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67 results for “floristic data”
Data from: A millennium of climatic and floristic dynamics in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes
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Data from: Functional traits in parallel evolutionary radiations and trait-environment associations in the Cape Floristic region of South Africa
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Data from: High vascular plant species richness in the Usumacinta River Basin: a comprehensive floristic checklist for a natural region in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot
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Data from: Alpine flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Floristic assessment, life history traits and threat status
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Data from: The limited legacy of post-glacial recolonization in the floristic patterns of the European Alps
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Data from: Monitoring and predictive mapping of floristic biodiversity along a climatic gradient in ENSO's terrestrial core region, NW Peru
<p>This is the data from the publication "Monitoring and predictive mapping of floristic biodiversity along a climatic gradient in ENSO's terrestrial core region, NW Peru" (<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.05091/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.05091/abstract</a>).</p> <p>The code (including figures, appendices and the manuscript) can be found directly in the <a href="https://github.com/jannes-m/2020-enso-tdf">GitHub repository</a>.</p> <p><strong>Data sources and description</strong></p> <p>Column descriptions for all tables can be found in <em>variable_description.ods. </em>Following tables are stored in <em>tables.gpkg</em>:</p> <ol> <li>plot_species_matrix_2011: Plot species matrix recorded in 2011</li> <li>plot_species_matrix_2012: Plot species matrix recorded in 2012.</li> <li>plot_species_matrix_2016: Plot species matrix recorded in 2016.</li> <li>plot_species_matrix_2017: Plot species matrix recorded in 2017.</li> <li>lifeform: Lifeforms of the recorded species</li> <li>plot_variables: Variables specific to the plots such as height of the first tree layer, cover of dead wood, etc.</li> <li>soil: Edaphic variables.</li> <li>topography: Topographic variables.</li> <li>streets: Streets and dirt tracks in the study area.</li> <li>towns: Polygons displaying the outline of the cities Paita, Piura and Chulucanas.</li> <li>rivers: Lines displaying the major rivers in the study area.</li> <li>study_area: Outline of the study area.</li> <li>peru: Outline of Peru.</li> <li>neighbors: Outline of Peru's neighbors (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador).</li> <li>coast: Coastal strip of and close to the study area.</li> <li>precipitation: Precipitation measured at the three climatic stations (Paita, Piura, Chulucanas).</li> <li>experiment_count: species counted per visit (irrigation-fertilization experiment).</li> <li>experiment_irrigation: Rain input by time during the irrigation-fertilization experiment.</li> <li>experiment_cover: Cover of each plant species per visit and per experimental plot (irrigation-fertilization experiment).</li> </ol>
Data from: Dissecting biodiversity in a global hotspot: uneven dynamics of immigration and diversification within the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
Aim: Fragmented distributions should show immigration and diversification dynamics consistent with the predictions of island biogeography theory. We test whether this applies to the fragmented Cape fynbos vegetation. Location: Southern Africa, Cape Floristic Region (CFR) Taxon: Angiosperms, Restionaceae (restios) Methods: We used a large occurrence dataset and environmental layers to characterize an existing regionalization and the intervals between the regions ecologically and spatially. We extended the available phylogeny for restios and inferred their historical biogeography using models implemented in BioGeoBEARS. We then measured the relative contribution of immigration and in situ speciation to the species richness of each region within the CFR. We used standard statistical methods to test the predictions of the island biogeography theory. Results: The area and environmental heterogeneity of the seven regions of the CFR are positively correlated with in situ speciation rate. Furthermore, more isolated areas, and areas colonized more recently, have proportionally higher immigration rates, and more central and older areas proportionally higher in situ speciation rates. Main Conclusions: The variation in immigration and diversification dynamics among the regions within the CFR is extensive and consistent with the archipelago model of island biography theory. This dynamic may contribute significantly to the diversity of the Cape flora. Such a model could be generally useful for understanding the generation and maintenance of diversity in biodiversity hotspots, and may even scale up to explain continental biodiversity.
Data from: Are forest‐shrubland mosaics of the Cape Floristic Region an example of alternate stable states?
The idea of alternate stable states (ASS) has been used to explain the juxtaposition of distinct vegetation types within the same climate regime. ASS may explain the co‐existence of relatively inflammable closed‐canopy Afrotemperate Forest patches ("Forest") within fire‐prone open‐canopy Fynbos in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) on sandstone‐derived soils. We evaluated the hypothesis that although fire and local topography and hydrology likely determined the paleogeographic boundaries of Forest, present‐day boundaries are additionally imposed by emergent edaphic properties and disturbance histories. We studied vegetation and edaphic properties of Forest‐Transition‐Fynbos vegetation at two sites within the CFR on sandstone‐derived soils and tracked historical change using aerial photography. Whereas Forest and Fynbos have changed little in extent or density since 1945, Transition vegetation increased into areas formerly occupied by Fynbos. Forest soils were ubiquitously more nutrient‐rich than Fynbos soils, with Transition soils being intermediate. These edaphic differences are not due to geological differences, but instead appear to have emerged as a consequence of different nutrient cycling within the different ecosystems. Soil nutrients are now so different that a switch from Fynbos to Forest is unlikely, in the short term (i.e. decades). Floristically and nutritionally, Transitional vegetation is more similar to Fynbos than Forest and may be less resilient to changes in exogenous drivers (e.g., fire). Our findings are consistent with the idea that geologically Forest and Fynbos are largely fire‐derived long‐term ASS, with the stability of each state reinforced by marked soil nutrient differences. In contrast, the intermediate Transitional vegetation that might switch states is unlikely to be stable.
Data from: Topography as a driver of diversification in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
The rugged topography of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), South Africa, is frequently invoked to explain the spectacular radiation of the Cape flora, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Where recent authors emphasize the importance of elevation gradients as stimuli for ecological speciation, earlier workers stressed the role of topography as an isolating mechanism, particularly in montane lineages. Using six Cape plant lineages, we tested whether elevation niches are phylogenetically conserved. We then assessed whether high-elevation species are more consistently range-restricted than low-elevation species, and whether high-elevation sisters show stronger range exclusivity (allopatry) and weaker ecological and phenotypic differentiation, suggestive of nonecological speciation. Elevation niches tend to be phylogenetically conserved. Also, high-elevation species are more consistently range-restricted than low-elevation species, potentially explaining the generally stronger range exclusivity of high-elevation sisters. While the high-elevation zone is less homogeneous ecologically, more data are required to demonstrate that high-elevation sister species show generally weaker ecological and phenotypic differentiation. Topographic complexity promotes geographical isolation at high elevations, thereby providing opportunities for nonecological, vicariant speciation. While recognizing the need for additional data, we suggest that the upland and lowland floras of the CFR may differ with regard to predominant speciation mode.
Data from: Genomic data reveal ancient microendemism in forest scorpions across the California Floristic Province
The California Floristic Province (CFP) in western North America is a globally significant biodiversity hotspot. Elucidating patterns of endemism and the historical drivers of this diversity has been an important challenge of comparative phylogeography for over two decades. We generated phylogenomic data using ddRADseq to examine genetic structure in Uroctonus forest scorpions, an ecologically restricted and dispersal-limited organism widely distributed across the CFP north to the Columbia River. We coupled our genetic data with species distribution models (SDMs) to determine climatically suitable areas for Uroctonus both now and during the Last Glacial Maximum. Based on our analyses, Uroctonus is composed of two major genetic groups that likely diverged over 2 million years ago. Each of these groups itself contains numerous genetic groups that reveal a pattern of vicariance and microendemism across the CFP. Migration rates among these populations are low. SDMs suggest forest scorpion habitat has remained relatively stable over the last 21 000 years, consistent with the genetic data. Our results suggest tectonic plate rafting, mountain uplift, river drainage formation and climate-induced habitat fragmentation have all likely played a role in the diversification of Uroctonus. The intricate pattern of genetic fragmentation revealed across a temporal continuum highlights the potential of low-dispersing species to shed light on small-scale patterns of biodiversity and the underlying processes that have generated this diversity in biodiversity hotspots.
Data from: Plant diversity and endemism in the California Floristic Province
The California Floristic Province (CFP) is an area of high biodiversity and endemism corresponding roughly to the portion of western North America having a Mediterranean-type climate. High levels of diversity and endemism in the CFP are attributed to the unique geo-climatic setting of the region. In recent years, much has been learned about the origins of plant diversity in western North America. This work, however, has been hindered by a focus on political rather than biotic regions, such that much more is known about diversity and endemism in the state of California than the natural biotic region represented by the CFP. Here we present a preliminary list of native land plants (vascular plants and bryophytes) found in the CFP, as well as an analysis of diversity and endemism patterns at the level of both species and minimum rank taxa (MRT; species and infraspecific taxa). A total of 6,927 MRT are native to the CFP, including 6,143 vascular plants and 784 bryophytes. Of these, 2,612 vascular plants are endemic to the CFP (42%) compared to 37 endemic bryophytes (5%). Finally, 2,506 native CFP vascular plant MRT (41% of the CFP flora) and 454 CFP bryophyte MRT (58% of the CFP flora) are found outside California in the Oregon and Baja California parts of the CFP. This high degree of sharing across political boundaries among both vascular plants and bryophytes highlights the cohesiveness of the CFP, and the need to focus more research effort on biotic regions.
Data from: Discovering floristic and geoecological gradients across Amazonia
Aim: To map and interpret floristic and geoecological patterns across the Amazon basin by combining extensive field data with basin-wide Landsat imagery and climatic data Location: Amazonia Taxon: Ground truth data on ferns and lycophytes; remote sensing results reflect forest canopy properties Methods: We used field plot data to assess main ecological gradients across Amazonia and to relate floristic ordination axes to soil base cation concentration, CHELSA climatic variables and reflectance values from a basin-wide Landsat image composite with generalized linear models (GLM). Ordination axes were then predicted across all Amazonia using Landsat and CHELSA, and a regional subdivision was obtained using k-medoid classification. Results: The primary floristic gradient was strongly related to base cation concentration in the soil, and the secondary gradient to climatic variables. The Landsat image composite revealed a tapestry of broad-scale variation in canopy reflectance characteristics across Amazonia. Ordination axis scores predicted using Landsat and CHELSA variables produced spatial patterns consistent with existing knowledge on soils, geology and vegetation, but also suggested new floristic patterns. The clearest dichotomy was between central Amazonia and the peripheral areas, and the available data supported a classification into at least eight subregions. Main conclusions Landsat data are capable of predicting soil-related species compositional patterns of understory ferns and lycophytes across the Amazon basin with surprisingly high accuracy. Although the exact floristic relationships may differ among plant groups, the observed ecological gradients must be relevant for other plants as well, since surface reflectance recorded by satellites is mostly influenced by the tree canopy. This opens exciting prospects for species distribution modelling, conservation planning, and biogeographical and ecological studies on Amazonian biota. Our maps provide a preliminary geoecological subdivision of Amazonia that can now be tested and refined using field data of other plant groups and from hitherto unsampled areas.
Data from: The mesic savannas of the Bateke Plateau: carbon stocks and floristic composition
The Bateke Plateau in the Republic of Congo is one of the last frontiers for ecology, with little known about its floristics and physiognomy. Despite occupying 89,800 km2 and its importance for local livelihoods, its ecology and ecosystem functions are poorly understood. Situated on Kalahari sands, the Bateke has a complex evolutionary history, mainly isolated from other savannas for much of its past, with currently unresolved ecological implications. Here we assess the biomass and floristic diversity of this savanna. We established four 25 ha permanent sample plots at two savanna sites, inventoried all trees, and assessed shrub, forb and grass species and biomass, and characterised the soils. Total plant carbon stocks (aboveground and belowground) were only 6.5 ± 0.3 MgC/ha, despite precipitation of 1600 mm/yr. Over half the biomass was grass, with the remainder divided between trees and shrubs. The carbon stock of the system is mostly contained in the top layer of the soil (16.7 ± 0.9 MgC/ha in 0-20 cm depth). We identified 49 plant species (4 trees, 13 shrubs, 4 sedges, 17 forbs and 11 grass species), with an average species richness of 23 per plot. There is tree hyperdominance of Hymenocardia acida (Phyllanthaceae), and a richer herbaceous species composition dominated by Loudetia simplex and Hyparrhenia diplandra. The low carbon stocks and tree biodiversity, compared to other African savannas, is surprising considering the high rainfall. We speculate it is due to low nutrient soils, high fire frequency and the effect of a temporally variable and restricted connection to the main southern African savanna complex.
FIGURE 1. Sinningia minima. A. Wet rocks along streams, showing its saxicolous habitat. B in A new species of Sinningia (Gesneriaceae) and additional floristic data from Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Sinningia minima. A. Wet rocks along streams, showing its saxicolous habitat. B. Habit with bud, flower and fruit. C. Individuals growing together with Goyazia rupicola. D. Individuals growing among mosses. (A–D: A.O.Araujo & Almeida 1146).
FIGURE 2. Sinningia minima. A. Habit. B. Flower, side view. C in A new species of Sinningia (Gesneriaceae) and additional floristic data from Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Sinningia minima. A. Habit. B. Flower, side view. C. Gynoecium, nectary and calyx. D. Nectary in detail. E. Androecium. F. Seed.
Data from: Quantifying floristic and structural forest maturity: an attribute-based method for wet eucalypt forests
1. Maintaining developmental heterogeneity of ecological communities within landscapes is crucial for sustainable native forest management. Consequently, methods to assess forest maturity (i.e. the degree to which the forest contains attributes and supports processes characteristic of late-successional forests) are valuable for making management decisions. However, no consistent, pragmatic method to quantify maturity that incorporates multiple ecosystem elements is available for many forest systems, including Australian wet eucalypt forests. 2. We draw upon forest community dynamics theory to develop a method to quantify maturity based on forest attributes, and use this method to create two metrics of wet eucalypt forest floristic and structural maturity. We then test the ability of remotely-sensed and field-collected variables to predict these metrics. 3. Both the floristic and structural maturity metrics performed well at capturing underlying trends of forest maturation. Remotely-sensed LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and photo-interpretation data provided estimates of moderate accuracy for both floristic and structural maturity (R2 = 0.57-0.77). Field variables that are relatively efficient and accurate to measure provided greater model accuracy (R2 = 0.73-0.85). Including more complex field variables increased model accuracy to high levels (R2 = 0.93). Therefore, while maturity predicted from remote-sensing data enables a useful and accessible large-scale maturity measure, field indices would provide a more accurate means of assessing maturity at the local stand level. 4. Synthesis and applications: The metrics developed in this study provide a powerful tool for undertaking consistent assessments of wet eucalypt forest maturity. This assessment tool could improve forest management by providing information to optimise practices such as prioritising stands for retention or harvesting, determining the effectiveness of restoration or management practices, and monitoring changes in maturity over time. The method could be adapted to any forest system that undergoes well-defined directional development.
Redefining floristic zones in the Korean Peninsula using high-resolution georeferenced specimen data and self-organizing maps
<p>The use of biota to analyze the distribution pattern of biogeographic regions is essential to gain a better understanding of the ecological processes that cause biotic differentiation and biodiversity at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Recently, the collection of high-resolution biological distribution data (e.g., specimens) and advances in analytical theory have led to the quantitative analysis and more refined spatial delineation of biogeographic regions. This study was conducted to redefine floristic zones in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and to better understand the eco-evolutionary significance of the spatial distribution patterns. Based on 309,333 distribution data of 2,954 vascular plant species in the Korean Peninsula, we derived floristic zones using self-organizing maps. We compared the characteristics of the derived regions with those of historical floristic zones and ecologically important environmental factors (climate, geology, and geography). In the clustering analysis of the floristic assemblages, four distinct regions were identified, namely, the cold floristic zone (Zone I) in high-altitude regions at the center of the Korean Peninsula, cool floristic zone (Zone II) in high-altitude regions in the south of the Korean Peninsula, warm floristic zone (Zone III) in low-altitude regions in the central and southern parts of the Korean Peninsula, and maritime warm floristic zone (Zone IV) including the volcanic islands Jejudo and Ulleungdo. Totally, 1,099 taxa were common to the four floristic zones. Zone IV showed the highest abundance of specific plants (those found in only one zone), with 404 taxa. Our study improves floristic zone definitions using high-resolution regional biological distribution data. It will help better understand and re-establish regional species diversity. In addition, our study provides key data for hotspot analysis required for the conservation of plant diversity.</p>
Data from: Dissecting biodiversity in a global hotspot: uneven dynamics of immigration and diversification within the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
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Data from: The mesic savannas of the Bateke Plateau: carbon stocks and floristic composition
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Data from: Quantifying floristic and structural forest maturity: an attribute-based method for wet eucalypt forests
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Allen Brain Atlas
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