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opencc-by-4.0May 2010View details →

Figure 2 in Identity of the ailanthus webworm moth (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae), a complex of two species: evidence from DNA barcoding, morphology and ecology

Figure 2. Map showing the distribution of Atteva specimens examined as part of this study. Notable specimens are highlighted in red.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Can the genomics of ecological speciation be predicted across the divergence continuum from host races to species? A case study in Rhagoletis

Studies assessing the predictability of evolution typically focus on short-term adaptation within populations or the repeatability of change among lineages. A missing consideration in speciation research is to determine whether natural selection predictably transforms standing genetic variation within populations into differences between species. Here, we test whether host-related selection on diapause timing anticipates genome-wide differentiation during ecological speciation by comparing ancestral hawthorn and newly formed apple-infesting host races of Rhagoletis pomonella to their sibling species R. mendax that attacks blueberries. The responses of 57,857 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a diapause study on the hawthorn race strongly predicted the direction and magnitude of genomic divergence among the three flies at a field site in Fennville, Michigan, USA. As anticipated, the apple race and R. mendax show parallel changes in the frequencies of putative inversions on three chromosomes associated with the earlier fruiting times of apples and blueberries compared to hawthorns. A diapause experiment on R. mendax revealed compensatory mutations throughout the genome accounting for the earlier eclosion of blueberry, but not apple flies. Thus, a degree of predictability, although not complete, exists in the genomics of diapause across the ecological speciation continuum in Rhagoletis. The generality of this result is placed in the context of other similar systems.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Species distribution models of the Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, Diptera: Drosophilidae) in its native and invasive range reveal an ecological niche shift

The Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is native to Southeast Asia. Since its first detection in 2008 in Europe and North America, it has been a pest to the fruit production industry as it feeds and oviposits on ripening fruit. Here we aim to model the potential geographical distribution of D. suzukii. We performed an extensive literature review to map the current records. In total, 517 documented occurrences (96 native and 421 invasive) were identified spanning 52 countries. Next, we constructed three species distribution models (SDMs) based on occurrence records in: 1) the native range (SDMnative), 2) the invasive range in Europe (SDMEurope) and 3) a global model of all records (SDMglobal). The models aimed to investigate, whether this species will be able to occupy additional ecological niches beyond its native range and expand its current geographic distribution both globally and in Europe. The SDMs were generated using Maximum Entropy algorithms (Maxent) based on present occurrence records and bioclimatic variables (WorldClim). Predictions of habitat suitability vary greatly depending on the origins of occurrence records. According to all models, precipitation and low temperatures were key limiting factors for the distribution of D. suzukii, which suggests that this species requires a humid environment with mild winters in order to establish a permanent population in its invasive range. Several regions in the invasive range, not presently occupied by this species, were predicted highly suitable, especially in northern Europe, suggesting that D. suzukii is not occupying its full fundamental niche yet. Synthesis and applications. Based on these models of potential geographic distribution of the Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii), we show a shift in the ecological niche in D. suzukii populations, emphasizing the importance of using presence and local environmental data. Further investigation regarding new occurrences is recommended to secure optimal pest management. Despite a continuing expansion, many countries still lack proper surveillance schemes, and we urge policymakers to initiate appropriate management programs.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Jan 2016View details →

Update and expansion of the database of bio-ecological information on non-target arthropod species

The current database updates and extends the database on arthropods inhabiting European arable crops established in 2012 (Meissle et al. 2012). The data was collected to support environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union and provides a detailed overview of the arthropod fauna in arable crops across Europe.The data was obtained from systematic literature searches conducted to identify publications on small grain cereals and to identify additional publications on the crops covered by the previous database (maize, beet, potato, oilseed rape, rice, cotton, soy). The final database contains information on more than 4000 arthropod species, > 27700 records, and > 2000 references. The database consists of three tables containing information on species (taxonomy, ecological function, feeding guild, habitat), abundances (crop, collection method, location, sampling duration, collected species), and references (authors, year, title, source). Taxonomy was verified with European and global taxonomic catalogues and taxonomic experts. Ecological information, in particular feeding guilds of adults and juveniles, was double checked with appropriate literature, and provided in detail. References for taxonomic and ecological information were included for each species record For maize, beet, potato, oilseed rape, rice, and soybean, 258 additional studies were found and entered into the database, resulting in 2774 additional records. For those crops, the updated database contains 16610 records of 3264 species. Most of the records are available for maize (6648), followed by beet, potato, and oilseed rape (ca. 3000 records each). Relatively few records are available for rice (601), soy (231), and cotton (184). Overall, small grain cereals in Europe were reported to harbour more than 2000 arthropod species. Most information is available for wheat (7626 records and 1664 species), followed by barley (2308 records and 893 species). Rye, oats, and triticale are represented by 453, 369, and 273 records and 269, 187, and 171 species, respectively. Only few records are available for buckwheat and sorghum, and no records for millet and canary seed. Overall, small grain cereals in Europe are reported to harbour more than 2000 arthropod species. For the other crops, the updated database contains more than 3200 species. Most of the species recorded in small grain cereals are predators (63% of the abundance records), followed by herbivores (21%), decomposers (8%), parasitoids (7%), and pollinators (1%).   The database contains reports from 37 countries in Europe and was extracted from references with a publication date ranging from 1925-2014.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Data for: Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species

In ecological speciation, incipient species diverge due to natural selection that is ecologically based. In flowering plants, different pollinators could mediate that selection (pollinator-mediated divergent selection) or other features of the environment that differ between habitats of two species could do so (environment-mediated divergent selection). Although these mechanisms are well understood, they have received little rigorous testing, as few studies of divergent selection across sites of closely related species include both floral traits that influence pollination and vegetative traits that influence survival. This study employed common gardens in sites of the two parental species and a hybrid site, each containing advanced generation hybrids along with the parental species, to test these forms of ecological speciation in plants of the genus Ipomopsis. Three vegetative traits (specific leaf area, leaf trichomes, and photosynthetic water-use efficiency) and five floral traits (corolla length and width, anther insertion, petal color, nectar production) were analyzed for impacts on fitness components (survival to flowering and seeds per flower, respectively). These traits exhibited strong clines across the elevational gradient in the hybrid zone, with narrower clines in theory reflecting stronger selection or higher genetic variance. Plants with long corollas and inserted anthers had higher seeds per flower at the I. tenuituba site, whereas selection favored the reverse condition at the I. aggregata site, a signature of divergent selection. In contrast, no divergent selection due to variation in survival was detected on any vegetative trait. Selection within the hybrid zone most closely resembled selection within the I. aggregata site. Across traits, the strength of divergent selection was not significantly correlated with width of the cline, which was better predicted by evolvability (standardized genetic variance). These results support the role of pollinator-mediated divergent selection in ecological speciation and illustrate the importance of genetic variance in determining divergence across hybrid zones.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2018View details →

Fig. 3. A in A new species of the subgenus Orthocyrtus, genus Metapocyrtus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao, with notes on its ecology

Fig. 3. A: everted endophallus of Orthocyrtus mansaka n.sp.; B: fully everted endophallus of Orthocyrtus sp. (Mindanao, Surigao del Sur).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2018View details →

Fig. 1. A in A new species of the subgenus Orthocyrtus, genus Metapocyrtus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao, with notes on its ecology

Fig. 1. A: Orthocyrtus mansaka Holotype; B: idem, lateral view; C: Orthocyrtus mansaka female; D: idem, lateral view

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2018View details →

Fig. 2 in A new species of the subgenus Orthocyrtus, genus Metapocyrtus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) from Mindanao, with notes on its ecology

Fig. 2: Male genitalia and female terminalia of Orthocyrtus mansaka sp. nov. A: penis in lateral view; B: idem in dorsal view; C: idem in ventral view; D: sternite IX in dorsal view; E: ovipositor in dorsal view; F: sternite VIII in ventral view; G: spermatheca

Figure 8 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)

Figure 8. Seafloor images taken by NIWA's Deep-Towed Imaging System (DTIS) camera sled during 2010 RV Kaharoa voyage to the Bay of Plenty. a, North Calypso Vent, stn KAH1004/5, approx. depth 175 m; b, South Calypso Vent, stn KAH1004/8, approx. depth 195 m; c, Moutohorā/Whale Island, stn KAH1004/12, 20–30 m depth; d, Whakaari/White Island, stn KAH1004/14, approx. 225 m depth. Scale bars = 200 mm.

Figure 7 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)

Figure 7. Sample locations of Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. (white stars). Known hydrothermal vent locations along the Kermadec-Tonga Volcanic Arc are shown in triangles with shallow (≤200 m) vents in grey and deep (>200 m) vents in white. Locations where invertebrate specimens were collected at depths ≤200 m are indicated by white circles. The 200 m bathymetric line is shown. Lower insert shows close-up of Bay of Plenty (BOP) including locations of geothermal 'bubble zones' reported by Sarano et al. (1989). Upper insert shows colour of an undetermined specimen from type locality (RV Sonne stn SO192-2/4). Camera symbols indicate locations of 2010 camera tows.

Figure 6 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)

Figure 6. Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. NIWA 157715 (paratype female, cl 19.0 mm), lateral view unless stated otherwise: a, mandible, left, inside view; b, maxillule; c, maxilla; d, maxilliped 1; e, maxilliped 2; f, pleopod 1, lateral view. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 5 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)

Figure 5. Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. NIWA 157709 (holotype, male, cl 17.6 mm), lateral view unless stated otherwise: a, major cheliped; b, minor cheliped, right. NIWA 157710 (paratype female, cl 16.6 mm): c, maxilliped 3, left; d, major cheliped, left; e, pereopod 3; f, pleopod 1; g, pleopod 2; h, i, left and right uropodal endopods showing distribution of robust setae. NIWA 32141 (paratype female, cl 9.5 mm); j, major cheliped; k, minor cheliped; l, pleopod 1; m, pleopod 2. Top 3 scale bars = 5 mm; bottom scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 4 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)

Figure 4. Arenallianassa katrinae sp. nov. NIWA 157709 (holotype male, cl 17.6 mm): a, eyestalks, carapace, pleon, left uropod, telson, dorsal view; b, c anterior carapace, eyestalk, antennule, antenna, dorsal view (b), lateral view (c); d, thoracic sternites 4–7, pereopodal coxae 1–4, ventral view; e, maxilliped 3, lateral face; f, pereopod 2; g, pereopod 3 (lateral view, mesial view of propodus and dactylus); h, pleopod 1, right, lateral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 3 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)

Figure 3. Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975). NMV J16708 (male, cl 6.9 mm): a, major (right) cheliped, mesial face; b, major cheliped fingers, lateral face; c, merus, lateral face; d, minor (left) cheliped, lateral face; e, minor cheliped fingers, mesial face; f, pereopod 2; g, pereopod 3; h, pereopod 4; i, pereopod 5. NMV J16670 (female, cl 7.3 mm); j, major (right) cheliped, lateral. NMV J16726 (male, cl 5.1 mm); k, major (left) cheliped, mesial; l, major cheliped fingers, lateral. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 2 in A new species of Arenallianassa (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from hydrothermal vents with notes on its ecology and a redescription of Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975)

Figure 2. Arenallianassa arenosa (Poore, 1975). NMV J16708 (male, cl 6.9 mm): a, carapace, pleon, telson, dorsal view; b, c, anterior carapace, eyestalk, antennule, antenna, dorsal view (only left appendages shown in b); d, telson, right uropod, dorsal view; e, maxilliped 3, mesial view; f, same, distal articles, lateral view; g, pleopod 1, lateral view. NTMAG Cr009860 (female, cl 5.3 mm): h, telson, left uropod, dorsal view. NMV J31887 (male); i, left uropod, anterodistal angle of endopod. NMV J16726 (male, cl 5.1 mm); j, left uropod, anterodistal angle of endopod. Scale bars = 1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in (macro-) Evolutionary ecology of parasite diversity: From determinants of parasite species richness to host diversification

Fig. 1. Expression of the basic transmission rate (R0) for the case of microparasites (i.e. viruses) and macroparasites (i.e. helminths with direct transmission) (for derivations of these expressions see Morand and Deter, 2008), emphasizing the importance of two host traits, longevity and density, as likely determinants of parasite invasion and then parasite species richness. In the right panel, relationships showing that both density and longevity are in allometry with host body mass (after Brown, 1995).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2015View details →

Fig. 2 in (macro-) Evolutionary ecology of parasite diversity: From determinants of parasite species richness to host diversification

Fig. 2. (A) Variability of ectoparasite species richness among 113 families of mammals (20 orders) (data from Kim, 1985;see Poulin and Morand, 2004). (B) Ectoparasite species richness is related to mammal diversification. The statistical analysis follows Nunn et al. (2004), where the change in the number of descendent clades is related to the change in the number of ectoparasite species, estimated using a modified version of the independent contrast method (Agapow and Isaac, 2002), for each node of the mammal phylogeny (from Binida-Emonds et al., 2007).

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Data from: Ecological and anthropogenic drivers of waterfowl productivity are synchronous across species, space, and time

We used hierarchical random-effects models to examine interspecific and spatial variation in annual productivity in six migratory ducks (i.e., American wigeon [Mareca americana], blue-winged teal [Spatula discors], gadwall [Mareca strepera], green-winged teal [Anas crecca], mallard [Anas platyrhynchos] and northern pintail [Anas acuta]) across six distinct ecostrata in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America (Alberta parkland, Alberta prairie, Saskatchewan parkland, Saskatchewan prairie, Manitoba parkland, US prairie). We tested whether breeding habitat conditions (seasonal pond counts, agricultural intensification, and grassland acreage) or cross-seasonal effects (indexed by flooded rice acreage in primary wintering areas) better explained variation in the proportion of juveniles captured during late summer banding. This submission comprises model code and data of banded birds by species, breeding population survey by species, proportion of ecostratum in conservation tillage (a proxy for agriculutral intensification), proportion of ecostratum in grassland, mean winter precipitation for Pacific Coast and Gulf Coast, total hectares of rice planted in the US, as well as hectares of flooded rice in the Pacific Coast and Gulf Coast.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Species Diversity And Ecology Of Amphibians And Reptiles In Urbanized Landscapes Of The City Of Minsk

Fig. 1 Location of the largest habitats and stable populations of amphibians and reptiles in the urbanized areas of the Minsk city.