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Fig. 4 in Changes In The Structure Of Nest Complexes Of The Red Wood Ants Formica Rufa And F. Polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) In Urban Forests
Fig. 4. Degradation of the Formica rufa complex No. 1 (Feofaniya) in terms of average height (4, A) and diameter (4, B) under conditions of intensive construction and recreation; 4, С, D — diameter and height near the nest complex of F. polyctena No. 4 (surroundings of the Observatory), under conditions of felling of the shrub layer and processing of fallen trunks and branches into wood chips.
Figure 4 in Changes In The Structure Of Nest Complexes Of The Red Wood Ants Formica Rufa And F. Polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) In Urban Forests
Figure 4 shows the degradation trends for the nest complexes of F. rufa No. 1 (4, A, B), F. polyctena No. 4 (4, C, D). For F. rufa No. 1, there was a sharp decrease in the average diameter of anthills in 2014, and on the contrary, an increase since 2015 (fig. 4, A). In 2016, this indicator remained at approximately the same level, and in 2021 it decreased again. In 2022, this nest complex
Fig. 1 in Changes In The Structure Of Nest Complexes Of The Red Wood Ants Formica Rufa And F. Polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) In Urban Forests
Fig. 1. Location of nest complexes of Formica rufa (diamonds), F. polyctena (triangles) on the territory of the city of Kyiv (Ukraine). The city limits are marked by a red line, the forest areas by dark grey. The numbers correspond to the serial number of each complex.
Structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System: the model and its components
<p>This material is part of:</p> <p>de Rigo, D. 2018. <strong>The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System: a synopsis of computational semantics</strong>. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4046673<br><br><strong>Structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index system: the model and its components</strong> — The <a href="../record/10806780#preview-iframe">figure below</a> (formats: <a href="../record/10806780/files/FWI-sys_simple_diagram.png?download=1">PNG</a> or <a href="../record/10806780/files/FWI-sys_simple_diagram.pdf?download=1">PDF</a>) shows the logical subdivision of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index system (FWI-sys) in components.</p> <p> </p> <p>The Canadian FWI-sys (De Groot,1987; Van Wagner,1987) is an index of fire danger by weather designed to consider the effects on vegetation fuels of the sequence of weather conditions. It is designed to estimate a uniform numerical rating for the relative fire potential accounting for the local sequence of temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and precipitation, for the day in which the rating is estimated but also modelling the dynamics of the previous days. In addition, the variable amount of possible drying due to the varying solar irradiation in different seasons is taken into account by adjusting the parameters per each month of the year.<br><br>The system is standardised to consider the behaviour of a reference typology of vegetation fuel (mature pine stand) regardless of other non-weather factors which may locally influence the fire danger, such as the specific topography or the pattern, composition, and structure of vegetation assemblages. Therefore, FWI-sys is suitable to support the harmonised comparison among variable weather conditions, either spatially (comparing different spatial regions) or temporally (comparing the same region over time).<br><br>The FWI-sys components are organised in three layers, processing at the daily frequency weather information (either from observations, reanalysis, forecast, or climate scenarios) and estimating from it a final standard aggregated numerical rating of fire intensity.<br><br>The required input variables are</p> <ul> <li>Temperature T (nominally, FWI-sys requires T at noon)</li> <li>Wind speed W (nominally, FWI-sys requires T at noon)</li> <li>Relative humidity</li> <li>Precipitation (24-hour rainfall)</li> <li>Month of the year</li> </ul> <p>The FWI-sys was originally designed to fit the Candian conditions. Following its success, adaptations of the system were studied for different areas of the globe. This implies that the parameters used inside the FWI-sys globally also depend on the latitude (Alexander, 2008).</p> <p>The first layer of components (the <em>fuel moisture codes</em>: Fine Fuel Moisture Content, FFMC; Duff Moisture Code, DMC; Drought Code, DC) is composed by dynamic variables. This means that the value of each component for a given day depends also on the value of the same component the day before. The dynamic components with longer memory of their past history also approximate the seasonal changes in solar radiation, by considering the month of the year (see Figure, bottom left).</p> <ul> <li><strong>Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC)</strong> : provides a numerical rating of the moisture content of the top litter and other cured fine fuels, indicating the relative ease of ignition and flammability of fine fuel.</li> <li><strong>Duff Moisture Code (DMC)</strong> : models a standard moisture content of loosely-compacted organic layers of moderate depth (duff layers and medium-sized woody material). This component of the FWI-sys represents wooden fuels of intermediate thickness.</li> <li><strong>Drought Code (DC)</strong> : models a standard moisture content of deeper, compact, organic layers. This component of the FWI-sys is able to track seasonal drought effects on coarse wooden fuels.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The second layer of components (the<em> fire behaviour indices</em>: Initial Spread Index, ISI; Buildup Index, BUI; Fire Weather Index, FWI) mathematically is composed by stateless D-TM components. This means that these components do not have an internal memory of the past conditions, while instead they rely on the combined information offered by the different temporal inertia of the fuel moisture codes, which they process as input information.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Initial Spread Index (ISI)</strong> : represents the expected rate of fire spread. It considers the combined effects of wind and the FFMC on the rate of spread. However, it excludes the influence of fuel moisture and availabity for the coarser wooden fuels.</li> <li><strong>Buildup Index (BUI)</strong> : combines DMC and DC to model the total amount of fuel available for combustion to the spreading fire.</li> <li><strong>Fire Weather Index (FWI)</strong> : offers a standard aggregated numerical rating of fire intensity which combines ISI and BUI.</li> </ul> <p><br>Given its structure, the model can also be interpreted as a recurrent neural network (RNN) where the input variables are transformed into the final aggregated numerical rating (FWI) by means of two hidden layers: the <em>fuel moisture codes</em> (three nodes/neurons); and the <em>fire behaviour indices</em> (two nodes/neurons).</p> <p>Note that this structure is not a simple feedforward network, as the first hidden layer is made by dynamic components (FFMC, DMC, DC, see highlighted feedack loops in <a href="../record/10806780/files/FWI-sys_simple_diagram_recurrent.png?download=1">PNG</a> format). The activation functions are complex, and the D-TM components (either dynamic or stateless) generally mix physically-based and empirical aspects. A consequence of the complexity of the FWI-sys activation functions is that a neural network with standard (e.g. sigmoidal) activation functions would need to exploit disproportionally many more additional neurons for the same FWI-sys D-TM complexity to be reasonably approximated.</p> <p> </p> <p>An additional FWI-sys component is a simple transfromation of the aggregated FWI values to better account for the nonlinear increase of fire control effort with increasing FWI values (Van Wagner, 1987):</p> <ul> <li><strong>Daily Severity Rating (DSR)</strong>: this transformation of FWI is meant to provide a measure of control difficulty:<br> DSR = 0.0272 ⋅ FWI <sup>1.77</sup><br>which easily invertible:<br> FWI = ( DSR / 0.0272 ) <sup>1 / 1.77</sup></li> </ul> <p><br><br>To cite the Figure, please refer to:<br><br>de Rigo, 2016. <strong>Structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System: the model and its components</strong>. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6558576</p> <p>which is part of</p> <p>de Rigo, D. 2018. <strong>The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System: a synopsis of computational semantics</strong>. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4046673<br><br> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>De Groot, W.J., 1987. <strong>Interpreting the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System</strong>. In: <em>Fourth Central Regional Fire Weather Committee Scientific and Technical Seminar, Proceedings</em>. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, pp. 3-14. <a href="https://purl.org/INRMM-MiD/c-14176512">https://purl.org/INRMM-MiD/c-14176512</a> </p> <p>Van Wagner, C.E., 1987. <strong>Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System</strong>. <em>Forestry Technical Report</em>. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Canada. <a href="https://purl.org/INRMM-MiD/c-14168337">https://purl.org/INRMM-MiD/c-14168337</a> </p> <p>Alexander, M.E., 2008. <strong>Latitude considerations in adapting the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System for use in other countries</strong>. In: Lawson, B.D., Armitage, O.B. (Eds.), <em>Weather Guide for the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System</em>. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 67–73. ISBN:978-1-100-11565-8 <a href="https://purl.org/INRMM-MiD/z-MBDA6A6I">https://purl.org/INRMM-MiD/z-MBDA6A6I</a></p> <p> </p>
FIG. 2 in Nematode community structure of forest woodlots. I. Relationships based on similarity coefficients of nematode species
FIG. 2. Dendrogram of forest sites in Tippecanoe County, Ind., based on similarity indices of nematode species.
FIG. 1 in Nematode community structure of forest woodlots. I. Relationships based on similarity coefficients of nematode species
FIG. 1. Influence of the number of soil cores taken at Tippecanoe County, Ind., at site P on the number of nematode species recovered.
Fig. 1 in Changes in soil moisture and riparian forest structure after a dam construction
Fig. 1. Satellite image of a riparian forest on southern Brazil. Study area image with square showing plots locations. A = Spillway and the beginning of Reduced Outflow Stretch, A' = end of Reduced Outflow Stretch, B = hydroeletric dam, B' = end of hydroelectric dam, C = artificial lake created by dam, D = river patch returns to normal flow. The square ilustrates the study area.
Fig. 3 in Changes in soil moisture and riparian forest structure after a dam construction
Fig. 3. Major changes that drives the community changes. Before river diversion, the sectors near the river had greater basal areas because they had many thick trees while distant sectors had thin trees (the density was statistically similar). After four years of river diversion, there were many trunks of still alive trees and dead trees in the sector closer to the river. Even with high growth, the basal area in this sector was severely reduced and became similar to the distant sector (which already has small basal area).
Fig. 2 in Changes in soil moisture and riparian forest structure after a dam construction
Fig. 2. Soil moisture changes that occurred due to construction of the dams. A and C represent soil moisture in dry forests before damming, and B and D represent soil moisture after damming construction. The continuous line represents soil surface; vertical black bars represent soil sampling sites; blue bars represent soil moisture and their thickness illustrates soil moisture; and thicker bars represent more moisture. After dam influence, soil moisture increased mainly in the dry season and mainly near the lakeshore.
Data from: Using model analysis to unveil hidden patterns in tropical forest structures
<p>Data set of the article entitled: <strong>Using model analysis to unveil hidden patterns in tropical forest structures</strong></p> <p>This data set gives the following structural attributes for 133 forest plots at 9 sites in the tropics:</p> <ul> <li>tree density (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>basal area (m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>mean diametere (cm)</li> <li>equivalent diameter (cm)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 10-30 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 30-60 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees with dbh ≥ 60 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>aboveground dry biomass (Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>fraction of the biomass of trees with dbh ≥ 60 cm</li> <li>weighted mean wood density (g cm<sup>-3</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 10-20 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 20-30 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 30-40 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 40-50 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 50-60 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 60-70 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 70-80 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 80-90 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 90-100 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 100-110 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 110-120 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 120-130 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>density of trees with dbh ≥ 130 cm (ha<sup>-1</sup>)</li> </ul>
FIGURE 3 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 3: Whittaker plot (rank-abundance distribution) for the total sample of fruit-feeding butterflies in an eastern Amazonian forest. The y axis represents species abundance and the x axis ranks each species in order from most to least abundant.
FIGURE 1 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 1: Location of Sítio Aguahy, in the eastern Amazon. (A) Maps of Brazil and the state of Maranhão, demonstrating the distribution of the Brazilian Amazon forest. (B) Dense rainforest (C) Secondary forest.
Data from: Context matters: the landscape matrix determines the population genetic structure of temperate forest herbs across Europe
<p>Context. Plant populations in agricultural landscapes are mostly fragmented and their functional connectivity often depends on seed and pollen dispersal by animals. However, little is known about how the interactions of seed and pollen dispersers with the agricultural matrix translate into gene flow among plant populations.</p> <p>Objectives. We aimed to identify effects of the landscape structure on the genetic diversity within, and the genetic differentiation among, spatially isolated populations of three temperate forest herbs. We asked, whether different arable crops have different effects, and whether the orientation of linear landscape elements relative to the gene dispersal direction matters.</p> <p>Methods. We analysed the species' population genetic structures in seven agricultural landscapes across temperate Europe using microsatellite markers. These were modelled as a function of landscape composition and configuration, which we quantified in buffer zones around, and in rectangular landscape strips between, plant populations.</p> <p>Results. Landscape effects were diverse and often contrasting between species, reflecting their association with different pollen- or seed dispersal vectors. Differentiating crop types rather than lumping them together yielded higher proportions of explained variation. Some linear landscape elements had both a channelling and hampering effect on gene flow, depending on their orientation.</p> <p>Conclusions. Landscape structure is a more important determinant of the species' population genetic structure than habitat loss and fragmentation <i>per se</i>. Landscape planning with the aim to enhance the functional connectivity among spatially isolated plant populations should consider that even species of the same ecological guild might show distinct responses to the landscape structure.</p>
Innovative forest products in the circular bioeconomy: questionnaire for semi-structured interview
<p>This upload includes the questionnaire for semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, as part of a case study done for the BioMonitor project. The data collected during the interviews are not publicly available as the dataset contains sensitive information of the organizations involved in the study.<br> The interview participants work in EU-based organizations involved in the development and manufacture of forest products, especially of the following categories: construction materials, textiles, chemicals, bioplastics, and wood-based composites.</p> <p> <br> <strong>About BioMonitor</strong><br> BioMonitor is an EU-funded project (biomonitor.eu) that aims to establish a sustainable and robust framework that different stakeholders can use to monitor and measure the bioeconomy and its various impacts in relation to the EU and its Member States. The BioMonitor consortium is composed of a team of universities, statistical and standardisation institutes as well as consultancies and data modelling experts.</p> <p><em>This work was supported by the BioMonitor project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement N° 773297.</em></p>
Fig. 2 in Species Structure Of Oribatid Mite Population (Acari, Oribatea) In The Forest Floor Litter In The Reclaimed Territories (Ukraine)
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic types of artificial edaphotopes within the experimental-production reclamation site.
Fig. 1 in Species Structure Of Oribatid Mite Population (Acari, Oribatea) In The Forest Floor Litter In The Reclaimed Territories (Ukraine)
Fig. 1. Location of the Western Donbas coal basin in the Dnipropetrovsk Region, Ukraine: WD — Western Donbas.
Fig. 6 in Species Structure Of Oribatid Mite Population (Acari, Oribatea) In The Forest Floor Litter In The Reclaimed Territories (Ukraine)
Fig. 6. Average population density and species richness of oribatid mites on different recultivation types within red cedar plantation.
T a b l e 2 in Species Structure Of Oribatid Mite Population (Acari, Oribatea) In The Forest Floor Litter In The Reclaimed Territories (Ukraine)
T a b l e 2. Species structure of oribatid mite population, collected from coniferous floor litter within red cedar plantation on the humified calcic chernozem layer with loess-like loam interlayer (3rd stratigraphic type)
High elevation forest age structure across an elevational gradient in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
<p>Dataset for Blomdahl et al. 2022. Drivers of forest change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of Vegetation Science. </p> <p>See publication for site description and methods. </p> <p>Descriptions for variables in “trees_seedlings.csv”:</p> <p><strong>Plot_ID: </strong>Plot identifier. Nomeclature follows transect name and plot number. ECO="Ecotone" transect, SBM="South Bird Mountain" transect.</p> <p><strong>Year_Sampled: </strong>Samples collected 2017-2019.</p> <p><strong>Tree_ID: </strong>Identifier for unique trees and seedlings. </p> <p><strong>Core: </strong>Tree core sample identifier. Applies only to trees (cores not taken from seedlings). Generally, 2 cores were taken per Tree >5 cm DCH, though sometimes up to 4 were collected if a sample was rotten.</p> <p><strong>Sample_ID: </strong>Identifier for unique samples, some of which come from the same tree (for unique individuals: "Tree_ID"). Applies to trees and seedlings.</p> <p><strong>Form: </strong>Stems >5 cm diameter at coring height (DCH), coring height=30 cm; Seedlings >30: Stems <5 cm DCH and >30 cm in height (sometimes referred to as "saplings"); Seedlings <30: Stems <30 cm in height</p> <p><strong>Species: </strong>ABLA=<em>Abies</em> <em>lasiocarpa</em>, PIAL=Pinus <em>albicaulis</em>, PICO=<em>Pinus</em> <em>contorta</em>, PIEN=<em>Picea</em> <em>engelmannii</em>, PSME=<em>Pseudotsuga</em> <em>menziesii</em></p> <p><strong>Diam_30_cm: </strong>Diameter (cm) at 30 cm sample height.</p> <p><strong>Diam_0_cm: </strong>Diameter (cm) at 0 cm sample height (i.e., the base). Only seedlings were measured at base, not trees.</p> <p><strong>Seedling_Ht_cm: </strong>Length of seedling stem (cm).</p> <p><strong>Bark_Thick_cm: </strong> Bark thickness (cm). Not recorded in 2018. Bark thickness assumed to be <0.1 cm for seedlings.</p> <p><strong>Live_Dead: </strong>Live/Dead status when sampled. L=Live, D=Dead.</p> <p><strong>Canopy: </strong>Canopy position. D=Dominant, C=Codominant. S=Suppressed. Not recorded in 2017. All seedlings assumed suppressed.</p> <p><strong>Outer_Ring: </strong>Last complete year of growth, generally one year prior to Year_Sampled for live trees. Mortality year for dead trees.</p> <p><strong>Inner_Ring:</strong> Year of innermost ring measured in tree core sample measured at 30 cm sample height. Does not apply to seedlings, which were sampled as cross sections, and therefore the pith was always measureable.</p> <p><strong>Pith_30: </strong>Year of the first ring of the tree or sapling, measured at 30 cm sampling height. </p> <p><strong>Pith_0: </strong>Year of the first ring of the seedling, measuring at 0 cm sampling height (i.e., the base). Applies only to seedlings, which were destructively sampled at the base.</p> <p><strong>Estab_Year: </strong>Estimated year of establishment for trees and saplings, same as Pith_0 for seedlings. See methods of Blomdahl et al., 2022, for how establishment year was estimated.</p> <p><strong>Age:</strong> Estimated age of the tree.</p>
Robust retrieval of forest canopy structural attributes using multi-platform airborne LiDAR
<p><strong>Data and R code to replicate the analyses presented in</strong>:<br>Zhang et al. (2024) Robust retrieval of forest canopy structural attributes using multi-platform airborne LiDAR. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.398">https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.398</a></p> <p>If using these data and/or R code in your work please cite the original publication listed above, as well as this repository using the corresponding DOI.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.