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Data from: Growth and longevity of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera): Implications for conservation and management
<p>Key life-history data, such as growth and age, are necessary to effectively manage and conserve threatened freshwater mussel species. Traditionally growth and age studies require large yet destructive sample sizes covering all age classes. Such methods pose a risk to populations of conservation concern, and therefore alternative methods that need only limited sample sizes are necessitated to prevent further threats to such populations. We applied retrospective shell growth at age reconstructions to 98 critically endangered freshwater pearl mussel (FPM) individuals from 34 populations across Finland and Sweden, enabling the use of extremely small sample sizes (n = 1–6 per population). We compared the performance of six different growth models with the reconstructed size-at-age data across FPM juvenile (<20 years old) and adult life stages. The growth reconstruction model showed reasonable skill in reconstructing FPM growth patterns. The von Bertalanffy model was shown to be a good general descriptor of growth for FPM, but it systematically underestimated the asymptotic size. The power law model was the most accurate in estimating juvenile growth (lowest deviances from the size-at-age data). FPM showed great variability in longevity (A<sub>max</sub> = 54–254 years) and growth constant k (0.018– 0.057 year<sup>-1</sup>). Our results show that reasonable estimates of growth can be attained even when sample sizes are extremely limited. The results can be further applied to gain knowledge on the population's age structure, size at maturation, and recovery potential. The methodology is applicable to other freshwater mussel species of conservation concern.</p>
Рис. 3. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок Nodularia amurensis (А – р. РаЗдольнаЯ; B – р. Амур, Б. Уссурийский остров) и Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (С): A – участок створки ниже аддуктора; B – центральнаЯ часть створки (район аддуктора); C – у лигамента. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 2 мкм. in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Рис. 3. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок Nodularia amurensis (А – р. РаЗдольнаЯ; B – р. Амур, Б. Уссурийский остров) и Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (С): A – участок створки ниже аддуктора; B – центральнаЯ часть створки (район аддуктора); C – у лигамента. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 2 мкм.
Рис. 4. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок перловиц Nodularia biwae (A, D – увеличенный фрагмент) и Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – увеличенный фрагмент) иЗ Японии, о-в Хонсю. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 1 мкм (А, В) и 2 мкм (C, D). Fig. 4. Microsculpture of external surface of glochidia of mussels Nodularia biwae (A, D – fragment) and Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – fragment) from Honshu Is., Japan. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 1µm (А, В) and 2 µm (C, D). in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Рис. 4. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок перловиц Nodularia biwae (A, D – увеличенный фрагмент) и Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – увеличенный фрагмент) иЗ Японии, о-в Хонсю. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 1 мкм (А, В) и 2 мкм (C, D). Fig. 4. Microsculpture of external surface of glochidia of mussels Nodularia biwae (A, D – fragment) and Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – fragment) from Honshu Is., Japan. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 1µm (А, В) and 2 µm (C, D).
Fig. 1 in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Fig. 1. Glochidia of Nodularia amurensis from various view angles: А – Razdolnaya River; B, С – Amur River, Petrovskaya channel; D – Amur River, B. Ussuriysky Island. Abbreviations: lig – ligament; v.a – ventral angle; l.th – larval thread; v – valve of open glochidial shell. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 2 µm.
Fig. 2 in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Fig. 2. Glochidia of Middendorffinaia sujfunensis from various view angles. Abbreviations: lig – ligament; v.a – ventral angle; l.th – larval thread; v – valve of open glochidial shell. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar: 2 µm.
Рис. 2. Глохидии Middendorffinaia sujfunensis с раЗных ракурсов. ОбоЗначениЯ: lig – лигамент; v.a – вентральный угол; l.th – личиночнаЯ нить; v – створка открытой глохидиальной раковины. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 2 мкм. in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Рис. 2. Глохидии Middendorffinaia sujfunensis с раЗных ракурсов. ОбоЗначениЯ: lig – лигамент; v.a – вентральный угол; l.th – личиночнаЯ нить; v – створка открытой глохидиальной раковины. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 2 мкм.
Fig. 3 in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Fig. 3. Microsculpture of external surface of glochidia of Nodularia amurensis (А – Razdolnaya River; B – Amur River, B. Ussuriysky Island) and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (С): A – part of valve down the adductor; B – cenral part of valve (adductor); C – near ligament. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 2 µm.
Рис. 1. Глохидии Nodularia amurensis с раЗных ракурсов: А – р. РаЗдольнаЯ; B, С – р. Амур, ПетровскаЯ протока; D – р. Амур, Б. Уссурийский остров. ОбоЗначениЯ: lig – лигамент; v.a – вентральный угол; l.th – личиночнаЯ нить; v – створка открытой глохидиальной раковины. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 2 мкм. in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Рис. 1. Глохидии Nodularia amurensis с раЗных ракурсов: А – р. РаЗдольнаЯ; B, С – р. Амур, ПетровскаЯ протока; D – р. Амур, Б. Уссурийский остров. ОбоЗначениЯ: lig – лигамент; v.a – вентральный угол; l.th – личиночнаЯ нить; v – створка открытой глохидиальной раковины. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 2 мкм.
Figure 4. A cove with shallow water near Ponte Porton with 14 in Populations of Microcondylaea bonellii (Férussac 1827), Unionidae - an european freshwater mussel at rapid decline - and Unio mancus in Istria, Croatia
Figure 4. A cove with shallow water near Ponte Porton with 14 individuals of Microcondylaea bonellii (26.9.2009).
Figure 3 in Populations of Microcondylaea bonellii (Férussac 1827), Unionidae - an european freshwater mussel at rapid decline - and Unio mancus in Istria, Croatia
Figure 3. Numbers of shells of Unio mancus (blue) and Microcondylaea bonelli at the different sites (red).
Fig. 2 and 3 in Populations of Microcondylaea bonellii (Férussac 1827), Unionidae - an european freshwater mussel at rapid decline - and Unio mancus in Istria, Croatia
Fig. 2 and 3 give the results of my surveys in river Mirna in 2009 to 2016. In the upper part of the river from the city of Buzet to the confluence with Butoniga the artificially straightened riverbed is dominated by coarse gravel and shows ± rapid current. Although Microcondylaea was recorded from this part of the river near Istarske Teplice (Fischer 1999) no shells or living specimens were found actually. Populations of Unio mancus were mainly found in tributaries like Bračana and drenches, less frequently in the riverbed of upper Mirna. Between 2009 and 2016 the Mirna-riverbed was reconstructed in several places, eroded banks with coves and fine sand substrate were replaced by blocks of stone and the riverbed straightened again. Thus many suitable habitats and eventually existing mussels-populations were destroyed, so much the worse as heavy machines were driving in the riverbed over many weeks for the construction works and mobilized the substrate, which led to high accumulations of fine sediment in the lower part of the river, especially in parts with low current and coves which were inhabited by Microcondylaea.
Figure 1 in Populations of Microcondylaea bonellii (Férussac 1827), Unionidae - an european freshwater mussel at rapid decline - and Unio mancus in Istria, Croatia
Figure 1. Map of known living populations of Microcondylaea bonelli in Slovenia (grey) and Italy (yellow) from http://art17.eionet.europa.eu/article17/reports2012/species/summary/. Populations in Croatia (red) added by the author.
Figure 10 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 10. Fossil-calibrated multi-locus ultrametric chronogram of the Margaritiferidae (after Lopes-Lima et al. (2018) with our additions). Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals of the estimated divergence times between lineages (Ma). Black numbers near nodes are mean ages (Ma). Stratigraphic chart according to the International Commission on Stratigraphy, 2015. Fossil species under discussion are in red. We illustrated a putative phylogenetic placement of fossil species, i.e. Pseudunio flabellatus (Goldfuss, 1837) comb. rev. as a stem lineage (MRCA of P. auricularius - P. homsensis clade) and P. flabellatiformis (Grigorowitch-Beresowski, 1915) comb. rev. as an extinct lineage (red branch with X-shaped terminal mark indicating an extinction event in the Late Pleistocene) related to P. auricularius and P. homsensis.
Figure 8 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 8. Teeth morphology of recent and fossil Pseudunio taxa: A) P. auricularius from the Indre River near Huismes commune, Loire Basin, France (SMF, voucher no. 307623); B) P. homsensis from the Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi River near Harida, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 83160); C) P. flabellatiformis comb. rev. from the Sucleia outcrop, paleoDniester River valley, Middle Pleistocene, Moldova (RMBH, voucher no. Sc1). Scale bars = 10 mm. Photos: Artem A. Lyubas and Ilya V. Vikhrev.
Figure 7 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 7. Shells of the recent Pseudunio homsensis (Lea, 1865): A) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 4450); B) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 345464); C) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 15263); D) Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi River near Harida, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 83160) E) Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi River near Tell Kalat, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 5156); F) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 4548). Scale bar = 20 mm. Photos: Ilya V. Vikhrev.
Figure 4 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 4. Subfossil shells of Pseudunio flabellatiformis (Grigorowitch-Beresowski, 1915) comb. rev. from the outcrop of the Middle Pleistocene riverine deposits near Sucleia village, paleo-Dniester River valley, Transnistria, Moldova: A) specimen no. 1 (RMBH); B) specimen no. Sc1 (RMBH); C) specimen no. Sc5 (RMBH); D) specimen no. Sc8 (RMBH); E) specimen no. Sc12 (RMBH); F) specimen no. Sc13 (RMBH). Scale bar = 20 mm. Photos: Artem A. Lyubas.
Figure 6 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 6. Shells of the recent Pseudunio auricularius (Spengler, 1793): A) Indre River near Huismes commune, Loire Basin, France (SMF, voucher no. 307623); B) Ebro River near Cenicero, La Rioja, Spain (MNCN, voucher no. 15.07/197); C) Loire River upstream of Champtoceaux commune, Maine-et-Loire, France (SMF, voucher no. 307850); D) Garonne River, France (MNCN, voucher no. 15.07/178); E) Indre River near Huismes commune, Loire Basin, France (SMF, voucher no. 307623); F) Ebro River near Amposta city, Tarragona, Spain (MNCN, voucher no. 15.07/10366). Scale bar = 20 mm. Photos: Artem A. Lyubas & Ilya V. Vikhrev.
Figure 5 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 5. Scatter plot of PCA based on the shell measurements of our Pseudunio sample from the Sucleia locality and the type series of fossil nominal taxa from the Speya and Blizhniy Khutor localities (Chepalyga, 1964, 1965). The component 1 and component 2 accounted for 98.8% and 1.0% of the total variance, respectively.
Figure 3 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 3. Distribution ranges of Pseudunio taxa. The range of each species is illustrated based on the corresponding river drainages: 1 – former range of P. auricularius based on fossil and recent records (Araujo and Moreno, 1999; Araujo and Ramos, 2001; Prie et al., 2018); 2 – range of P. homsensis based on recent records (Vikhrev et al., 2017); 3 – range of P. marocanus based on recent records (Lopes-Lima et al., 2018); 4 – former range of P. flabellatiformis with its synonyms (M. moldavica syn. nov., M. robusta robusta syn. nov., M. robusta speensis syn. nov., and M. robusta tirassica syn. nov.) based on fossil records (Bogatchev, 1961; Chepalyga, 1964, 1965, 1967; Bolotov et al., 2016). Stars indicate records of P. flabellatiformis from the Pliocene (blue) and Pleistocene (red) deposits of Southeastern Europe (Bogatchev, 1961; Chepalyga, 1964, 1965, 1967; Bolotov et al., 2016).
Figure 2. Subfossil riverbed substrate with a in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe
Figure 2. Subfossil riverbed substrate with a Pseudunio flabellatiformis shell, Sucleia outcrop, paleo-Dniester River valley, Middle Pleistocene, Moldova. Scale bar = 100 mm. Photo: Teodor F. Obada.
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