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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2013View details →

Fig. 1 in Environmental determinants of spatial and temporal variations in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in its definitive hosts

Fig. 1. European wildcat (Felis s. silvestris) distribution in France (grey area; Léger et al., 2008; Say et al., 2012), and locations of samples from domestic cats (Felis s. catus), wildcats and their hybrids. Cat types are represented by different symbols (see the bottom left of the map). One location might correspond to several individuals (1, 2, 3, or 8), the size of the dot being proportional to the number (indicated at the right of the symbols) of individuals collected in each commune.

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Figs 4-8 in Influence of environmental variables on seasonal abundance and relative growth of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea): variations of a continental population

Figs 4-8. Percentage distribution of the independent effect of the abiotic factor on the total abundance (Fig. 4), and on the abundance by demographic category (Figs 5-8) of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862). Grey bars indicate a significant effect (p<0.05), determined by the randomization test. Positive and relative relationships are shown by the bars above and under the horizontal aXis, respectively (EC, conductivity; DO, dissolved oXygen; PI, precipitation; T, water temperature).

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Figs 2, 3 in Influence of environmental variables on seasonal abundance and relative growth of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea): variations of a continental population

Figs 2, 3. Percentage of total abundance (Fig. 2) and juveniles, males, non-ovigerous females and ovigerous females (Fig. 3) of Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) along the study period (J, juveniles; M, males; NOF, non-ovigerous female; OF, ovigerous females).

FIGURE 1 in Variation in patterns of fish assemblage and their environmental correlates in a tropical river basin from the Gulf of Mexico slope

FIGURE 1 | Study area and sampling sites in the Usumacinta River basin (shaded area in figure box), Mexico. Site number and names of the main rivers in the region are enclosed in boxes (see Tab. 1 for names of watercourses). Black arrow indicates flow direction.

FIGURE 2 in Variation in patterns of fish assemblage and their environmental correlates in a tropical river basin from the Gulf of Mexico slope

FIGURE 2 | Relative contribution of common species to total fish abundance by seasons (left panel) and years (right panel). Species shown had a contribution above the 50% quantile for abundance. Refer to Tab. 1 for species acronyms.

FIGURE 5 in Variation in patterns of fish assemblage and their environmental correlates in a tropical river basin from the Gulf of Mexico slope

FIGURE 5 | Plots for the redundancy analysis of fish communities and environmental data, displaying weighted averages of species scores (A), fitted site scores (B), and species scores of significant species (C). Centroids of factor "ORD" are indicated by a "×". Convex hulls (A, C) and point shape (A, B) show cluster affiliation. DO, dissolved oxygen; DU, distance to the confluence with the Usumacinta River; FC, forest cover; ORD, stream order; TC, water temperature.

FIGURE 4 in Variation in patterns of fish assemblage and their environmental correlates in a tropical river basin from the Gulf of Mexico slope

FIGURE 4 | Multivariate regression tree of transformed species abundances and environmental data. Percentage of improvement in the model is shown under each node; discriminating environmental variables and threshold values are shown at each split. DO, dissolved oxygen; ORD, stream order; n, number of samples.

FIGURE 3 in Variation in patterns of fish assemblage and their environmental correlates in a tropical river basin from the Gulf of Mexico slope

FIGURE 3 | Principal component analysis plot of environmental data. DO, dissolved oxygen; DU, distance to the confluence with the Usumacinta River; EC, electric conductivity; FC, forest cover; ORD, stream order.

FIGURE 1 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 1 | Points representing geographic location for the lots of Vieja maculicauda used in the current study. Straight black lines represent the approximate location of geological block divisions. Purple shading represents a modified version of IUCN redlist data for the distribution of this species (Lyons, 2019).

FIGURE 4 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 4 | Canonical variate analysis and shape changes along both axes. Shape change has been magnified by two for increased visualization.

FIGURE 3 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 3 | Principal component analysis of size-corrected shape and deformation grids along each axis.

FIGURE 2 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 2 | Landmarks (in blue) and semilandmarks (in red) as placed on each specimen. Landmark positions are described on Tab. S1.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Slower environmental cycles maintain greater life-history variation within populations

Populations in nature are comprised of individual life histories, whose variation underpins ecological and evolutionary processes. Yet the forces of environmental selection that shape intrapopulation life-history variation are still not well understood, and efforts have largely focused on random (stochastic) fluctuations of the environment. However, a ubiquitous mode of environmental fluctuation in nature is cyclical, whose periodicities can change independently of stochasticity. Here we test theoretically-based hypotheses for whether shortened ('Fast') or lengthened ('Slow') environmental cycles should generate higher intrapopulation variation of life history phenotypes. We show, through a combination of individual-based modelling and a multi-generational laboratory selection experiment using the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus, that slower environmental cycles maintain higher levels of intrapopulation variation. Surprisingly, the effect of environmental periodicity on variation was much stronger than that of stochasticity. Thus, our results show that periodicity is an important facet of fluctuating environments for life-history variation.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Individual variation in the avian gut microbiota: The influence of host state and environmental heterogeneity

<div class="abstract-group metis-abstract"> <div class="article-section__content en main"> The gut microbiota have important consequences for host biological processes and there is some evidence that they also affect fitness. However, the complex, interactive nature of ecological factors that influence the gut microbiota has scarcely been investigated in natural populations. We sampled the gut microbiota of wild great tits (Parus major) at different life stages allowing us to evaluate how microbiota varied with respect to a diverse range of key ecological factors of two broad types: (1) host state, namely age and sex, and the life history variables, timing of breeding, fecundity and reproductive success; and (2) the environment, including habitat type, the distance of the nest to the woodland edge, and the general nest and woodland site environments. The gut microbiota varied with life history and the environment in many ways that were largely dependent on age. Nestlings were far more sensitive to environmental variation than adults, pointing to a high degree of flexibility at an important time in development. As nestlings developed their microbiota from one to two weeks of life, they retained consistent (i.e., repeatable) among-individual differences. However these apparent individual differences were driven entirely by the effect of sharing the same nest. Our findings point to important early windows during development in which the gut microbiota are most sensitive to a variety of environmental drivers at multiple scales, and suggest reproductive timing, and hence potentially parental quality or food availability, are linked with the microbiota. Identifying and explicating the various ecological sources that shape an individual's gut bacteria is of vital importance for understanding the gut microbiota's role in animal fitness. </div> </div> <div class="pb-dropzone"> </div>

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Individual variation in spawning migration timing in a salmonid fish—exploring roles of environmental and social cues

Describing and explaining patterns of individual animal behaviors in situ, and their repeatability over the annual cycle, is an emerging field in ecology owing largely to advances in tagging technology. We describe individual movements of adult Sakhalin taimen, Parahucho perryi, an endangered salmonid fish, in the headwaters of a river in northern Japan during the spring spawning season over two years. Migration timing, separated into stages prior to, during, and following the spawning period, was found to be more consistent and repeatable for females than males. We hypothesized that the observed coordinated movement within seasons, and repeatability in migration timing across seasons, could result from 1) individual-specific responsiveness resulting from endogenous, biological traits that are mediated by environmental factors, or 2) social interactions among comigrating individuals. We found that water temperature and water level experienced by fish near the river mouth approximately a week before arrival at the spawning ground explained variability in run timing between years for females but not males. We found no evidence of conspecific attraction or repulsion resulting from social interactions among the spawners and post-spawners. We conclude that individual-specific responsiveness to environmental cues was the likely mechanism underpinning the observed migration timing and movement patterns.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Additive genetic and environmental variation interact to shape the dynamics of seasonal migration in a wild bird population

Dissecting joint micro-evolutionary and plastic responses to environmental perturbations requires quantifying interacting components of genetic and environmental variation underlying expression of key traits. This ambition is particularly challenging for phenotypically discrete traits where multiscale decompositions are required to reveal non-linear transformations of underlying genetic and environmental variation into phenotypic variation, and when effects must be estimated from incomplete field observations. We devised a joint multistate capture-recapture and quantitative genetic animal model and fitted this model to full-annual-cycle resighting data from partially-migratory European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) to estimate key components of genetic, environmental and phenotypic variance in the ecologically critical discrete trait of seasonal migration versus residence. We demonstrate non-negligible additive genetic variance in latent liability for migration, resulting in detectable micro-evolutionary responses following two episodes of strong survival selection. Further, liability-scale additive genetic effects interacted with substantial permanent individual and temporary environmental effects to generate complex non-additive effects on expressed phenotypes, causing substantial intrinsic gene-by-environment interaction variance on the phenotypic scale. Our analyses therefore reveal how temporal dynamics of partial seasonal migration arise from combinations of instantaneous micro-evolution and within-individual phenotypic consistency, and highlight how intrinsic phenotypic plasticity could expose genetic variation underlying discrete traits to complex forms of selection.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Data from: Geographical variation of Artemisia leaf morphology along a large environmental gradient in China

We collected 60 species of Artemisia from 81 sampling sites in 15 provinces in China from the end of July to August 2018. At each site, we recorded latitude and longitude. Then we identified all Artemisia species and randomly sampled 4 plants for each species. A total of 1,041 plants were sampled. In the laboratory, 10 leaves in the middle of each plant were selected and detached. Because light might have effect on leaf morphology, we only used sun exposed leaves. The leaves were soaked in distilled water for 24 h to fully restore their shapes. After blotted-dried, leaves were place as petiole to the left and tip to the right, and an Epson V370 (Seiko Epson Corp., Nagano, Japan) was used to scan the leaves at a resolution of 600 DPI.  We set 40 landmarks along the blade edge on each leaf. The first point was set at the petiole and the 21st point at the tip, and these two points were defined as landmarks. The remaining points were evenly distributed at the blade edge and defined as semilandmarks. Landmarks were saved in tps format using Geomorph package.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Figures 1–3 in Individual variation in the advertisement call of Aplastodiscus albosignatus (Anura: Hylidae) is correlated with body size and environmental temperature

Figures 1–3. Location of the study area: (1) map of Brazil highlighting the state of Paraná; (2) map of Paraná indicating the study area; (3) map of Paraná highlighting the physiognomy of the vegetation.

publicMar 2024View details →

Neglected patterns of variation in transgenerational plasticity: The importance of different sources of environmental variation differs across ages and sexes in a cyprinid fish

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