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93 results for “complementarity”
Data & Code from: Crop mixtures: does niche complementarity hold for belowground resources? an experimental test using rice genotypic pairs
<p>Data & Code for the study "Crop mixtures: does niche complementarity hold for belowground resources? an experimental test using rice genotypic pairs"</p> <p>Data:<br> "Rice_traits.csv": this file contains trait and productivity data measured at the individual plant level. It has one row per plant and one column per trait.</p> <p>Column headers:<br> "IDplant": unique plant identifier (1 to 200)<br> "IDpot": pot identifier with two plants per pot (1 to 100)<br> "Bloc": bloc identifier, with 20 pots per bloc (A, B, C, D, E)<br> "Treatment": P0 vs P+ = no P supply vs P supply<br> "Asso": pot type, either monoculture (M) or mixture (P)<br> "IDcouple": concatenation of the identifiers of the two genotypes in a pot (I64 = IR64, I64+=IR64 introgressed with QTL9, Pdi=Padi, Ktn=Ketan)<br> "IDgeno": focal genotype identifier (I64 = IR64, I64+=IR64 introgressed with QTL9, Pdi=Padi, Ktn=Ketan)<br> "IDnei": neighbour genotype identifier (I64 = IR64, I64+=IR64 introgressed with QTL9, Pdi=Padi, Ktn=Ketan)<br> "BIOM_above": aboveground biomass (g)<br> "Tillers": number of tillers<br> "PH": Plant height (cm)<br> "Biovolume": biovolume (m3)<br> "SLA": Specific Leaf Area (m2/kg)<br> "RB_top": Root biomass between 0 and 20 cm below the soil surface(g)<br> "RB_deep: Root biomass between 20 and 60 cm below the soil surface(g) (!!! Only measured at the pot-level)<br> "D_ad"/"D_bas": Mean root diameter (mm) of adventitious/basal roots, respectively<br> "SRL_ad"/"SRL_bas": Specific Root Length (m/g) of adventitious/basal roots, respectively<br> "RTD_ad"/"RTD_bas": Root Tissue Density (mg/cm3) of adventitious/basal roots, respectively<br> "RBI_ad"/"RBI_bas": Root Branching Intensity (nb tips/cm) of adventitious/basal roots, respectively<br> "PfR_ad"/"PfR_bas": Proportion of fine roots (diameter < 0.1 mm) (%) in adventitious/basal roots, respectively</p> <p>Code:<br> "Rice_mixtures_analysis.R": this file contains the main statisticl analysis presented in the study. It uses "Rice_traits.csv" as an input.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Planting design influences green infrastructure performance: Plant species identity and complementarity in rain gardens
<p>Green infrastructure's capacity to mitigate urban environmental problems, like heat island effects and excessive stormwater runoff, is partially governed by its plant community. Traditionally, green infrastructure design has focused on engineered aspects, such as substrate and drainage, rather than on the properties of its living components. Since the functioning of these plant assemblages is controlled by ecophysiological processes which differ by species, the identity and relative abundance of the species used will influence green infrastructure performance. We used trait-based modeling to derive principles for the effective composition of green infrastructure plant assemblages, parameterizing our model using the vegetation and ecophysiological traits of the species within New York City rain gardens. Focusing on two plant traits that influence rain garden performance, leaf surface temperature and stomatal conductance, we simulated the cumulative temperature and transpiration for plant communities of differing species composition and diversity. The outcomes of the model demonstrate that plant species composition, species identity, selection effects, and interspecific complementarity increase green infrastructure performance much the way biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning in natural systems. More diverse assemblages resulted in more consistent transpiration and surface temperatures, with the former showing a positive, saturating curve as diversity increased. While the dominant factors governing individual species' leaf temperature were abiotic, transpiration was more influential at the community level, suggesting that plants within diverse communities may be cooler in aggregate than any individual species on its own. This implies green infrastructure should employ a variety of vegetation; particularly plants with different statures and physical attributes, such as low-growing ground covers, erect herbaceous perennials, and shrubs.</p>
Material Complementar de "Informações da Legislação nos websites das assembleias legislativas do Brasil: uma análise comparativa"
<p>Material Complementar de “Informações da Legislação nos websites das assembleias legislativas do Brasil: uma análise comparativa”</p> <p>a) Quadro descritivo dos critérios de avaliação</p> <p>b) Pontuação da avaliação dos websites</p> <p>c) Listagem dos websites das Assembléias Legislativas do Brasil</p>
Shifts in dominance and complementarity between sessile oak and beech along ecological gradients
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Data from: Shift in relative importance of complementarity and selection drives different effects of community evenness on richness-invasibility relationships
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Data from: Planting design influences green infrastructure performance: Plant species identity and complementarity in rain gardens
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Behavioural complementarity among frugivorous birds and lizards can promote plant diversity in island ecosystems
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Data from: Both the selection and complementarity effects underpin the effect of structural diversity on aboveground biomass in tropical forests
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Temporal stability of productivity is associated with complementarity and competitive intensities in intercropping
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Data from: Seasonally changing interactions of species traits of termites and trees promote complementarity in coarse wood decomposition
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Aridity and grazing are associated with reduced trait complementarity and higher invasion intensity of Solanum rostratum in native plant communities
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Data for: Wild bee communities benefit from temporal complementarity of hedges and flower strips in apple orchards
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Where are the bats? An environmental complementarity analysis in a megadiverse country
<p>Aim: Field surveys are necessary to overcome Wallacean shortfalls. The task is even more important when human pressure on tropical – megadiverse – ecosystems is considered. However, due to financial constraints, spatial and temporal prioritization is required. Here we used the concept of environmental complementarity to identify non-surveyed regions for bats that are environmentally different from other already surveyed regions. We highlighted regions in Brazil where field inventories could be conducted to locate new occurrences or even new bat species.</p> <p>Location: Brazil.</p> <p>Methods: We based our analysis on environmental characterization aiming to identify dissimilar regions to those already sampled for bats in Brazil. We used 21 environmental variables to characterize 1,531 unique localities where bats occur. Then, we applied the parameters of a generalised linear model (GLM) to extrapolate the expected values of the environmental variables for the entire country. We compared the predicted values of localities with newly described bat species occurrence against the values for other bat species.</p> <p>Results: We found that sites from which recently discovered species were described are environmentally distinct from the sites where previously described species occur. Therefore, new occurrences and even new species could be found in regions that are environmentally dissimilar from those already surveyed. By crossing the model with a human footprint map, we defined temporal priorities for field inventories. Regions such as the Northern Cerrado and Western Caatinga should be surveyed first. Similar approaches could be undertaken for other biological groups or regions, allowing the identification of spatial congruence and the development of a comprehensive national programme for biological field inventories. </p> <p>Main conclusion: Newly described species occurred in environments dissimilar to those previously identified, showing that environmental complementarity analysis is a valid approach to define priority regions for new bat inventories.</p>
From canopy complementarity to asymmetric competition: the negative relationship between structural diversity and productivity during succession
<p>1. Positive relationships between structural diversity and forest productivity have been documented in controlled experiments and early secondary forests, however, negative relationships have also been observed in late successional forests. The mechanisms causing observed relationships between structural diversity and productivity are not well established, but complementarity among crowns and asymmetric competition have been suggested.</p> <p>2. We used LiDAR and repeated census data to examine relationship between canopy structural diversity and productivity in nine 1-ha subtropical forest plots along a disturbance gradient in southeastern China. We quantified the relative importance of community composition, species diversity, canopy structural diversity, leaf area index (LAI), and disturbance regime on productivity using piecewise structural equation modelling. We also tested how vertical leaf area distribution effected productivity.</p> <p>3. Contrary to many prior observations, we found a negative relationship between canopy structural diversity and forest productivity. The negative effect may stem from asymmetric competition between overstory and understory leaves, leading to a lower leaf area efficiency (i.e., wood production per leaf area). Asymmetric competition was suggested by a negative relationship between understory leaf area and total productivity. Changes in community composition over the disturbance gradient, but not species diversity, had a significant effect on productivity.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study suggests that leaf area and canopy structural diversity have contrasting effects on productivity in this subtropical forest, and this need to be considered when estimating rates of carbon sequestration in secondary forests. The negative effect of asymmetric competition on productivity is comparable to that of the shift in species composition over succession, highlighting the role of canopy structural diversity in shaping forest productivity.</p>
Data from: The theory of island biogeography, the sample-area effect, and the habitat diversity hypothesis: complementarity in a naturally fragmented landscape of lake islands
Aim: Investigate relationships between fragmentation and species diversity in the context of the theory of island biogeography, sample-area effect, and habitat diversity hypothesis. Location: Lake of the Woods, Canada. Taxon: Vascular plants Methods: Vascular plant species diversity was inventoried on 30 islands, organized into two island sets. Each island set contained four size classes that varied in degree of fragmentation while controlling for the sample-area effect (small island set: 8×0.1-ha, 4×0.2-ha, 2×0.4-ha, and 1×0.8-ha islands; large island set: identical pattern utilizing 1.0-ha to 8.0-ha islands). Fragmentation effects were then examined using SLOSS-based analyses, addressing whether single large or several small islands contained more species: (1) direct comparisons of species and habitat richness across size classes; (2) extrapolations of species-area relationships; and (3) analyses of species and habitat accumulation curves. Multigroup path analysis was next used to quantify effects of habitat diversity, island area, and isolation on species richness for both island sets. Finally, pairwise and multiple-site dissimilarity was estimated for both species and habitats across 0.1-ha and 1.0-ha islands to investigate whether: (1) variation in species composition was related to habitat composition; and (2) species dissimilarity increased with inter-island distance. Results: SLOSS-based analyses indicated that several small islands contained more species than single large islands in both island sets. This pattern was also observed for habitats, but only in the small islands set. Path analysis suggested that island area had significant direct and indirect effects (mediated by habitat diversity) on species richness. Habitat diversity and island isolation had significant positive and negative effects on species richness, respectively, independent of island area. Species and habitat dissimilarities were significantly related across 0.1-ha but not 1.0-ha islands, and showed no relationship to inter-island distance. Main Conclusions: The overall positive relationship between fragmentation and species richness may be attributed to greater habitat diversity and increased species dissimilarity across smaller islands relative to larger islands. However, negative isolation effects indicate that landscape configuration is still an important conservation consideration. These results each align with different predictions of the theory of island biogeography, sample-area effect, and habitat diversity hypothesis, questioning the exclusivity of these theoretical frameworks.
Data from: Belowground complementarity effects in a grassland biodiversity experiment are related to deep-rooting species
1. Belowground resource partitioning is often proposed as the underlying mechanism for the positive relationship between plant species richness and productivity. For example, if species have different root distributions, a mixture of plant species may be able to use the available resources more completely than the individual species in a monoculture. However, there is little experimental evidence for differentiation in vertical root distributions among species and its contribution to biodiversity effects. 2. We determined species-specific root standing biomass over depth using molecular techniques (real time-qPCR) in a large grassland biodiversity experiment (1-8 plant species mixtures), in two years. Species-specific root biomass data were used to disentangle the effects of positive interactions between species (complementarity effects) and effects due to dominance of productive species (selection effects) on root biomass in mixtures. In a next step, these biodiversity effects were linked to the diversity of rooting depths and the averaged rooting depth of the community. 3. Root biomass increased with species richness. This was mainly due to positive interactions (the complementarity effect), which increased with species richness belowground. In contrast, the selection effect decreased with species richness. Although there was considerable variation in vertical root distribution between species in monocultures, the diversity of rooting strategies did not explain the complementarity effect. Rather, the abundance of deep-rooting species in mixtures (i.e. high community weighted mean) was significantly related to the complementarity effect. Comparing the 'predicted' root distribution (based on monocultures) to the actual distribution in mixtures, we found that mixtures rooted deeper than expected, but this did not better explain the complementarity effect. 4. Synthesis: This study demonstrates that vertical root distributions of species provide only subtle evidence for resource partitioning. We found no evidence that functional diversity in vertical rooting patterns was important for the complementarity effect, in contrast to our expectation that the enhancement of productivity was due to resource partitioning. Alternatively, we found significant but weak relationships between the complementarity effect and deep-rooting communities, based on the community weighted mean root distribution. This suggests that factors other than belowground resource partitioning alone may drive the biodiversity-productivity relationship.
Data from: Complementarity of statistical treatments to reconstruct worldwide routes of invasion: the case of the Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis
Inferences about introduction histories of invasive species remain challenging because of the stochastic demographic processes involved. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) can help to overcome these problems, but such method requires a prior understanding of population structure over the study area, necessitating the use of alternative methods and an intense sampling design. In this study, we made inferences about the worldwide invasion history of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis by various population genetics statistical methods, using a large set of sampling sites distributed over most of the species' native and invaded areas. We evaluated the complementarity of the statistical methods and the consequences of using different sets of site samples for ABC inferences. We found that the H. axyridis invasion has involved two bridgehead invasive populations in North America, which have served as the source populations for at least six independent introductions into other continents. We also identified several situations of genetic admixture between differentiated sources. Our results highlight the importance of coupling ABC methods with more traditional statistical approaches. We found that the choice of site samples could affect the conclusions of ABC analyses comparing possible scenarios. Approaches involving independent ABC analyses on several sample sets constitute a sensible solution, complementary to standard quality controls based on the analysis of pseudo-observed datasets, to minimize erroneous conclusions. This study provides biologists without expertise in this area with detailed methodological and conceptual guidelines for making inferences about invasion routes when dealing with a large number of sampling sites and complex population genetic structures.
Data from: Nonadditive effects of consumption in an intertidal macroinvertebrate community are independent of food availability but driven by complementarity effects
Suboptimal environmental conditions are ubiquitous in nature and commonly drive the outcome of biological interactions in community processes. Despite the importance of biological interactions for community processes, knowledge on how species interactions are affected by a limiting resource, e.g. low food availability, remains limited. Here, we tested whether variation in food supply causes non-additive consumption patterns, using the macroinvertebrate community of intertidal sandy beaches as a model system. We quantified isotopically labelled diatom consumption by three macroinvertebrate species (Bathyporeia pilosa, Haustorius arenarius and Scolelepis squamata) kept in mesocosms in either monoculture or a 3-species community at a range of diatom densities. Our results show that B. pilosa was the most successful competitor in terms of consumption at both high and low diatom density, while H. arenarius and especially S. squamata consumed less in a community than in their respective monocultures. Non-additive effects on consumption in this macroinvertebrate community were present and larger than mere additive effects, and similar across diatom densities. The underlying species interactions, however, did change with diatom density. Complementarity effects related to niche-partitioning were the main driver of the net diversity effect on consumption, with a slightly increasing contribution of selection effects related to competition) with decreasing diatom density. For the first time we showed that non-additive effects of consumption are independent of food availability in a macroinvertebrate community. This suggests that in communities with functionally different, and thus complementary, species, non-additive effects can arise even when food availability is low. Hence, at a range of environmental conditions, species interactions hold important potential to alter ecosystem functioning.
Data from: Pair complementarity influences reproductive output in the polymorphic black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus)
How multiple morphs are maintained within populations of colour polymorphic bird species remains a challenging question in evolutionary ecology. In some systems, differential productivity or survival between morphs are thought to play a role. Here we examine key demographic parameters between the two discrete adult morphs that characterise the polymorphic black sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus. Using long-term breeding and survival data from a population on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, we test for differences in reproductive performance between light and dark morphs, both in isolation and in combination with their partner morph and adult survival between morphs. We found that neither morph had a specific advantage in terms of productivity or survival. Despite this lack of difference between the individual morphs, we did however find that morph combination of adult pairs influenced productivity significantly, with mixed-pairs producing more offspring per year than pairs consisting of the same morph. The body condition of the offspring showed the opposite relationship, with nestlings of mixed-pairs having lower body condition than nestlings of like-pairs. While our results suggest an advantage of mating with the opposite morph, there was no evidence for disassortative mating; instead breeding pair morph combinations were random with respect to the background frequencies of the two morphs. Higher productivity of mixed-pairs may be the result of the complementary nature of care provided by the different morphs. We propose that differential foraging success between black sparrowhawk morphs under varying light conditions allows mixed-pairs to expand their foraging niche. We conclude that emergent pair-level properties may play an important role in promoting and maintaining polymorphism and may be important for other bird species which display bi-parental care.
Data from: Frugivore biodiversity and complementarity in interaction networks enhance landscape-scale seed dispersal function
1. Animal biodiversity matters for the provision of ecosystem functions derived from trophic activity. However, the mechanisms underlying this pattern remain elusive since animal abundance and diversity, which are the components commonly used for representing biodiversity, provide poor information about ecological complementarity in species assemblages. An approach based on species interaction networks may overcome this constraint. 2. Here, we relate frugivore biodiversity and frugivore-plant network structure with landscape-scale seed dispersal function. We sampled, for two years, and at fourteen plots with variable assemblages of frugivores and plants in the Cantabrian Range (N Spain), data on the abundance and diversity of frugivorous birds, the consumption of fleshy fruits of woody plants, and the landscape-scale patterns of avian seed deposition. As a measure of interaction complementarity in seed dispersal networks, we estimated the degree to which frugivore and plant species specialize in their interacting partners. 3. Specialization varied strongly across the seed dispersal networks of the different plots, being higher in networks harboring smaller bird species that dispersed mostly small-fruited plants, and also in networks with late-ripening, dominant fruiting species dispersed mostly by wintering birds. 4. Bird abundance markedly affected seed deposition. Plots harboring more birds received a higher density of dispersed seeds, and showed higher probabilities of seed arrival and seed deposition in open microhabitats. Bird diversity also had a positive effect on the density of dispersed seed and, to a lesser extent, seed arrival probability. Independently of frugivore abundance and diversity, the density of dispersed seeds increased in plots where seed dispersal networks showed a higher degree of specialization. 5. This study considers the structure of interaction networks to re-address the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, evidencing that specialization in frugivore-plant networks drives the large-scale process of seed dispersal. These results encourage the consideration of interaction complementarity as an underlying mechanism linking animal biodiversity and trophic-related functions.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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