Find research datasets worth reusing

Figure 2 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 2. Schematic distribution of the Unio species in the Western Palaearctic. Points indicate the general vicinity of sampled localities. See Supporting Information, Table S1 for details.

Figure 1 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 1. Bayesian tree reconstruction based on the two mitochondrial genes analysed. Values on the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities, ML and MP bootstrap values. Results from the species delimitation analyses are also shown in this figure (green: M-PTP with a Bayesian tree; red: M-PTP with an ML tree; blue: bGMYC analysis). Names for the currently recognized morphospecies are also indicated in the phylogenetic tree.

Figure 12 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 12. Network of Unio crassus haplotypes. A, U. crassus courtillierii and Sweden. B, eastern Greece (Sofaditikos, Aliakmon and Sperchios). C, Central European (Rhine, Danube and Rhône). D, eastern Greece (Lissos River). E, western Turkey.

Figure 11 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 11. Differing shell shapes of Unio pictorum. A, B, Lake Volvi, Greece. C–F, Strymonas River, Greece. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 5 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 5. Differing shell shapes of Unio delphinus. A, Guadalmez River (Guadiana). B, Landrinos River (Tagus). C, Ulla River. D, Hozgarganta River. E, Barbate River. F, Deza River (Ulla). G, Guadalporcún River (Guadalete). Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 14 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 14. Differing shell shapes of Unio crassus. A, B, Sofaditikos River (Pinios), Greece. C, Matzenheim, France. D, Çine Çayi, Mugla, Turkey. E, F, Lissos River, Greece. G, Limagne, France. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 8 in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 8. Differing shell shapes of Unio mancus. A, Brugent River (Ter), Spain. B, Bourget Lake (Rhône), France. C, Drée River (Loire), France. D, Golo River, Corsica. E, Ebro River, Spain. F, Stabiacciu River, Corsica. G, Orbu River, Corsica. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 13. A–C, Unio bruguierianus. A in Species boundaries, geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the Western Palaearctic freshwater mussels Unio (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Figure 13. A–C, Unio bruguierianus. A, Pinios River, Greece. B, Axios River, Greece. C, Pinios River, Greece. D–E, Unio ionicus. D, River at Lake Lysimacheia, Greece. E, Perroi i Bistrices, Albania. F–H, Unio crassus. F, Sperchios River, Greece. G, H, Aliakmonas River, Greece. Scale bar 2 cm.

Distribution. Continuous distribution in W & C African rainforest blocks also including Dahomey Gap and Bioko I; reaches as easternand southernmost boundaries SW Kenya, extreme W Tanzania, NW Zambia, and N Angola. in Manidae

Distribution. Continuous distribution in W & C African rainforest blocks also including Dahomey Gap and Bioko I; reaches as easternand southernmost boundaries SW Kenya, extreme W Tanzania, NW Zambia, and N Angola.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

Distribution. Main tropical rainforest belt from Senegal and Guinea Bissau to NW Uganda and E DR Congo, reaching as S boundary N Angola (Cabinda); no recent records from Gambia or Chad and its presence is uncertain in S Sudan and SW Ethiopia. As a species that may range widely through gallery forests, it may also occur in adjacent countries. in Suidae

Distribution. Main tropical rainforest belt from Senegal and Guinea Bissau to NW Uganda and E DR Congo, reaching as S boundary N Angola (Cabinda); no recent records from Gambia or Chad and its presence is uncertain in S Sudan and SW Ethiopia. As a species that may range widely through gallery forests, it may also occur in adjacent countries.

Distribution. Historically ranged through the Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, excluding only lowland forests in the extreme S of Bahia and N Espirito Santo, the N limit of the distribution was probably the Rio Jequirica or the right bank of the Rio Paraguacu, and the S limit is still poorly defined but is probably the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Minas Gerais, near the state boundaries with Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo where it meets the distribution of the Southern Muriqui (B. arachnoides). in Atelidae

Distribution. Historically ranged through the Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, excluding only lowland forests in the extreme S of Bahia and N Espirito Santo, the N limit of the distribution was probably the Rio Jequirica or the right bank of the Rio Paraguacu, and the S limit is still poorly defined but is probably the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Minas Gerais, near the state boundaries with Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo where it meets the distribution of the Southern Muriqui (B. arachnoides).

Distribution. SE Brazil in the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Espirito Santo, S of the Rio Doce at least to the state boundary with Rio de Janeiro State, W into E Minas Gerais in the Rio Manhuacu Basin; in the N and W it extends almost to the right bank of the Rio Doce. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. SE Brazil in the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Espirito Santo, S of the Rio Doce at least to the state boundary with Rio de Janeiro State, W into E Minas Gerais in the Rio Manhuacu Basin; in the N and W it extends almost to the right bank of the Rio Doce.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Distribution. Extent of this species' distribution is not yet known; recorded with certainty in Morocco, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. It is thought to be continuously distributed from Mauritania and Senegal E to South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. However, boundary between this species and the morphologically identical H. coffer is not known in Hipposideridae

Distribution. Extent of this species' distribution is not yet known; recorded with certainty in Morocco, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. It is thought to be continuously distributed from Mauritania and Senegal E to South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. However, boundary between this species and the morphologically identical H. coffer is not known

Distribution. Pakistan (Kashmir) and NW India (Chamba, Kulu). Sutlej River is the probable distributional boundary between the Himalayan Brown Goral (N. goral) and the Himalayan Gray Goral. in Bovidae

Distribution. Pakistan (Kashmir) and NW India (Chamba, Kulu). Sutlej River is the probable distributional boundary between the Himalayan Brown Goral (N. goral) and the Himalayan Gray Goral.

Distribution. SC & E Turkey, N Iraq, S Armenia, Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic), N Israel (Mt Carmel), and NW Iran; its distribution boundaries in Iran have not been fully determined. Introduced on Kabudan I in Lake Urumiyeh, NW Iran. in Bovidae

Distribution. SC & E Turkey, N Iraq, S Armenia, Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic), N Israel (Mt Carmel), and NW Iran; its distribution boundaries in Iran have not been fully determined. Introduced on Kabudan I in Lake Urumiyeh, NW Iran.

Distribution. Nigeria to W Sudan. The Niger River is provisionally used as the boundary between the Nigerian Reedbuck and the Western Reedbuck (R. re dunca) to the west. in Bovidae

Distribution. Nigeria to W Sudan. The Niger River is provisionally used as the boundary between the Nigerian Reedbuck and the Western Reedbuck (R. re dunca) to the west.

Distribution. WC Sulawesi in the Lariang River Basin near the confluence with its tributary, the Meweh River, and extending N as far as Gimpu; the precise limits of its distribution have yet to be determined and it distribution may be much larger than what has been confirmed to date. It is known to be parapatric with Dian's Tarsier (1. dentatus) on the E boundary ofits distribution. in Tarsiidae

Distribution. WC Sulawesi in the Lariang River Basin near the confluence with its tributary, the Meweh River, and extending N as far as Gimpu; the precise limits of its distribution have yet to be determined and it distribution may be much larger than what has been confirmed to date. It is known to be parapatric with Dian's Tarsier (1. dentatus) on the E boundary ofits distribution.

Distribution. SW Madagascar, known only from the Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park region, N of the Onilahy River and S of the Fiherena River. Additional surveys are needed to determine the N, W, and E boundaries of the distribution. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. SW Madagascar, known only from the Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park region, N of the Onilahy River and S of the Fiherena River. Additional surveys are needed to determine the N, W, and E boundaries of the distribution.

Distribution. NW coastal Madagascar, restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula and the adjacent mainland; the biogeography of this area and the distribution pattern of the sympatric Blue-eyed Black Lemur (Eulemurflavifrons) make it likely that the boundaries of the range of the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur are the Andranomalaza River in the N and the Maevarano Riverin the S. Field studies to determine the full extent of the distribution and that of neighboring Mittermeier's Sportive Lemur (L. mittermeiert) are underway. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. NW coastal Madagascar, restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula and the adjacent mainland; the biogeography of this area and the distribution pattern of the sympatric Blue-eyed Black Lemur (Eulemurflavifrons) make it likely that the boundaries of the range of the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur are the Andranomalaza River in the N and the Maevarano Riverin the S. Field studies to determine the full extent of the distribution and that of neighboring Mittermeier's Sportive Lemur (L. mittermeiert) are underway.