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416 results for “farmland”
Figs. 64–75 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran
Figs. 64–75. Propodeum (females). 64 – Adialytus ambiguus (Haliday, 1834); 65 – Aphidius arvensis (Starý, 1960); 66 – Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh, 1855); 67 – Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay & Eady, 1978; 68 – Pauesia antennata (Mukerji, 1950); 69 – Praon barbatum Mackauer, 1959; 70 – Praon exsoletum (Nees, 1811) 71 – Praon gallicum Starý, 1971; 72 – Praon cf. necans Mackauer, 1959; 73 – Praon pubescens Starý, 1961; 74 – Praon volucre (Haliday, 1833); 75 – Praon yomenae Takada, 1968.
Figs. 92–95 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran
Figs. 92–95. Lateral aspect of petiole. 92 – Aphidius colemani Viereck, 1912; 93 – Aphidius ervi Haliday, 1834; 94 – Aphidius funebris Mackauer, 1961; 95 – Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga, 1958.
Camera trap data suggest uneven predation risk across vegetation types in a mixed farmland landscape
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Crop heterogeneity is positively associated with beneficial insect diversity in subtropical farmlands
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Sex-specific selection of agricultural farmland by a partially migratory ungulate
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Disentangling direct and indirect drivers of farmland biodiversity at landscape scale
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Data from: Plant-pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes
<p>Urbanization affects pollinator diversity and plant-pollinator networks by changing resource availability locally and in the surrounding landscape. We experimentally established (N = 12) standardized plant communities in farmland, villages and cities to identify the relative role of local and landscape effects on plant-pollinator communities along this urbanization gradient. We found that the number of flower visits by solitary bees, but not bumblebees, were highest in cities and lowest in farmland, with villages being intermediate, whereas syrphid flies exhibited lowest numbers in cities. Villages supported the richest pollinator communities, as they appeared to benefit from both farmland and city communities. Plant-pollinator network metrics such as robustness, interaction evenness and interaction diversity decreased with increasing urbanization, although local plant richness increased towards urban areas. In conclusion, pollinator communities were most diverse and stable in farmland and village sites, despite the high plant richness in cities. The different composition of pollinator communities along the urbanization gradient suggests considering all three landscape types for conservation schemes.</p>
Bumblebee colony density on farmland is influenced by late-summer nectar supply and garden cover
<p>1. Floral resources are important in limiting pollinator populations, but they are often highly variable across time and space and the effect of this variation on pollinator population dynamics is not well understood. The phenology (timing) of floral resources is thought to be important in structuring pollinator populations, but few studies have directly investigated this. 2. Our study quantifies the landscape composition, seasonal nectar and pollen supply, and <i>Bombus terrestris</i> colony density of 12 farms in southwest UK to investigate how landscape composition influences the phenology of floral resources and how both these factors affect colony density. We use this information in a spatially explicit predictive model to estimate the effect of different farmland management scenarios on seasonal resource supplies and colony density. 3. We find that farmland nectar supply during September is a strong predictor of <i>B. terrestris</i> colony density in the following year, explaining over half of all the variation in colony density; no other period of resource availability showed a significant association. Semi-natural habitat cover was not a good proxy for nectar or pollen supply and showed no significant association with colony density. However, the proportional cover of gardens in the landscape was significantly associated with colony density. 4. The predictive model results suggest that increasing the area of semi-natural flowering habitat has limited effect on bumblebee populations. However, improving the quality of these habitats through Environmental Stewardship and other management options is predicted to reduce the late-summer resource bottleneck and increase colony density. 5. Synthesis and Applications: Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the phenology of resources, rather than just total resource availability, when designing measures to support pollinators. Late-summer appears to be a resource bottleneck for bumblebees in UK farmland, and consequently management strategies which increase late-summer nectar availability may be the most effective. These include mowing regimes to delay flowering of field margins until September, planting late-flowering cover crops such as red clover, and supporting late-flowering wild plant species such as <i>Hedera helix</i>. Our results also suggest that rural gardens may play an important role in supporting farmland bumblebee populations.</p>
Optimising flower fields as an effective farmland eco-scheme also during non-breeding
<p>1. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union implements several farmland eco-schemes, but most are considered ineffective in halting the population declines of farmland birds. Sown flower fields are among the few eco-scheme types that rate as clearly beneficial. Yet, current CAP regulations lack minimum criteria for flower fields to qualify as eco-scheme, and thus only partially exploit their potential biodiversity benefits.</p> <p>2. Earlier research on the attraction of farmland birds to different types of sown flower fields has focused on the breeding season. We know far less about relative use of these fields during the non-breeding season, when food limitation can become severe. We therefore compared the attractiveness of four flower field types in SW Germany to 17 bird species during autumn and winter. Based on replicate surveys on 75–168 fields, we analysed bird incidences across these four types, and in relation to vegetation structure and landscape features.</p> <p>3. Flower field types showed little variation in species richness, but striking differences in selection by particular species. Finches and tits were disproportionally abundant on fields in their first year since sowing, buntings and whinchat on fields in later successional stages. Most flower fields established under CAP greening regulations were ploughed between September and November of their first year. Therefore, such fields cannot support farmland birds and other wildlife during a critical phase in their annual cycle.</p> <p>4. Birds were consistently more abundant on larger fields with a differentiated vegetation structure. Flower fields along hedgerows and groves primarily attracted inhabitants of woodland ecotones, while farmland birds had higher incidences on fields embedded in open landscapes.</p> <p>5. 'Policy implications'. EU member states currently revise their farmland eco-schemes. We propose to formulate minimum quality standards to assure that flower fields effectively support farmland birds also during the non-breeding season. These include an at least biennial cycle, more diversified seed mixtures, field sizes exceeding 12 m width or 0.18 ha area, and local diversity in their placement relative to other landscape elements such as hedgerows.</p>
Linking agri-environment scheme habitat area, predation and the abundance of chick invertebrate prey to the nesting success of a declining farmland bird
<p>Across Europe, farmland bird populations have continued to decline since the 1970s owing to the intensification of farming practices. Studies of such declines have tended to focus specifically on either the impacts of habitats (nesting and foraging), nest predators or prey availability on bird demographics. The study presented here provides new insights into the relative effects of each of these factors on Yellowhammer nest survival. The Yellowhammer was selected for this study as it is a UK red-listed bird species whose population is in decline across much of Europe. We use a long-term dataset of 147 nests, monitored between 1995 and 2007, to provide an insight into how Yellowhammer nest survival is influenced by nesting habitat (nest concealment and nest height), foraging habitats (habitat coverage within 100 m of nests), the removal of nest predators (Magpie Pica pica abundance as an inverse measure of avian predator removal through gamekeeping) and food availability (measured with a D-vac invertebrate suction sampler). Our results indicated that Yellowhammer hatching success was negatively related to the coverage of spring agri-environment scheme habitats, a group which represents invertebrate-rich agri-environment habitats, but hatching success increased with nest height. Fledging success was positively related to the coverage of the seed-rich habitat Wild Bird Seed mixture. The farm-level abundance of Yellowhammer chick-food invertebrates declined over the study period. Our results highlight the importance of simultaneously considering multiple agents that shape avian breeding success, i.e. their ability to produce offspring, to inform conservation management. Our key finding for land managers relates to the positive relationship between the proportion seed rich foraging habitat within the Yellowhammer's average foraging range and Yellowhammer fledging success, which shows that a habitat intended primarily to provide winter food resources is also important to breeding birds. Chick food abundance in this habitat was, however, similar to broadleaf and cereal crops. We recommend that this habitat should be provided near to potential Yellowhammer nesting sites and adjacent to invertebrate-rich agri-environment scheme habitats such as beetle banks and conservation headlands to further boost invertebrate resources for a declining farmland bird.</p>
Functional diversity of farmland bees across rural-urban landscapes in a tropical megacity
Urbanization is a major threat to biodiversity and food security, as expanding cities, especially in the Global South, increasingly compete with natural and agricultural lands. However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assessed how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable-producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behaviour, body size and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of grey area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity-nesting, and surprisingly, specialist bees benefitted from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground-nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available besides roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promoted taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promoted the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation could maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the non-cropping season. However, exotic plants decreased functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) to preserve semi-natural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for above-ground nesters, (2) to promote farm-level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables and spices), (3) to maintain native natural vegetation along field-margins, (4) to control and remove invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant-pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, can be used to develop win-win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities.
Farmland trees in India (2018-2022)
<p>This dataset presents a detailed analysis of individual tree changes within farmlands across India for the years 2018 to 2022. Utilizing PlanetScope satellite images, isolated trees were mapped for each year. <strong><em>We used the farmland class of WorldCover to keep only trees falling into this class, which can cause unexpected patterns (e.g. large trees not mapped as they were not mapped as farmland).</em></strong></p> <p>Each tree has the detection confidence of each year as an attribute. The change confidence is the aggregated confidence over 5 years and can be used as a measure of uncertainty in the detection. Trees that have detection confidence values below 0.5 are likely shrubs or misclassification, or the image quality was low. If a tree was detected in both 2018 and 2019, but not in 2020-2022, it has likely disappeared.</p> <p><strong>File system and download</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains about 0.5 billion trees, saved in the 353 files in the format of geopackage as gpkg, grouped into 89 zip folders for zenodo ingestion. The spatial coverage of files follows a grid system with identical gridIDs, which can be located in the file name, e.g., ps2_PSScene_2018-2022_<em><strong>gridIDs</strong></em>_195_308_000_0000_composite_lshm_0_0_0.gpkg. The filename and the associated group name can be found in the file of <strong><em>india_grid_bygroup.geojson</em></strong>. The geojson file can be opened via QGIS. One can find the group name using the 'Identify Feature' tool for a target grid covering your area of interest. It turns for example, id: 85,24, file: ps2_PSScene_2018-2022_00085_00024_260_391_000_0000_composite_lshm_0_0_0.gpkg, and groupname: group_62.zip.</p> <p><strong>Web Viewer</strong></p> <p>We also developed a viewer to explore the tree detection confidence: <strong><a href="https://rs-cph.projects.earthengine.app/view/tree">https://rs-cph.projects.earthengine.app/view/tree</a></strong>.</p> <p><strong>License</strong></p> <p>Any usage must be solely for Noncommercial education or scientific research purposes, and publication in academic or scientific research journals. Licensee agrees that all such publications must include an attribution that clearly and conspicuously identifies Planet Labs PBC.</p>
Functional responses in habitat selection as a management tool to evaluate agri-environment schemes for farmland birds
<p>The folder "functional_responses.zip" contains data analyzed for "Functional responses in habitat selection as a management tool to evaluate agri-environment schemes for farmland birds"</p> <p>The raw LPIS/IACS data are owned by the Saxon State Ministry for Energy, Climate Protection, Environment and Agriculture; they hold sensitive information and hence cannot be made publicly available. They can be requested from the agency for research purposes.</p> <p>Processed data are retrievable from .RDATA in "rdata_mixed_model" and "rdata_functional_responses" folders.</p> <p>"rscript" folder contains R functions of JAGS codes (jags_code.R), data processing (process.R), utility functions (utils.R), and figures (figure_all.R or figure_all_by_sp.R).</p> <p>Dg: Common whitethroat (Curruca communis)</p> <p>Fl: Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis)</p> <p>G: Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella)</p> <p>Ga: Corn bunting (Emberiza calandra)</p> <p> </p> <p>If you have questions regarding data, please contact ryo.ogawa@uni-bonn.de.</p>
Agricultural flood resistance enhanced after returning farmlands to lakes
<ul> <li>The Code text files are the Java script used to map three types of rice and flood in 1998 and 2020.</li> <li>Data_maps and samples_GEE.txt records the path to get all the maps and samples stored in the assets of GEE, containing 9 layers.</li> <li>README.txt details the elements of each data layer of maps and samples in GEE.</li> </ul>
PMF-LP: the first 10 m plastic-mulched farmland distribution map (2019-2021) in the Loess Plateau of China generated using training sample generation and classifier transfer method
<p>This dataset provides 10-m resolution plastic-mulched farmland distribution map in the Loess Plateau of China from 2019 to 2021</p> <p>*** The data file is in ".tif" format</p> <p>*** Temporal resolution: Annually</p> <p>*** Temporal coverage: 2019-2021</p> <p>*** Pixel size: 10 m</p> <p>*** Projection information: EPSG: 4326</p> <p>*** Values: 1 denotes plastic-mulched farmland (PMF) and 0 denotes non-plastic-mulched farmland (non-PMF)</p>
No seasonal curtailment of the Eurasian Skylark's (Alauda arvensis) breeding season in German heterogeneous farmland
<p><span>The lack of suitable nesting sites is one key driver behind the farmland bird crisis in Europe. Winter cereals become impenetrable for ground-breeding birds like the Eurasian Skylark (<em>Alauda arvensis</em>), curtailing breeding time. Stable Skylark populations depend on multiple breeding attempts per year; thus, the widespread cultivation of winter cereals has strongly contributed to their tremendous decline. Crop diversification is thought to be a potential measure to counteract this development. Therefore, we explored</span> <span>how individual Skylarks respond to the decreasing suitability of winter cereals as nesting habitat in heterogeneous but otherwise conventionally managed farmland. Our study focused on: i) the degree to which Skylarks prematurely cease nesting activity, switch nesting habitats, or breed on linear structures like tramlines. Additionally, we analyzed: ii) if nest success decreases throughout the breeding season and iii) how often Skylarks make a successful breeding attempt per year. We radio-tagged 28 adults in a German population during April 2018 and 2019, tracked half of them for more than 3 months, and measured their breeding success. Additionally, we monitored nests of untagged pairs, resulting in 96 nests found. None, except one tagged individual, stopped breeding activity before July 1st. Home ranges were mainly stable, but Skylarks switched nesting habitats away from winter cereals to crops like sugar beet or set-aside. High-risk nesting sites like corn and linear structures played a minor role in breeding. Overall, Mayfield logistic regressions revealed no seasonal decrease in nest success, and tagged Skylarks had sufficient time to make 1.5 – 1.8 breeding attempts, of which 0.8 were successful. We suggest that heterogeneous farmland in our study area, which enabled diversely composed home ranges, prevented a curtailment of the breeding season. Thus, our study reinforces the need for crop diversification which gives Skylarks a chance to survive in modern farmland. </span></p>
Navigating agricultural landscapes: Responses of critically endangered giant tortoises to farmland vegetation and infrastructure
<p><strong>Context</strong>: Interactions between wildlife and anthropogenic infrastructure, such as roads, fences, and dams, can influence wildlife movement, and potentially cause human-wildlife conflict. In the Galapagos archipelago, two species of critically endangered giant tortoise encounter infrastructure and human-modified vegetation in farms, which could influence movement choices.</p> <p><strong>Objectives</strong>: We investigated factors influencing tortoise movement and habitat selection in the agricultural landscape of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We examined the movement of 27 tortoises collected using GPS tracking between 2014 and 2020, in relation to the location of vegetation, ponds, fences, and roads.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We found that tortoises preferred pasture over native vegetation, but there was little difference among their preferences for native vegetation, crops, or invasive vegetation. Tortoises also travelled slower in pasture, and faster in invasive vegetation, compared to crops and native vegetation. Tortoises were more likely to be found closer to ponds than predicted by chance. Our results indicated that most fences were porous to tortoises, with limited impact on their movement. Tortoises were more likely to use areas near roads with low-traffic.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Pastures and ponds are important habitats for tortoises in farms and are likely to be used preferentially by tortoises. Overall, fences and roads did not strongly obstruct tortoise movements, however, this may lead to potential injury to tortoises on roads and property damage for farmers. To best identify priority areas for managing wildlife on farms, we recommend evaluating the combined effects of multiple anthropogenic landscape features on wildlife movements.</p>
Reversing declines in farmland birds: how much agri-environment provision is needed at farm and landscapes scales?
<p>1) Agri-environment schemes (AES) are the primary policy mechanism for addressing farmland biodiversity declines across Europe. Despite previous studies on the impacts of AES on biodiversity, there is little empirical evidence on the scale of provision required to reverse declines.</p> <p>2) Across three regions of lowland England with contrasting farm systems (arable, pastoral, mixed) we estimated avian Population Growth Rates (PGRs) on farmland with high AES provision ('higher-tier': average bird-friendly option cover = 7.4%), low AES provision ('lower-tier': 2.3%), and no bird-friendly AES ('no AES'). Ten-year PGRs were derived for 24 species and three multi-species groups comprising farmland-associated species ('farmland birds'), species of conservation concern ('priority birds'), and species restricted to farmland ('specialist birds'). We used PGRs to simulate the proportion of the regional farmland landscape that would have to be assigned to higher- and lower-tier agreements to stabilise or increase populations.</p> <p>3) In the arable and pastoral regions, 13/23 and 13/22 species respectively had more positive PGRs under higher-tier AES than on no AES farmland (none had more negative PGRs), compared to 4/22 (positive) and 1/22 (negative) in the mixed region. Only 2-4 species per region exhibited more positive PGRs under lower-tier AES compared to no AES farmland.</p> <p>4) Multi-species PGRs in the arable and pastoral regions increased from no AES (strong decline), to lower-tier (decline or stability) to higher-tier (moderate or strong increase). There was no overall AES effect in the mixed region.</p> <p>5) To increase regional farmland bird populations by 10% over 10-years, 47% and 26% of the farmed landscape would need to be devoted to higher-tier agreements in arable and pastoral landscapes respectively. This falls to 34% and 17% when higher-tier is targeted at localities supporting higher abundances of target species, and to 29% and 10% when 30% of the farmed landscape is also devoted to lower-tier. Priority and specialist birds require higher provision levels.</p> <p>6) Policy implications. Where farmland bird recovery is an AES objective, farms should prioritise higher-tier agreement delivery over lower-tier. Farmland bird responses to AES provision are likely to vary regionally but careful targeting will reduce the amount needed in the landscape.</p>
Navigating agricultural landscapes: Responses of critically endangered giant tortoises to farmland vegetation and infrastructure
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Data from: Biodegradable microplastics can cause more serious loss of soil organic carbon by priming effect than conventional microplastics in farmland shelterbelts
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.