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104 results for “gene duplications”
Phylotranscriptomic analyses reveal asymmetrical gene duplication dynamics and signatures of ancient polyploidy in mints
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Phylogenetic comparative methods are problematic when applied to gene trees with speciation and duplication nodes: correcting for biases in testing the ortholog conjecture
<p>This repository contains “manuscript_dunn.RData” file, which is reproduced by using the files and scripts of Dunn et al. (Dunn CW, Zapata F, Munro C, Siebert S, Hejnol A (2018) Pairwise comparisons across species are problematic when analyzing functional genomic data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115: E409–E417. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707515115">doi:10.1073/pnas.1707515115</a>).</p> <p>In this repository, we also supplied “Data_TMRR_latest.rda” file, containing the results generated by using our own scripts. Our scripts are available on GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tbegum/Testing_the_ortholog_conjecture">https://github.com/tbegum/Testing_the_ortholog_conjecture</a>.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: De novo gene birth, horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication as sources of new gene families associated with the origin of a symbiosis in Amanita
<p>By introducing novel capacities and functions, new genes and gene families may play a crucial role in ecological transitions. Mechanisms generating new gene families include <i>de novo</i> gene birth, horizontal gene transfer and neofunctionalization following a duplication event. The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is a ubiquitous mutualism and the association has evolved repeatedly and independently many times among the fungi, but the molecular dynamics enabling its emergence remain elusive. We developed a phylogenetic workflow to first understand if gene families unique to ECM <i>Amanita</i> fungi and absent from closely related asymbiotic species are functionally relevant to the symbiosis, and then to systematically infer their origins. We identified 109 gene families unique to ECM <i>Amanita </i>species. Genes belonging to unique gene families are under strong purifying selection and are upregulated during symbiosis, compared to genes of conserved or orphan gene families. The origins of seven of the unique gene families are strongly supported as either <i>de novo</i> gene birth (two gene families), horizontal gene transfer (four), and gene duplication (one). An additional 34 families appear new because of their selective retention within symbiotic species. Among the 109 unique gene families, the most upregulated gene in symbiotic cultures encodes an ACC deaminase, an enzyme capable of downregulating the synthesis of the plant hormone ethylene. Ethylene is a common negative regulator of plant-microbial mutualisms.</p>
Nucleotide alignments of eight meiosis genes under extreme selection following whole genome duplication in Arabidopsis lyrata/A.arenosa.
<p>In this study we performed a genotype-phenotype association analysis of meiotic stability in 10 autotetraploid <em>Arabidopsis lyrata</em> and <em>A</em>. <em>lyrata/A</em>. <em>arenosa</em> hybrid populations collected from the Wachau region and East Austrian Forealps. The aim was to determine the effect of eight meiosis genes under extreme selection upon adaptation to whole genome duplication. Individual plants were genotyped by high-throughput sequencing of the eight meiosis genes (<em>ASY1</em>, <em>ASY3</em>, <em>PDS5b</em>, <em>PRD3</em>, <em>REC8</em>, <em>SMC3</em>, <em>ZYP1a/b</em>) implicated in synaptonemal complex formation and phenotyped by assessing meiotic metaphase I chromosome configurations. Our results reveal that meiotic stability varied greatly (20–100%) between individual tetraploid plants and associated with segregation of a novel <em>ASYNAPSIS3</em> (<em>ASY3</em>) allele derived from <em>A</em>. <em>lyrata</em>. The <em>ASY3</em> allele that associates with meiotic stability possesses a putative in-frame tandem duplication (TD) of a serine-rich region upstream of the coiled-coil domain that appears to have arisen at sites of DNA microhomology. The frequency of multivalents observed in plants homozygous for the <em>ASY3 TD</em> haplotype was significantly lower than in plants heterozygous for <em>ASY3 TD/ND</em> (non-duplicated) haplotypes. The chiasma distribution was significantly altered in the stable plants compared to the unstable plants with a shift from proximal and interstitial to predominantly distal locations. The number of HEI10 foci at pachytene that mark class I crossovers was significantly reduced in a plant homozygous for <em>ASY3 TD</em> compared to a plant heterozygous for <em>ASY3 ND/TD</em>. Fifty-eight alleles of the 8 meiosis genes were identified from the 10 populations analysed, demonstrating dynamic population variability at these loci. Widespread chimerism between alleles originating from <em>A</em>. <em>lyrata/A</em>. <em>arenosa</em> and diploid/tetraploids indicates that this group of rapidly evolving genes may provide precise adaptive control over meiotic recombination in the tetraploids, the very process that gave rise to them.</p>
Alignments from: Gene count from target sequence capture places three whole genome duplication events in Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae)
<p class="BodyA"><span><b>Background:</b> The great diversity in plant genome size and chromosome number is partly due to polyploidization (i.e., genome doubling events). The differences in genome size and chromosome number among diploid plant species can be a window into the intriguing phenomenon of past genome doubling that may be obscured through time by the process of diploidization. The genus <i>Hibiscus </i>L. (Malvaceae) has a wide diversity of chromosome numbers and a complex genomic history. <i>Hibiscus </i>is ideal for exploring past genomic events because although two ancient genome duplication events have been identified, more are likely to be found due to its diversity of chromosome numbers. To reappraise the history of whole genome duplication events, we tested three alternative scenarios describing different polyploidization events.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Results:</b> Using target sequence capture, we designed a new probe set for <i>Hibiscus </i>and generated 87 orthologous genes from four diploid species. We detected paralogues in >54% putative single-copy genes. 34 of these genes were selected for testing three different genome duplication scenarios using gene counting. All species of <i>Hibiscus</i> sampled shared one genome duplication with <i>H. syriacus</i> and one whole genome duplication occurred along the branch leading to <i>H. syriacus</i>.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Conclusions:</b> Here, we corroborated the independent genome doubling previously found in the lineage leading to <i>H. syriacus </i>and a shared genome doubling of this lineage and the remainder of <i>Hibiscus</i>. Additionally, we found a previously undiscovered genome duplication shared by the /Pavonia and /Malvaviscus clades (both nested within <i>Hibiscus</i>) with the occurrences of two copies in what were otherwise single-copy genes. Our results highlight the complexity of genomic diversity in some plant groups, which makes orthology assessment and accurate phylogenomic inference difficult.</span></p>
Data from: Specialization of a polyphenism switch gene following serial duplications in Pristionchus nematodes
Polyphenism is an extreme manifestation of developmental plasticity, requiring distinct developmental programs and the addition of a switch mechanism. Because the genetic basis of polyphenism switches has only begun to be understood, how their mechanisms arise is unclear. In the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, which has a mouthpart polyphenism specialized for alternative diets, a gene (eud-1) executing the polyphenism switch was recently identified as the product of lineage-specific duplications. Here, we infer the role of gene duplications in producing a switch gene. Using reverse genetics and population genetic analyses, we examine evidence for competing scenarios of degeneration and complementation, neutral evolution, and functional specialization. Of the daughter genes, eud-1 alone has assumed switch-like regulation of the mouth polyphenism. Measurements of life-history traits in single, double, and triple sulfatase mutants did not, given a benign environment, identify alternative or complementary roles for eud-1 paralogs. Although possible roles are still unknown, selection analyses of the sister species and 104 natural isolates of P. pacificus detected purifying selection on the genes, suggesting their functionality by their fixation and evolutionary maintenance. Our approach shows the tractability of reverse genetics in a nontraditional model system to study evolution by gene duplication.
Data from: Specialization of a polyphenism switch gene following serial duplications in Pristionchus nematodes
Polyphenism is an extreme manifestation of developmental plasticity, requiring distinct developmental programs and the addition of a switch mechanism. Because the genetic basis of polyphenism switches has only begun to be understood, how their mechanisms arise is unclear. In the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, which has a mouthpart polyphenism specialized for alternative diets, a gene (eud-1) executing the polyphenism switch was recently identified as the product of lineage-specific duplications. Here, we infer the role of gene duplications in producing a switch gene. Using reverse genetics and population genetic analyses, we examine evidence for competing scenarios of degeneration and complementation, neutral evolution, and functional specialization. Of the daughter genes, eud-1 alone has assumed switch-like regulation of the mouth polyphenism. Measurements of life-history traits in single, double, and triple sulfatase mutants did not, given a benign environment, identify alternative or complementary roles for eud-1 paralogs. Although possible roles are still unknown, selection analyses of the sister species and 104 natural isolates of P. pacificus detected purifying selection on the genes, suggesting their functionality by their fixation and evolutionary maintenance. Our approach shows the tractability of reverse genetics in a nontraditional model system to study evolution by gene duplication.
Data from: Evolutionary analyses of visual opsin genes in frogs and toads: diversity, duplication, and positive selection
<p>Data from: Evolutionary analyses of visual opsin genes in frogs and toads: diversity, duplication, and positive selection</p>
The genomic architecture of the passerine MHC region: high repeat content and contrasting evolutionary histories of single copy and tandemly duplicated MHC genes
<p><span>The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is of central importance to the immune system, and an optimal MHC diversity is believed to maximize pathogen elimination. Birds show substantial variation in MHC diversity, ranging from few genes in most bird orders to very many genes in passerines. Our understanding of the evolutionary trajectories of the MHC in passerines is hampered by lack of data on genomic organization. Therefore, we assemble and annotate the MHC genomic region of the great reed warbler (<em>Acrocephalus arundinaceus</em>), using long-read sequencing and optical mapping. The MHC region is large (>5.5Mb), characterized by structural changes compared to hitherto investigated bird orders and shows higher repeat content</span><span> than the genome average. These features were supported by analyses in three additional passerines. MHC genes in passerines are found in two different chromosomal arrangements, either as single copy MHC genes located among non-MHC genes, or as tandemly duplicated tightly linked MHC genes. Some single copy MHC genes are old and putative orthologs among species. In contrast tandemly duplicated MHC genes are monophyletic within species and have evolved by simultaneous gene duplication of several MHC genes. Structural differences in the MHC genomic region among bird orders seem substantial compared to mammals and have possibly been fuelled by clade-specific immune system adaptations. Our study provides methodological guidance in characterizing complex genomic regions, constitutes a resource for MHC research in birds, and calls for a revision of the general belief that avian MHC has a conserved gene order and small size compared to mammals.</span></p>
Duplication in CHIT1 Gene and the Risk for Aspergillus Lung Disease in CF Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01572870. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Gene-dosage effects on fitness in recent adaptive duplications: ace-1 in the mosquito Culex pipiens
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Data from: Specialization of a polyphenism switch gene following serial duplications in Pristionchus nematodes
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Data from: Out of the testis, into the ovary: biased outcomes of gene duplication and deletion in Drosophila
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Data from: The evolutionary fate of heterogeneous gene duplications: a precarious overdominant equilibrium between environment, sublethality and complementation.
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Data from: Specialization of a polyphenism switch gene following serial duplications in Pristionchus nematodes
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The genomic architecture of the passerine MHC region: high repeat content and contrasting evolutionary histories of single copy and tandemly duplicated MHC genes
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Data from: Extensive local gene duplication and functional divergence among paralogs in Atlantic salmon
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Alignments from: Gene count from target sequence capture places three whole genome duplication events in Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae)
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Data from: Gene duplication and divergence produce divergent MHC genotypes without disassortative mating
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Data from: Positive selection in coding regions and motif duplication in regulatory regions of bottlenose dolphin MHC class II genes
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