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FIG. 8 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 8. — In situ spores of Lygodium hians E.Fournier, scanning electron microscope images, uncoated FEGSEM: A, spore showing verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament (preparation from specimen Nr. 00.nov.00 01836, Herb. Leiden), SEM stub now deposited in Leiden; B, spore showing verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament (preparation from specimen MNHN P00630569, Herb. P., SEM stub now deposited in Paris. Scale bars: A, 30 µm; B, 50 µm.

FIG. 7 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 7. — Isolated spores of Lygodium hians E.Fournier, light microscope images; preparation from specimen from Mt. Panié, New Caledonia (Nr. 00.nov.00 01836, Herb. Leiden). Slides now deposited in Leiden:A, spore with perispore showing verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament; B, spore lacking perispore, showing clear margo adjacent to trilete laesurae; C, perispore isolated from spore showing thick and robust structure and verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament. Scale bars: 50 µm.

FIG. 5 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 5. — Blade details in Lygodium hians E.Fournier from Plateau de Dogny, New Caledonia: A, long blades from Figure 2A showing morphology and basal dichotomies; B, blade from Figure 2A showing various arrangements of lateral vein departure from mid-vein, open dichotomous venation with up to two dichotomies, and denticulate margin with vein endings not related to position of marginal teeth; C, tip of short blade from right frond in Figure 2A showing insect damage and wound reaction tissue. Page 23222, Herb E. Scale bars: A, 1cm; B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 4. — Herbarium sheets from other collections of Lygodium hians E.Fournier including lectotype: A, herbarium sheet of Lygodium hians from Mt. Arembo (New Caledonia) showing both a dichotomous determinate ground-clothing frond and a climbing fertile frond, the latter with terminal and sub-terminal sorophores (MNHN, P00630569, Herb. P); B, lectotype of Lygodium hians from Mt. Humboldt (New Caledonia), showing a climbing frond with terminal and subterminal sorophores (MNHN, P00523232, Herb.P). Sheet height: 42 cm.

FIG. 3 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 3. — Sporeling plant of typical Lygodium Sw. (L. reticulatum Schkuhr.) showing typical progression of juvenile dichotomous growth more or less immediately into climbing-frond form, collected at lower altitude (c. 25 m) in New Caledonia. Hadfield 76, Herb E. Height (h): 10 cm.

FIG. 2 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 2. — Dichotomous form of ground-clothing fronds of Lygodium hians E.Fournier: A, herbarium sheet of specimens from Plateau de Dogny showing blade form. The reduced length of some blades (right frond and right blade pair of centre frond) is due to extensive insect feeding damage (detail in Fig. 5C). Page 23222, Herb. E; B, stylised diagram of end and side view showing characteristic structure. Abbreviations: a, abscission zones; b, blades; d, double true-dichotomies at top of main stipe; h, height 15 (9-20) cm; S, stipe, distance between stipes 8-15 cm. Scale bar: A, 4 cm.

FIG. 1 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 1. — Forest habitat (A) and forest floor (B) of the Lygodium hians E.Fournier colony on Plateau de Dogny, c. 710 m, New Caledonia.; A, natural vegetation showing temperate character of relatively open, mature forest community (lacking, for example, in such tropical fern families as Cyatheaceae and Gleicheniaceae, which are abundant at lower, more tropical altitudes). The surrounding nearby forest-floor vegetation also contains abundant Blechnum L. ferns; B, fronds of part of the colony, showing predominance of typically dichotomous-bladed vegetative frond growth, with some variation in blade form. The conifer seedling is Austrotaxus spicata Compton.

FIG. 6 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 6. — Sorophores and sporangia from Lygodium hians E.Fournier, scanning electron microscope images, uncoated FEGSEM. Preparation from specimen from Mt. Panié, New Caledonia (Nr. 00.nov.00 01836, Herb. Leiden). SEM stubs now deposited in Leiden. A, sorophores situated on laminar protrusions and bearing 5-6 single indusiate sporangia in two rows; B, detail of part of sorophore showing indusiate sporangia; C, detail from A showing apical annulus of sporangium; D, detail from A showing longitudinal dehiscence of sporangium revealing verrucate to irregularly reticulate spores. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; C, D, 200 µm.

FIG. 10 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 10. — Scenario for the predominance of the climbing frondform of Lygodium Sw., developing from a basic dichotomous structure. A, a theoretical initial stage in which a series of simple sequenced dichotomies form a successive set in which left and right branches become alternatively indefinitely developed; B, the shorter branches of each non-continuing dichotomy are each soon 'stopped' from further indefinite development by establishment of a non-continuing terminal bud, but with a lateral 'pinna' pair of definite growth forming a pseudo-dichotomy; C, the typical frond-form in most modern Lygodium species in which each noncontinuing dichotomous branch and its arresting bud are eventually reduced to nothing. Paired 'pinnae' only remain, and these may bear further sets of foliage in successive complex 'pinna' arrangement developments in individual species.

Figure 18 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 18. Strict consensus tree of two most-parsimonious trees resulting from a heuristic search using the computer program NONA version 2.0 (tree length = 157, consistency index = 0.42, retention index = 0.56) showing the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. with other Tardigrada.

Figure 17 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 17. Drawings of the cuboid and posterior digits of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, right cuboid in posterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the right), lateral (dorsal towards the top, posterior towards the left), and anterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. D, E, left Mt III in anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) and posterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. F, G, right Mt V in medial (anterior towards the top, plantar towards the left) and dorsal (anterior towards the top, medial towards the left) views, respectively. H, left third posterior digit in lateral view (dorsal towards the top, anterior towards the left) with from left to right P3–[P2 missing]–P1–Mt III. Astf, astragalus facet; Calf, calcaneum facet; Cubf, cuboid facet; Ectf, ectocuneiform facet; lw, lateral wing; Mt II–Vf, metatarsals 2–5 facets; plp, plantar process; P1f, first phalanx facet; Pf?, phalanx facet? Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 16 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 16. Photographs (A, C–H) and a drawing (B) of the left calcaneum in dorsal view (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left) of: A, Megatherium urbinai (MUSM 15, reversed from the original) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco, Peru (Pujos & Salas, 2004a); B, Megalonyx jeffersonii [LACM 20095, modified from Stock (1925)] from the Quaternary of North America; C, Pliometanastes protistus [UF 9437, from Hirschfeld & Webb (1968) reversed from the original] from the Early Hemphillian (Middle Pliocene) of Florida, USA; D, Acratocnus ye [UF 170269, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; E, Neocnus dousman [UF 170291, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; F, Neocnus toupiti [UF 170443, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; G, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 16876, modified from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959)] from the Quaternary of Cuba; H, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen) from the Lujanian (Late Pleistocene) of Piedra Escrita site, Cupisnique Desert, Peru. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 15 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 15. Left astragali in dorsal (A–G, posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), plantar (H–N, posterior towards the top, medial towards the right), and distal (O–S, dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) views of: A, H, O, Megatherium urbinai (MUSM 15) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco, Peru (Pujos & Salas, 2004a); B, I, P, Planops martini (cast of BMNH M-9214) from the lower Miocene of Cap Fairweather, Patagonia, Argentina (Hoffstetter, 1961: 61); C, J, Q, Hapalops sp. (MNHN SCZ 168, unpublished astragalus) from the Santacrucian (Early Middle Miocene) of Río Coyle, Patagonia, Argentina; D, K, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 49984, from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959) reversed from the original] from the Pleistocene of Cuba; E, L, Pliometanastes protistus [UF 9440, from Hirschfeld & Webb (1968)] from the Early Amphillian (Middle Pliocene) of Florida, USA; F, M, R, Xyophorus villarroeli (MNHN ACH 15, reversed from the original) from the Huayquerian (Late Miocene) of Achiri, Bolivian Altiplano (St-André, 1996: fig. 8); G, N, S, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen) from the Lujanian (Late Pleistocene) of Piedra Escrita site, Cupisnique Desert, Peru. The arrows underline the transformation of the astragalar morphology: A–G, the angle between the principal axis of the discoid and odontoid processes and the position of the 'stud' relative to the principal axis of the discoid facet; H–N, extension(s) of the ectal facet; O–S, the angle between the surfaces of the discoid and odontoid facets. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 13 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 13. Photographs of the innominate of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen), in dorsal (A, anterior towards the top), ventral (B, anterior towards the top), and left lateral (C, anterior towards the left) views. acf, acetabular fossa; il, ilium; sa, sacrum; sv1–sv6(?), first to possible sixth sacral vertebrae; vfb; vertebral foramen of the body (passage of vertebral veins). In (C), the arrows outline the inclination of the ilium relative to the sacrum. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 14 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 14. Drawings of calcaneum and astragalus of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, left calcaneum in dorsal (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), plantar (posterior towards the top, medial towards the right), and anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) views, respectively. D–F, left astragalus in anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left), dorsal (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), and plantar (posterior towards the top, medial towards the right) views, respectively. ass, astragalar sulcus; asst, astragalar sustentaculum; Astf, astragalar facets; Calf, calcaneal facets; Cubf, cuboid facet; df, discoid facet; dplf, dorsoplantar foramen; ectf, ectal facet; Fibf, fibular facet; Navf, navicular facet; of, odontoid facet; stf, sustentacular facet; tc, tuber calcanei; Tibf, tibial facets (astragalar trochlea). Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 11 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 11. Drawings and photographs of the left (A, B) and right (C, D) manus in dorsal view (proximal towards the top) of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). Cun, cuneiform; Lun, lunar; Mc II–IV, metacarpals 2–4; P3-III, ungual phalanx of the third digit; Sc, scaphoid; Unc, unciform. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 9 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 9. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the arm (scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, and some elements of the hand) of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi, showing areas of musculature origins and insertions. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 8 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 8. Photographs of the pectoral girdle and long bones of the forelimb of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, B, right scapula in lateral (dorsal towards the top, posterior towards the left) and anterior (anterior towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. C, proximal articular facets of the right ulna in anterodistal view, to observe the orientation of the radial notch relative to the coronoid process. D–F, right ulna in lateral, anterior, and medial views, respectively. G–I, right radius in anterior, lateral, and posterior views, respectively. ac, acromion; acr, anterior crests of the radius; ap, anconeal process; cd, capitular depression; corp, coronoid process; cp, coracoid process; csf, coracoscapular foramen; drc, distal radial contact; duc; distal ulnar contact; gap, groove for tendon of the abductor pollicis longus; gec, groove for the M. extensor carpi radialis; gf, glenoid fossa; he, head; ic, interosseous crest; isf, infraspinous fossa; Lunf, lunar facet; ne, neck; nf, nutrient foramen; ol, olecranon; psf, postscapular fossa; rn, radial notch; rt, radial tuberosity; sbsf, subscapular fossa; Scf, scaphoid facet; sn, styloid notch; sp, styloid process; ssf, supraspinous fossa; ss, scapular spine; sss, secondary scapular spine; trn, trochlear notch; Ulf, ulnar facet; Uncf?, unciform facet. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 4 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 4. Photographs of the skull of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, anterior portion of the skull in lateral view (anterior towards the left), B, C, posterior portion of the skull in lateral and occipital views, respectively. caf, carotidian foramen; eam, external auditory meatus; ent, entotympanic; eop, external occipital protuberance; fm, foramen magnum; foo, foramen ovale; fr, frontal; frpas, frontoparietal suture; itap, interparietal process; max, maxilla; M1a–M4a, alveolae of the anterior four upper molariform teeth; M5, fifth upper molariform tooth; oc, occipital condyle; ocr, occipital crest; pa, parietal; pasos, parietosupraoccipital suture; pmp, pars mastoidea of the periotic; pp, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; so; supraoccipital; sqpas, squamosoparietal suture; zpm, zygomatic process of the maxilla, zps, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 10 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 10. Photographs (A–H, K–L) and drawings (I, J, M–O) of right humeri in anterior (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O) and posterior (B, D, F, H, J, L, N) views of: A–D, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. [A, B, holotype NMR-PZ M4286 from Casa del Diablo cave, after Nordenskiöld (1908: fig. 2); C, D, referred material MNHN CPN 9–1 from Piedra Escrita, Cupisnique Desert, reversed from the original]. E, F, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 49969, reversed from the original, modified from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959: fig. 14)]. G, H, Parocnus browni [AMNH 49918, modified from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959: figs 32.1, 33.1)]. I, J, Acratocnus ye [UF 75528, reversed from the original, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b: fig. 6A, B)]. K–L, Eucholoeops ingens (FMNH P13125). M, N, Pliometanastes prostitus [UCMP 97371, reversed from the original, modified from Hirschfeld (1981: fig. 4)]. O, Megalonyx jeffersonii [LACM 21003, reversed from the original, modified from Stock (1925)]. c, capitulum; dc, deltopectoral crest; gt, greater tubercle; he, head; le, lateral epicondyle; lt, lesser tubercle; me, medial epicondyle; olf, olecranon fossa, raf, radial fossa; tr, trochlea. Scale bar = 2 cm for all the humeri except Megalonyx (10 cm).