq Formation at the Omanitherium type locality, Dhofar Governorate, Oman. Beds A–D are indurated cliff-forming strata identified in the accompanying field photographs (Textfigs 4, 5). Note the increase in marine influence as one ascends through the section, the fauna in Beds A and B being dominated by freshwater molluscs and land snails, with few brackish water specimens, whereas the biota in Bed D is frankly marine with a single specimen of the freshwater snail Pila. Bed C yielded Vermetus, oysters and sponges, but also contains abundant land snails and a low diversity of freshwater gastropods.
Data for 'Controls on Ice Cliff Distribution and Characteristics on Debris-Covered Glaciers'
<p>This dataset contains ice cliff, pond, debris, glacier and crevasse zone outlines (as shapefiles) derived for the study 'Controls on Ice Cliff Distribution and Characteristics on Debris-Covered Glaciers'.</p> <p>They were outlined from 14 Pléiades multi-spectral images (see Methods and tables in corresponding manuscript and SI) acquired at the dates indicated in the corresponding folder names.</p> <p>The majority of the Pléiades stereo-pairs used were provided by Etienne Berthier via the Pléiades Glacier Observatory (PGO) initiative of the French Space Agency (CNES). The remaining images were acquired through the CNES ISIS Programme. </p>
McMurdo Dry Valleys Garwood Ice Cliff Meteorological Station Monthly Averages, 2012-
 As part of the Long Term Ecological Research in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, meteorological data was collected from various locations throughout Beacon, Taylor, Wright and Victoria Valleys. These files contain averages derived from data for the Garwood Ice Cliff meteorology station. This station reported data for about a year, during 2011. On January 10, 2012 the station was being transferred to the custody of the MCM LTER program by Joe Levy (UT), completing of the handover on the Austral summer of 2014. The GAFM station was moved ~5 m from its original site in 2013 (out of the stream bed). GAFM no longer used, dismantled.
Data from: Parasites favor intermediate nestling masses and brood sizes in cliff swallows
A challenge of life-history theory is to explain why animal body size does not continue to increase, given various advantages of larger size. In birds, body size of nestlings and the number of nestlings produced (brood size) have occasionally been shown to be constrained by higher predation on larger nestlings and those from larger broods. Parasites also are known to have strong effects on life-history traits in birds, but whether parasitism can be a driver for stabilizing selection on nestling body size or brood size is unknown. We studied patterns of first-year survival in cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in western Nebraska in relation to brood size and nestling body mass in nests under natural conditions and in those in which hematophagous ectoparasites had been removed by fumigation. Birds from parasitized nests showed highest first-year survival at the most common, intermediate brood-size and nestling-mass categories, but cliff swallows from non-parasitized nests had highest survival at the heaviest nestling masses and no relationship with brood size. A survival analysis suggested stabilizing selection on brood size and nestling mass in the presence (but not in the absence) of parasites. Parasites apparently favor intermediate offspring size and number in cliff swallows and produce the observed distributions of these traits, although the mechanisms are unclear. Our results emphasize the importance of parasites in life-history evolution.
Sea cliffs 3
Sandstone cliffs with an old searchlight emplacement and a fault line, below JF Kennedy memorial park, Castor Bay, Auckland, New Zealand. My 3D model generated with photogrammetry software 3DF Zephyr v4.351 processing 20 images Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Brennan Rail - Cliffe
Derelict launch rail for Brennan torpedo at Cliffe fort on the Thames estuary, Kent, England. Model of Cliffe Fort showing the context here : https://skfb.ly/opnNV Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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