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46 results for “ecosystem respiration”
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR): Winter ecosystem respiration chamber measurements using on-plot method, Oct 2012-May 2013.
The Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem warming cause a net release of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C, that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool, influence ecosystem C loss?, and 3) How do winter and summer warming alone, and in combination, affect ecosystem C exchange? We are answering these questions using a combination of field and laboratory experiments to measure ecosystem carbon balance and radiocarbon isotope ratios at a warming experiment located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. This dataset contains point measurements of winter ecosystem respiration fluxes using the on-plot method and the soil temperature, air temperature, and snow depth associated with each flux.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating and Drying Research (DryPEHR): Winter ecosystem respiration chamber measurements using on-plot method, Oct 2012-May 2013.
This drying and warming experiment addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem drying, warming and permafrost thaw cause a net release or uptake of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool influence ecosystem C loss? 3) How do drying and warmign affect plant communities and ecosystem properties? We are answering these questions using a combined warming and drying experiment (DryPEHR), which is situated with the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project and located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. Warming treatment here refers to growing season air temperature warming (~1C) using open top chambers (OTC) combined with soil 'warming' using snow fences during the snow covered months. Drying is achieve using an automated pumping system that lowers the water table in the dry plots. Soil warming began in 2008; OTCs and drying in 2011. This dataset contains point measurements of winter ecosystem respiration fluxes using the on-plot method and the soil temperature, air temperature, and snow depth associated with each flux.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR): Fall ecosystem respiration chamber measurements, 2014 - 2017
The Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem warming cause a net release of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C, that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool, influence ecosystem C loss?, and 3) How do winter and summer warming alone, and in combination, affect ecosystem C exchange? We are answering these questions using a combination of field and laboratory experiments to measure ecosystem carbon balance and radiocarbon isotope ratios at a warming experiment located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. This dataset contains static chamber measurements of CO2 flux at CiPEHR during the shoulder season of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating and Drying Research (DryPEHR): Fall ecosystem respiration chamber measurements, 2014 - 2017
This drying and warming experiment addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem drying, warming and permafrost thaw cause a net release or uptake of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool influence ecosystem C loss? 3) How do drying and warmign affect plant communities and ecosystem properties? We are answering these questions using a combined warming and drying experiment (DryPEHR), which is situated with the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project and located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. Warming treatment here refers to growing season air temperature warming (~1C) using open top chambers (OTC) combined with soil 'warming' using snow fences during the snow covered months. Drying is achieve using an automated pumping system that lowers the water table in the dry plots. Soil warming began in 2008; OTCs and drying in 2011. This dataset contains static chamber measurements of CO2 flux at DryPEHR during the shoulder season of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.
Higher vascular plant abundance associated with decreased ecosystem respiration after 20 years of warming in the forest-tundra -ecotone
<p><span>The ongoing climate warming is promoting shrub abundance in high latitudes, but the effect of this phenomenon on ecosystem functioning is expected to depend on whether deciduous or evergreen species increase in response to warming. </span></p> <p><span>To explore effects of long-term warming on shrubs and further on ecosystem functioning, we analyzed vegetation and ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> exchange after 20 years of warming in the forest-tundra ecotone in sub-arctic Sweden. A previous study conducted nine years earlier had found increased evergreen <em>Empetrum</em> <em>nigrum</em> ssp. <em>hermaphroditum</em> in the forest and increased deciduous <em>Betula</em> <em>nana</em> in the tundra. </span></p> <p><span>Following current understanding, we expected a continued increase in shrub abundance that would be stronger in tundra than in forest. We expected warming to increase ecosystem respiration (</span><span>R<sub>e</sub></span><span>) and gross primary productivity (GPP), with a greater increase in </span><span>R<sub>e </sub>in tundra due to increased deciduous shrub abundance, leading to a less negative net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and reduced ecosystem C sink strength. </span></p> <p><span>As predicted, vascular plant abundances were higher in the warmed plots with a stronger response in tundra than in forest. </span><span>However, whereas <em>B. nana</em> had increased in abundance since the last survey, <em>E. hermaphroditum </em>abundance had declined due to several moth and rodent outbreaks during the past decade. </span><span>I</span><span>n contrast to predictions, </span><span>R<sub>e </sub>was significantly lower in the warmed plots irrespective of habitat, and GPP increased marginally only in the forest. The lower R<sub>e</sub> and a higher GPP under warming in the forest together led to increased net C sink. </span><span>R<sub>e </sub>was negatively associated with the total vascular plant abundance.</span></p> <p><span>Our results highlight the importance of disturbance regimes for vegetation responses to warming. </span><span>Climate warming may promote species with </span><span>both a high capacity to grow under warmer conditions and a resilience towards herbivore outbreaks. Negative correlation between R<sub>e</sub> and total vascular plant abundance further indicates that t</span><span>he </span><span>indirect impacts of increased plants on soil microclimate may become increasingly important for ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> exchange </span><span>in the long </span><span>run</span><span>, </span><span>which adds to the different mechanisms that link warming and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in northern ecosystems.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in Respiration Co And N O Emission From Grassland Ecosystems
Fig. 2. Soil compaction alteration depending on depth in different crop fields.
Fig.1 in Respiration Co And N O Emission From Grassland Ecosystems
Fig.1. Variation of the site meteorological parameters during the GHG measurement in June-July.
Fire decreases soil respiration and its components in terrestrial ecosystems
<ol> <li>The impact of fire on aboveground biomass has significant consequences on soil carbon (C) dynamics, which is essential in predicting the global C budget during the Anthropocene. However, there is considerable spatiotemporal variability in the directions and magnitudes of fire effects on soil respiration, and the drivers associated with these effects are not well understood.</li> <li>Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 1327 individual observations from 170 studies to determine the extent to which fire influenced soil total respiration (R<sub>s</sub>), heterotrophic respiration (R<sub>h</sub>), and autotrophic respiration (R<sub>a</sub>).</li> <li>We found fires reduced R<sub>s</sub>, R<sub>h</sub>, and Ra, with an average effect of -11.0%, -17.5%, and -40.6%, compared to unburnt sites. Specifically, wildfires significantly reduced R<sub>s</sub>and R<sub>h </sub>(-20.4% and -25.0%, respectively), and prescribed fire significantly decreased Ra (-74.8%). The influences of fire on R<sub>s </sub>and its components were moderated by fire severity, season, type, climate zones, and biomes. After several years from the time of the fire, the negative effects of fire on R<sub>s </sub>diminished and then recovered to a state not significantly different from unburnt sites; Rh exhibited a similar but decayed temporal response. Similarly, the negative effects on R<sub>a</sub> disappeared after 3 years following the latest fire. The magnitude of the effect on R<sub>s </sub>was strongly associated with soil temperature, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen (N) content, and N-acquiring enzyme activity. In contrast, the magnitude of the effect on R<sub>h </sub>significantly changed with pH, bulk density, texture, soil C and nutrient contents, and C- acquiring enzyme activity.</li> <li>Our findings advance the understanding of the inhibition and associated mechanisms of fire on R<sub>s </sub>and its components, highlighting the need for new research efforts to predict the spatial-temporal shifts in underground C cycling induced by fire. </li> </ol>
Higher vascular plant abundance associated with decreased ecosystem respiration after 20 years of warming in the forest-tundra -ecotone
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Fire decreases soil respiration and its components in terrestrial ecosystems
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In situ soil respirations throughout the 2020 growing season across an N fertilization gradient:Nutrient Network. A cross-site investigation of bottom-up control over herbaceous plant community dynamics and ecosystem function.
This experiment is one implementation of a globally distributed experiment, known as the Nutrient Network. At Cedar Creek, as in over 70 other sites in grasslands around the world, the experiment aims to describe impacts of increased nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and other metals) and decreased herbivory (removal of mammals by fencing). Two overarching questions are being explored with these manipulations: 1. To what extent are plant production and diversity co-limited by multiple nutrients in herbaceous-dominated communities? 2. Under what conditions do grazers or fertilization control plant biomass, diversity, and composition? By utilizing identical protocols at diverse grassland sites around the world, NutNet aims to uncover both the generalities in ecosystem functioning, and the contingencies or differences which can obscure those common mechanisms. In addition to the standard NutNet protocol, e247 includes an additional low Nitrogen gradient (1 gram Nitrogen per meter squared per year and 5 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year in addition to the standard 10 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year).
Simultaneous measurements of soil and ecosystem respiration: advantages, lessons, and questions
<p>Simultaneous measurements of soil and ecosystem respiration (LI-8100 automated chambers, and eddy-flux tower - at night), in a Eucalyptus woodland near Sydney, Australia. <br> Also included in the dataset: soil temperature, soil moisture, air temperature, precipitation</p>
Data from: Interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on soil and ecosystem respiration in grassland ecosystems: a global synthesis
1.As the key carbon (C) fluxes between biosphere and atmosphere, soil respiration (Rs) and ecosystem respiration (Re) play vital roles in regulating global C balance and climate-biosphere feedback in the Earth system. Despite the fact that numerous manipulative studies and a few meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the responses of Rs and its components [i.e., autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh)] as well as Re to grazing (G) or global change factors, the interactive effects between grazing and global change factors remain poorly understood. 2.Here we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of manipulative experiments with both grazing and global change factors to quantify their individual and interactive effects on Rs and its components as well as Re. 3.Our results showed that grazing and drought significantly decreased Rs by 12.35% and 20.95%, respectively, whereas warming (W), nitrogen addition (N) and increased precipitation (P) stimulated it by 2.12%, 5.49%, and 13.44%, respectively. Similarly, grazing, warming, nitrogen addition, and increased precipitation increased Re by 7.21%, 4.94%, 48.45%, and 21.57%, respectively, while drought decreased it by 16.86%. However, the combinations of grazing with warming (GW), nitrogen addition (GN) and increased precipitation (GP) exhibited non-significant effects on Rs. More importantly, additive interactions between grazing and global change factors exhibited a substantial predominance on Rs, Ra, Rh and Re rather than synergistic and antagonistic ones. 4.Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight the crucial importance of the interactive effects between grazing and global change factors on Rs and Re. Therefore, incorporating this key influence on ecosystem processes into Earth system models could better improve the prediction of climate-grassland feedbacks and develop sustainable strategies for grassland management in the Anthropocene.17-May-2019
Observation‐based global soil heterotrophic respiration indicates underestimated turnover and sequestration of soil carbon by terrestrial ecosystem models
<p><span>Soil heterotrophic respiration (R<sub>h</sub>) refers to the flux of CO2 released from soil to atmosphere as a result of organic matter decomposition by soil microbes and fauna. As one of the major fluxes in the global carbon cycle, the estimation of global R<sub>h</sub> still exists large uncertainties, which further limited our current understanding of the carbon accumulation in soils. Here, we applied a Random Forest algorithm to create a global dataset of soil R<sub>h</sub>, by linking 761 field observations with both abiotic and biotic predictors. We estimated that the global R<sub>h</sub> was 48.8 ± 0.9 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup> for 1982–2018, which was 16% less than the ensemble mean (58.6 ± 9.9 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>) of 16 terrestrial ecosystem models. By integrating our observational R<sub>h</sub> with independent soil carbon stock datasets, we obtained a global mean soil carbon turnover time of 38.3 ± 11 yr. Using observation-based turnover times as a constraint, we found that terrestrial ecosystem models simulated faster carbon turnovers, leading to a 30% (74 Pg C) underestimation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon accumulation for the past century, which was especially pronounced at high latitudes. This underestimation is equivalent to 45% of the total carbon emissions (164 Pg C) caused by global land use change at the same time. Our analyses highlight the need to constrain ecosystem models using observation-based and locally adapted R<sub>h</sub> values to obtain reliable predictions of the carbon sink capacity of terrestrial ecosystems. </span></p>
Observation‐based global soil heterotrophic respiration indicates underestimated turnover and sequestration of soil carbon by terrestrial ecosystem models
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Data from: Interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on soil and ecosystem respiration in grassland ecosystems: a global synthesis
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Data from: Modeled and measured ecosystem respiration in maize–soybean systems over 10 years
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Gross primary production and ecosystem respiration measurments based on the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM)
Gross primary production and ecosystem respiration measurments based on the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM).
High benthic community respiration and ecosystem response to phytodetrital input in a sub-polar fjord on the West Antarctic Peninsula
<p><span>Glaciomarine fjords dominate the coastal margin of the West Antarctic Peninsula. Studies in similar habitats in the Arctic have shown that benthic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in inner and middle fjord basins are reduced by turbidity and sedimentation disturbance caused by climate-warming-enhanced glacial melting. In contrast, the inner and middle fjord basins along the West Antarctic Peninsula are characterised as productivity and biodiversity hotspots, but benthic ecosystem functions remain unevaluated.</span> <span>In 2015-2016, we conducted sediment-respiration and <sup>13</sup>C pulse-chase experiments to assess benthic ecosystem functions along a five-station transect at ~500-600 m depths from the inner Andvord Bay fjord, through to Gerlache Strait, and onto the open continental shelf. Incubation samples from the inner and middle basins of Andvord Bay showed peaks in background seafloor respiration, benthic biomass, and uptake of labeled algal biomass compared to more outlying stations; the continental shelf exhibited the lowest levels of these variables, as well as dissolved inorganic carbon production. Macrofaunal community uptake was responsible for most of the C processing in the inner and middle parts of the fjord (>45%) while dissolved inorganic carbon was the dominant repository of processed C near the fjord mouth and on the continental shelf (>80%). The inner parts of Andvord Bay are hotspots of benthic C-cycling and metabolism, in addition to biodiversity. Ongoing climate warming is likely to negatively impact these inner-fjord hotspots by increasing meltwater input and sedimentation disturbance, yielding a reduction in the input and recycling of labile detritus at the seafloor in the inner-middle fjord.</span></p>
CARVE Modeled Gross Ecosystem CO2 Exchange and Respiration, Alaska, 2012-2014
This data set provides 3-hourly estimates of gross ecosystem CO2 exchange (GEE) and respiration (autotrophic and heterotrophic) for the state of Alaska from 2012 to 2014. The data were generated using the Polar Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (PolarVPRM) and are provided at ~ 1 km2 [1/4-degree (longitude) by 1/6-degree (latitude)] pixel resolution. The PolarVPRM produces high-frequency estimates of GEE of CO2 for North American biomes from remotely-sensed data sets. For Alaska, the model used meteorological inputs from the North American regional re-analysis (NARR) and inputs of fractional snow cover and land surface water index (LSWI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Land surface greenness was factored into the model from three sources: 1) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MODIS; 2) Solar Induced Florescence (SIF) from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2); and 3) SIF from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2). Three independent estimates of GEE are included in the data set, one for each source of greenness observations.
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