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227 results for “demographic history”
Data from: Genetic diversity, demographic history and neo-sex chromosomes in the Critically Endangered Raso lark
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Population demographic history and evolutionary rescue: Influence of a bottleneck event
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Data from: Population structure, connectivity and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas
Knowledge of population structure, connectivity and effective population size remains limited for many marine apex predators, including the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. This large-bodied coastal shark is distributed worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and uses estuaries and rivers as nurseries. As an apex predator, the bull shark likely plays a vital ecological role within marine food webs, but is at risk due to inshore habitat degradation and various fishing pressures. We investigated the bull shark's global population structure and demographic history by analysing the genetic diversity of 370 individuals from 11 different locations using 25 microsatellite loci and three mitochondrial genes (CR, nd4, cytb). Both types of markers revealed clustering between sharks from the Western Atlantic and those from the Western Pacific and the Western Indian Ocean, with no contemporary gene flow. Microsatellite data suggested low differentiation between the Western Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, but substantial differentiation was found using mitochondrial DN A. Integrating information from both types of markers and using Bayesian computation with a random forest procedure (ABC-RF), this discordance was found to be due to a complete lack of contemporary gene flow. High genetic connectivity was found both within the Western Indian Ocean and within the Western Pacific. In conclusion, these results suggest important structuring of bull shark populations globally with important gene flow occurring along coastlines , highlighting the need for management and conservation plans on regional scales rather than oceanic basin scale.
Data from: Contrasting population structure and demographic history of cereal aphids in different environmental and agricultural landscapes
<p>Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms files and phylogonetic trees of S. miscanthi samples collected in China and S. avenae from the UK used to study the population genetics analyses of these species. These are:</p> <p>China_samples_vcf.zip: dataset of SNPs from S. miscanthi sampled in 10 populations of China obtained using FreeBayes (in vcf format).</p> <p>China_samples_vcf_filtered.zip: SNPs from S. miscanthi after filtering the file China_samples_vcf.zip using vcftools (max-missing 0.75, minDP 3, mac 3, minQ 30, remove-indels, thin 2000, max-missing 0.9, thin 5000). This file was used in all population genetic analyses of the Chinese populations in the paper, transforming to the appropriate formats.</p> <p>China_samples_SNPs.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs used to estimate the phylogeny of S. miscanthi haplotypes using RAxML.</p> <p>China_RAxML_phylogeny_newick.tre: RAxML phylogenetic tree in newick format obtained with China_samples_SNPs.fas.</p> <p>England_samples_vcf.zip: dataset of SNPs from S. avenae sampled in 12 populations of England obtained using FreeBayes (in vcf format).</p> <p>England_samples_vcf_filtered.zip: SNPs from S. avenae after filtering the file England_samples_vcf.zip using vcftools (max-missing 0.5, mac 3, minQ 30, minDP 3, max-missing 0.5, exclude individuals with 50% missing data, max-missing 0.75, remove-indels, thin 2000). This file was used in all population genetic analyses of the English populations in the paper, transforming the vcf to the corresponding formats.</p> <p>England_samples_SNPs.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs.</p> <p>England_samples_SNPs_polymorphic.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs used in the phylogenetic reconstruction of S. avenae haplotypes using RAxML. This file is the same as England_samples_SNPs.fas after removing sites which were not polymorphic (e.g. a site that contains N and T in different samples is not considered polymorphic for RAxML and has to be removed)</p> <p>England_RAxML_phylogeny_newick.tre: RAxML phylogenetic tree in newick format obtained with England_samples_SNPs_polymorphic.fas.</p>
Genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and demographic history of Cryptomeria (Cupressaceae), a Tertiary relict plant in East Asia based on RAD sequencing
<p>Genetic structure and distribution patterns of modern floras are strongly affected by climatic change and geographical isolation. In the present study, we applied restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to analyze the genetic structure and to simulate the demographic history of two extant <em>Cryptomeria</em> species in Japan (<em>C. japonica</em>) and Southeastern China (<em>C</em>. <em>japonica</em> var. <em>sinensis</em>). Thirteen natural populations representing the entire species distributed in East Asia were collected from Japan and China. At the species level, the genetic diversity of <em>Cryptomeria</em> was moderate (<em>H<sub>o</sub></em> = 0.217, <em>H<sub>e</sub></em> = 0.203) with a significant genetic differentiation among populations (85.30%, P < 0.001), especially between Japan and China lineages (<em>F</em><sub>ST</sub> = 0.147). Except for the Lushan (LS) population in China, all populations were clustered into two lineages (Japanese and Chinese), which was consistent with their geographical distribution. Approximate Bayesian computations (ABC) model indicated that the current two geographical lineages diverged from a common ancestral lineage and that their divergence time was about 0.417 ~ 0.139 million years ago (Mya). Geographical isolation, climate change in the Quaternary, and human disturbance played important roles in genetic variation and distribution patterns of <em>Cryptomeria</em> in East Asia. Our results shed light on the speciation processes of <em>Cryptomeria</em> and provide a reference for the conservation of this species.</p>
High quality genomes produced from single MinION flow cells clarify polyploid and demographic histories of critically endangered Fraxinus (ash) species
<p>With populations of threatened and endangered species declining worldwide, efforts are being made to generate high-quality genomic records of these species before they are lost forever. Here, we demonstrate that data from single Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION flow cells can, even in the absence of highly accurate short DNA-read polishing, produce high-quality <em>de novo</em> plant genome assemblies adequate for downstream analyses, such as synteny and ploidy evaluations, paleodemographic analyses, and phylogenomics. This study focuses on three North American ash tree species in the genus <em>Fraxinus</em> (Oleaceae) that were recently added to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as critically endangered. Our results support a whole genome triplication at the base of the Oleaceae as well as a subsequent whole genome duplication shared by <em>Syringa</em>, <em>Osmanthus</em>, <em>Olea, and Fraxinus</em>. Finally, we demonstrate the use of ONT long-read sequencing data to reveal patterns in demographic history.</p>
The genomes of Hercules beetles reveal putative adaptive loci and distinct demographic histories in pristine North American forests
<p><span>Beetles, despite their remarkable biodiversity and a long history of research, remain lacking in reference genomes annotated with structural variations of loci of adaptive significance. We sequenced and assembled high-quality chromosome-level genomes of four Hercules beetles which exhibit divergence in male horn size and shape, and body coloration. The four Hercules beetle genomes were assembled to 11 pseudo-chromosomes, where the three genomes assembled using Nanopore data (<em>Dynastes grantii,</em> <em>D. hyllus</em>, and <em>D. tityus</em>) were mapped to the genome assembled using PacBio + Hi-C data (<em>D. maya</em>). </span><span>We demonstrated a striking similarity in genome structure among the four species. This conservative genome structure may be attributed to our use of the <em>D. maya</em> assembly as the reference; however, it is worth noting that such a conservative genome structure is a recurring phenomenon among scarab beetles</span><span>. We further identified homologs of nine and three candidate-gene families that may be associated with the evolution of horn structure and body coloration, respectively. Structural variations in <em>Scr</em> and <em>Ebony2</em> were detected and discussed for their putative impacts on generating morphological diversity in beetles. We also reconstructed the demographic histories of the four Hercules beetles using heterozygosity information from the diploid genomes. We found that the demographic histories of the beetles closely recapitulated historical changes in suitable forest habitats driven by climate shifts. </span></p>
Data from: Phylogeographic and demographic patterns reveal congruent histories in seven Amazonian white-sand ecosystems birds
<p>Aim: As the most biodiverse region of the world, the drivers of genetic diversity in Amazonia are still poorly understood. It has been debated that species on distinct ecosystems will show unique biogeographic histories tied to their habitats which in turn help understand landscape climatic history in Amazonia. We studied bird species associated with patchy Amazonian white-sand ecosystems (WSE) to evaluate the occurrence of shared patterns and its relationship to species habitat preferences and Amazonian environmental and landscape history.</p> <p>Location: Northern South America; Amazonia.</p> <p>Taxon: Passerine birds.</p> <p>Methods: We sequenced Ultra-conserved Elements (UCEs) from 177 samples of seven bird species associated with WSE that have overlapping ranges. We used the SNP matrices and sequence data to estimate genetic structure patterns and migration surfaces using 'conStruct' and <em>eems</em>, perform model-selection to obtain the most probable demographic histories on 'PipeMaster', and implement analyses of shared demography with <em>ecoevolity</em>.</p> <p>Results: Shallow genetic structure patterns varied among species with the Amazon river being the only barrier shared among them. Population structure dates to no more than 450,000 years ago. We identified 17 geographically structured populations from which nine showed signals of population size changes and eight of these occur in Northern Amazonia. Population expansion was inferred at two distinct times: ~100,000 years ago and ~50,000 years ago. The timing of co-expanding populations is consistent with differences in habitat preference, as species that prefer dense scrubby to forested vegetation expanded more recently compared to species that prefer open vegetation.</p> <p>Main conclusions: We show that WSE species responded in concert to past environmental and landscape changes. Past population expansions were likely driven by the genesis of new WSE patches and a return to wetter conditions after glacial periods. Pleistocene climatic cycles affected the distribution and dynamics of open vegetation habitats in Amazonia, especially in the Northern region, driving genetic diversity and demographic patterns of its associated biota.</p>
Population structure, patterns of natal dispersal, and demographic history in a declining aerial insectivore, the purple martin Progne subis
<p>Genetic variation is a fundamental component of biodiversity, and studying population structure, gene flow, and demographic history can help guide conservation strategies for many species. Like other aerial insectivores, the purple martin (<em>Progne subis</em>) is in decline, and yet their genetic background remains largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed population structure in the nominate eastern subspecies (<em>P. s. subis</em>) with relation to natal dispersal and examined historical genetic patterns in all three subspecies (<em>P. s. subis, P. s. arboricola, P. s. hesperia</em>) across their North American breeding range by estimating effective population sizes over time. We used next-generation sequencing strategies for genomic analyses, integrating whole-genome resequencing data with continent-wide band encounter records to examine natal dispersal. We documented population structure across <em>P. s. subis</em>, with the highest differentiation between the northern (Alberta) and more southern colonies and following patterns of isolation-by-distance. Consistent with spatial patterns of genetic differentiation, we also found greater longitudinal than latitudinal natal dispersal distances, signifying potential latitudinal constraints on gene flow. Earlier contractions in effective population sizes in the western <em>P. s. arboricola</em> and <em>P. s. hesperia</em> compared to the eastern <em>P. s. subis</em> subspecies suggest these subspecies originated from two different glacial refugia. Together, these findings support latitudinal distinction in <em>P. s. subis</em>, and elucidate the origin of subspecies differentiation, highlighting the importance to conserve populations across the range to maximize genetic diversity and adaptive potential in the purple martin.</p>
The expression of demographic costs of reproduction varies among coexisting plants with different life history traits
<p><span>1. </span><span>Demographic costs of reproduction in flowering plants should depend on life history and reproductive effort, but how the expression of costs varies with life history traits is poorly understood.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We experimentally increased and reduced reproductive effort (fruit production) to quantify demographic costs of reproduction in four coexisting species with contrasting growth forms (clonal vs. nonclonal) and flower production (single- vs. multi-flowered). We repeated the experiment in three years, and measured demographic rates the year after treatment. In two years, we also quantified costs of flower maintenance by contrasting the performance of nonfruiting plants with intact flowers and plants with their flowers removed.</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Costs varied among species, in both magnitude and demographic rate affected. Costs of natural reproduction were expressed as reductions in size and fecundity next year, whereas increased reproduction additionally reduced sprouting probability. The magnitude of demographic costs of both reproduction and flower maintenance was highest in the nonclonal, multi-flowered species, and costs were more frequently detected in the two multi-flowered species than in the single-flowered ones. This may be explained by higher biomass allocation to reproductive parts and a longer flowering period in the former. Demographic costs of reproduction did not depend on clone size.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>These results document that demographic costs vary among coexisting species sharing similar niches, and are associated with divergence in life history traits. Such trait-dependent variation in costs may reduce competition among coexisting species and facilitate diversity.</span></p>
Multilocus evidence provides insight into the demographic history and asymmetrical gene flow between Ostrinia furnacalis and Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Yili area, Xinjiang, China
<p><span>Tianshan Mountain provides a model for studying biological evolution and speciation. Here we assess the evolutionary history of the <em>Ostrinia furnacalis</em> and <em>Ostrinia nubilalis</em>, which are sympatric in the Yili River Valley in Xinjiang, China. </span></p> <p><span>Our study is based on the historical gene flow analyses of two species by using three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, <em>COI</em> & <em>COII</em> & <em>Cytb</em>) and four nuclear DNA (nuDNA, <em>EF-1α</em> &<em> Wingless</em> & <em>RPS5</em> &<em> CAD</em>) markers obtained from representatives of HC (Huocheng), YN (Yining), XY (Xinyuan) and MNS (Manasi). </span></p> <p><span>Our results reveal that there is a strong asymmetrical gene flow pattern between the four populations. The population migratory pathways between these different populations show inflow into HC and YN, outflow from XY, and that MNS maintained a flow balance. Bayesian divergence time dating based on the <em>COI</em> gene suggest the genetic divergence between the two species in this area may have occurred in the late-Pleistocene (0.003</span><span>–0.0127</span><span> Mya). Neutrality tests (Tajima's <em>D</em>, Fu's <em>Fs</em>) and mismatch distribution test results suggest that population expansion events may not have occurred in the recent past, which may follow the 'mountain isolation' hypothesis. The ML and BI trees of the mtDNA haplotype dataset show that ECB haplotypes are clustered together in a distinct clade and are clearly separate from ACB haplotypes. However, the geographical pattern of haplotype distribution is less clear and there is no strong correspondence between haplotypes and their geographical pattern for both ACB and ECB, implying that there has been frequent gene flow among the geographic populations in the Tianshan Mountains.</span></p> <p><span>These findings confirm that geological factors play an important role in driving genetic patterns.</span></p>
Demographic history shapes genomic ancestry in hybrid zones
<p>Demographic factors such as migration rate and population size can impede or facilitate speciation. In hybrid zones, reproductive boundaries between species are tested and demography mediates the opportunity for admixture between lineages that are partially isolated. Genomic ancestry is a powerful tool for revealing the history of admixed populations, but models and methods based on local ancestry are rarely applied to structured hybrid zones. To understand the effects of demography on ancestry in hybrids zones, we performed individual-based simulations under a stepping-stone model, treating migration rate, deme size, and hybrid zone age as parameters. We find that the number of ancestry junctions (the transition points between genomic regions with different ancestries), as well as heterogenicity (the genomic proportion heterozygous for ancestry), are often closely connected to demographic history. Reducing deme size reduces junction number and heterogenicity. Elevating migration increases heterogenicity, but migration affects junction number in more complex ways. We highlight the junction frequency spectrum as a novel and informative summary of ancestry that responds to demographic history. A substantial proportion of junctions are expected to fix when migration is limited or deme size is small, changing the shape of the spectrum. Our findings suggest that genomic patterns of ancestry could be used to infer demographic history in hybrid zones.</p>
Population genetic structure and demographic history of Rhodeus atremius suigensis, an endangered bitterling in Japan
<p><span>Demographic events can shape genetic diversity through genetic drift, often leaving a persistent signal in the genetic characteristics of species. <em>Rhodeus atremius suigensis</em> is an endangered bitterling fish endemic to the Okayama Plain, Japan. In this study, we inferred its demographic history and genetic structure using a comprehensive analysis of the mtDNA ND1 gene, microsatellite marke</span>rs<span> (MS) and MHC class IIB gene. Based on mtDNA, <em>R. a. suigensis</em> included two sublineages; A and B. While <a name="OLE_LINK85"></a><a name="OLE_LINK88"></a>the former was widely distributed, the latter was restricted to eastern populations<a name="OLE_LINK11"></a><a name="OLE_LINK12"></a> that were monomorphic in MHC. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that <em>R. a. suigensis</em>, together with <em>R. a. atremius</em>, experienced a substantial bottleneck in the middle Pleistocene. In MS and MHC, genetic diversity was low in all populations; ranked as the lowest among bitterling species. Bayesian clustering suggested that two clusters of MS had been widely introgressed in the centre of its distribution. These clusters seem to have been formed by the disruption of the distribution in the last Pleistocene, and later admixed by a large-scale reclamation in the Okayama Plain since the 16th century, which triggered a decline in effective population size (<em>N</em><sub>e</sub>) in many populations. Based on coalescence analysis, all populations reached their lowest <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> around the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, <em>R.</em> <em>a</em>. <em>suigensis</em> seems to have experienced two large bottlenecks in the past. While the first bottleneck was probably due to climatic changes in the middle Pleistocene, the second is due to anthropogenic degradation and fragmentation of habitats in recent years.</span></p>
Population structure and demographic history of the gastropod Thaisella chocolata (Duclos, 1832) from the Southeast Pacific inferred from mitochondrial DNA analyses
<p>The present-day population structure of a species reflects the combination of oceanographic currents, life-history traits, and historical events. However, little is known about the mechanisms that have shaped the gene lineage distribution of marine species inhabiting the Southeast Pacific. Here we provide a comprehensive phylogeographical study of a species distributed along the Southeast Pacific coastal region by analyzing the endemic gastropod Thaisella chocolata (Duclos, 1832). Sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and 16S rRNA revealed strikingly high haplotypic nucleotide and genetic diversity but a lack of significant population differentiation within the survey area. In addition, a star-shaped phylogeny and significantly negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests of neutrality suggested historical occurrence of rapid demographic expansion. Mismatch distributions and Bayesian inference analyses also confirmed T. chocolata to have undergone two ancestral demographic expansions. Calculations suggested that these expansions began in the lower and middle Pleistocene epoch, likely due to continental shelf development and climatic conditions. These findings could help establish a genetic baseline for T. chocolata as the first step toward sustainable spatial management of this species, as well as understand this species' response to future climate change.</p>
Genomic divergence, local adaptation, and complex demographic history may inform management of a popular sportfish species complex
<p>We investigated genomic divergence, interspecific and intraspecific diversity and population structure, local directional selection, and complex demographic history in a popular freshwater species complex in the Central Interior Highlands, North America. Specifically, we assessed differentiation between the Neosho Bass (<em>Micropterus velox</em>) and Smallmouth Bass (<em>M. dolomieu</em>) where their ranges are parapatric in this ecoregion. We scanned the genome for signatures of local direction and mapped divergence at selected SNPs at the population level. Additionally, we identified stream populations with extensive admixture, and we used a model-testing framework to investigate complex demographic histories between the two species.</p> <p>Raw ddRADseq .fastq sequence files, along with intermediate processing files, finalized VCF files, a data summary report, and other data information, are given in the "smb_ddRAD_rawdata.tar file. Metadata, including sample_id, species designation, and stream population, are given in the "metadata.xlsx" file.</p>
Genomic data provides new insights on the demographic history and the extent of recent material transfers in Norway spruce
<p>This dataset includes files and scripts used for the paper "Genomic data provides new insights on the demographic history and the extent of recent material transfers in Norway spruce". </p>
Silva, Harder et al. Detectability of runs of homozygosity is influenced by analysis parameters and population-specific demographic history Data
<p>Dataset used in the "Detectability of runs of homozygosity is influenced by analysis parameters and population-specific demographic history" paper by Silva, Harder et al.</p> <p>This dataset includes Fasta files for Simulated dataset and VCF files for both Empirical and Simulated datasets.</p>
The effects of climate and demographic history in shaping genomic variation across populations of the Desert Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma platyrhinos)
<p>Species often experience spatial <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">environmental </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">heterogeneity </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">across their range</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">and </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">populations </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">may exhibit </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">signatures </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">of adaptation to local environmental </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">characteristics.</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> Other population</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> genetic</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> processes, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">such as </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">migration and genetic drift, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">can </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">impede the effect</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> of </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">local adaptation</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">. Genetic drift </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">in particular </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">can have a pronounced effect on population genetic structure during large-scale geographic expansions, where a series of founder effects lead</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> to decreases in genetic variation in the direction of the expansion. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">Here </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">we explore the </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">genetic diversity</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> of a desert lizard that occupies a wide range of environmental conditions and that has experienced post-glacial expansion northwards along two colonization routes. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">Based on our analyses of a large SNP dataset, we find evidence </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">that both </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">climate and demographic history</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">have </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">shape</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">d</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> the </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">genetic</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> structure of</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> populations. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">P</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">ronounced genetic differentiation</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> was evident </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">between populations occupying cold versus hot desert</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">,</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> and </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">we </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">detected numerous loci </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">with </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">significant association</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> with climate. The genetic signal of founder effect</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">, however, is still present in the genomes of the recently expanded populations</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">which</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2"> comprise subsets of genetic variation found in the southern populations, and </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">we found substantial evidence that </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW235808685 BCX2">genetic diversity of lizards differs along the two colonization routes.</span></p>
Figure 4 in Population genetic structure and demographic history of the Chinese endemic Mongoloniscus sinensis (Dollfus, 1901) (Isopoda: Oniscidea)
Figure 4. Pairwise mismatch distributions for six derived clades.
Figure 1 in Genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of Dugesia japonica in Taihang Mountains
Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Dugesia japonica populations sampled in Taihang Mountains.
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.