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49 results for “gene family evolution”
Figure 6 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements
Figure 6. Hypothetical radiation schemes for Uromastyx and possibly relevant geological events. Approximate distribution range for each taxon (Wilms, 2001) is shown with its abbreviated name: Hard (Uromastyx hardwickii), Aca (U. acanthinura), Mali (U. d. maliensis), Gey (U. geyri), Dis (U. d. dispar), Oce (U. ocellata), Mac (U. macfadyeni), Aeg (U. a. aegyptia), Mic (U. a. microlepis), Orn (U. ornata) and Ben (U. benti).
Figure 5 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements
Figure 5. Neighbour-joining tree constructed based on maximum likelihood distances from 1503 alignable nucleotide sites (the HKY model and transition/transversion ratio of 3.48). The tree was rooted with Chamaeleo africanus as an outgroup. Bootstrap probabilities are shown for neighbour joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses (from left to right). Underlined values mean that the branch was not reconstructed in the best tree topology by the corresponding analyses. Note that two distinct sequence haplotypes are included for Uromastyx acanthinura and U. ocellata. See Material and methods for more details on the analytical conditions. The nucleotide sequences taken from the database are: Chamaeleo africanus (accession No., AF448743), Chlamydosaurus kingii (AF128469), Physignathus lesueurii (AF128463), Acanthosoura capra (AF128498), Salea horsfieldii (AF128490), Trapelus savignii (AF128512), Leiolepis guentherpetersi (AF128461), Leiolepis belliana (U82689), Laudakia caucasia (AF028681) and Laudakia lehmanni (AF028677).
Figure 4 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements
Figure 4. Secondary structures of the inserted sequences found between tRNAGln and tRNAIle genes. The 128 bp insert for Uromastyx ornata can assume alternative secondary structures either with an extremely stable and long stem region (A) or with a clover-leaf structure for the second tRNAGln gene (or pseudogene) and a stable stem-and-loop structure (B). The 59 bp inserted for U. ocellata may also assume a somewhat less stable stem-and-loop structure (C). Heavy-strand sequences are shown and numbers refer to the corresponding positions in their light-strand sequences shown in Fig. 3A. Bars in stems represent Watson–Crick base pairs and dots stand for wobble G–U pairs for RNA.
Figure 2 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements
Figure 2. Evolution of mitochondrial gene organization in Uromastyx. A, typical vertebrate organization plesiomorphic to lizards. B, typical organization for acrodont lizards including Leiolepis and likely the direct common ancestor of Leiolepis and Uromastyx. C, typical Uromastyx organization in which the putative origin of light-strand replication (black box) disappeared from the WANCY tRNA gene cluster. D, organization for U. ornata and likely for the direct common ancestor of U. ornata and U. ocellata, which has an insertion containing a stem-and-loop structure (hatched box) and the second tRNAGln gene or pseudogene (Q*). E, organization for U. ocellata in which Q* disappeared. See Figs 3 and 4 for sequences and secondary structures of the inserted region in U. ornata and U. ocellata.
Figure 3 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements
Figure 3. Nucleotide sequences of the inserted region between the tRNA Gln and tRNAIle genes. A, alignment between the 128 bp insertion in Uromastyx ornata and the 59 bp insertion in U. ocellata (65% identity). B, alignment between the original tRNAGln gene and its second copy within the inserted region for U. ornata (49% identity). Light-strand and heavystrand sequences are shown for A and B, respectively. Dots indicate identity with the first sequence and dashes denote a gap.
Figure 1 in Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Afro-Arabian spiny-tailed lizards (genus Uromastyx; family Agamidae): phylogenetic analyses and evolution of gene arrangements
Figure 1. Position of primers used for amplification and/or sequencing. See Table 1 for the primer sequences; numbers of primers correspond to those in Table 1.
Data from: The 5S rDNA gene family in mollusks: characterization of transcriptional regulatory regions, prediction of secondary structures, and long-term evolution, with special attention to Mytilidae mussels
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Patterns of gene family evolution and selection across <em>Daphnia</em>
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Data from: The importance of being genomic: non-coding and coding sequences suggest different models of toxin multi-gene family evolution
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Data from: Evolution of the vertebrate goose-type lysozyme gene family
Background: Lysozyme g is an antibacterial enzyme that was first found in the eggs of some birds, but recently has been found in additional species, including non-vertebrates. Some previously characterized lysozyme g sequences are suggested to have altered secretion potential and enzymatic activity, however the distribution of these altered sequences is unknown. Duplicated copies of the lysozyme g gene exist in some species; however, the origins of the duplicates and their roles in altered function are unclear. Results: We identified 234 lysozyme g sequences from 118 vertebrate species, including 181 sequences that are full or near full length representing all vertebrate classes except cartilaginous fish. Phylogenetic analysis shows that most lysozyme g gene duplicates are recent or lineage specific events, however three amplification events are more ancient, those in an early amniote, an early mammal, and an early teleost. The older gene duplications are associated with changes in function, including changes in secretion potential and muramidase antibacterial enzymatic activity. Conclusions: Lysozyme g is an essential muramidase enzyme that is widespread in vertebrates. Duplication of the lysozyme g gene, and the retention of non-secreted isozymes that have lost enzymatic activity indicate that lysozyme g has an activity other than the muramidase activity associated with being an antibacterial enzyme.
Data from: A phylotranscriptomic analysis of gene family expansion and evolution in the largest order of pleurocarpous mosses (Hypnales, Bryophyta)
The pleurocarpous mosses (i.e., Hypnanae) are a species-rich group of land plants comprising about 6,000 species that share the development of female sex organs on short lateral branches, a derived trait within mosses. Many of the families within Hypnales, the largest order of pleurocarpous mosses, trace their origin to a rapid radiation less than 100 million years ago, just after the rise of the angiosperms. As a result, the phylogenetic resolution among families of Hypnales, necessary to test evolutionary hypotheses, has proven difficult using one or few loci. We present the first phylogenetic inference from high-throughput sequence data (transcriptome sequences) for pleurocarpous mosses. To test hypotheses of gene family evolution, we built a species tree of 21 pleurocarpous and six acrocarpous mosses using over one million sites from 659 orthologous genes. We used the species tree to investigate the genomic consequences of the shift to pleurocarpy and to identify whether patterns common to other plant radiations (gene family expansion, whole genome duplication, or changes in the molecular signatures of selection) could be observed. We found that roughly six percent of all gene families have expanded in the pleurocarpous mosses, relative to acrocarpous mosses. These gene families are enriched for several gene ontology (GO) terms, including interaction with other organisms. The increase in copy number coincident with the radiation of Hypnales suggests that a process such as whole genome duplication or a burst of small-scale duplications occurred during the diversification. In over 500 gene families we found evidence of a reduction in purifying selection. These gene families are enriched for several terms in the GO hierarchy related to "tRNA metabolic process." Our results reveal candidate genes and pathways that may be associated with the transition to pleurocarpy, illustrating the utility of phylotranscriptomics for the study of molecular evolution in non-model species.
Data from: Hemocyanin gene family evolution in spiders (Araneae), with implications for phylogenetic relationships and divergence times in the infraorder Mygalomorphae
Hemocyanins are multimeric copper-containing hemolymph proteins involved in oxygen binding and transport in all major arthropod lineages. Most arachnids have seven primary subunits (encoded by paralogous genes a–g), which combine to form a 24-mer (4 × 6) quaternary structure. Within some spider lineages, however, hemocyanin evolution has been a dynamic process with extensive paralog duplication and loss. We have obtained hemocyanin gene sequences from numerous representatives of the spider infraorders Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae in order to infer the evolution of the hemocyanin gene family and estimate spider relationships using these conserved loci. Our hemocyanin gene tree is largely consistent with the previous hypotheses of paralog relationships based on immunological studies, but reveals some discrepancies in which paralog types have been lost or duplicated in specific spider lineages. Analyses of concatenated hemocyanin sequences resolved deep nodes in the spider phylogeny and recovered a number of clades that are supported by other molecular studies, particularly for mygalomorph taxa. The concatenated data set is also used to estimate dates of higher-level spider divergences and suggests that the diversification of extant mygalomorphs preceded that of extant araneomorphs. Spiders are diverse in behavior and respiratory morphology, and our results are beneficial for the comparative analyses of spider respiration. Lastly, the conserved hemocyanin sequences allow for the inference of spider relationships and ancient divergence dates.
Data from: Evolution of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene family: Ancestral copy number and functional divergence of BAM1 and BAM2 in Brassicaceae
Gene duplication allows for functional divergence and innovation that provide selective advantages. However, in flowering plants genetic studies have revealed that single-gene mutations affecting one of two or more closely related paralogs often fail to cause detectable morphological defects, suggesting functional redundancy. Flowering plants have hundreds of genes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs), several of which play important roles in anther development but little is known about their evolutionary history and possible functional divergence. We investigated the evolutionary relationship of the LRR-RLK gene family by phylogenetic analysis and found that these closely related paralogs resulted from multiple duplication events, such as the one resulting in BAM1 and BAM2. We further used qRT-PCR to verify gene expression changes in immature anthers from the bam1/bam2 single and double mutants compared with wild type providing strong evidence that the BAM1 and BAM2 genes have evolved different functions, with differential effects on anther gene expression. Moreover, careful examination of anther development in bam1 and bam2 single mutants revealed previously unrecognized extra cell division in tapetum cell layers. Thus our results from phylogenetic, molecular and morphological analyses uncover sequence and functional differences between paralogs whose single mutants lack obvious fertility defects, effectively revealing functional divergence of duplicate genes.
Data from: Hemocyanin gene family evolution in spiders (Araneae), with implications for phylogenetic relationships and divergence times in the infraorder Mygalomorphae
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Data from: A phylotranscriptomic analysis of gene family expansion and evolution in the largest order of pleurocarpous mosses (Hypnales, Bryophyta)
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Data from: Phylogenetic patterns of codon evolution in the actin-depolymerizing factor/cofilin (adf/cfl) gene family
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Data from: Evolution of the vertebrate goose-type lysozyme gene family
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Data from: Evolution of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene family: Ancestral copy number and functional divergence of BAM1 and BAM2 in Brassicaceae
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Data from: Evolution of the ARF gene family in land plants: old domains, new tricks
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Epigenetic evolution of the Ly49 gene family [RNA-seq]
GEO Series GSE226497. Mus musculus. 15 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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