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338 results for “geographic range”
Diversification in the Rosales is influenced by dispersal, geographic range size, and pre-existing species richness
<p>Biodiversity results from origination and extinction; thus there is interest in determining those traits that influence this balance. Among traits implicated in the success or failure of lineages are dispersal, colonization ability, and geographic range size. We investigate the impact of dispersal and range size on contemporary diversity in the order Rosales.</p> <p> We use the MuSSE method to explore the effects on genus-level diversification of two genus-level traits (geographic range size and within-genus proclivity to speciate), and two species traits (seed dispersal and growth habit). We then used MuHiSSE for species-level associations. Finally, we conducted a PGLS (phylogenetic least-squares) analysis to distinguish between speciation within genera versus origination of new genera.</p> <p>At the species-level, animal dispersal enhances diversification rate in both woody and herbaceous lineages, while woody lineages without animal dispersal have higher extinction rates than speciation rates. At the genus level, herbaceous taxa have positive diversification rates regardless of other character states. Diversification rate variation is also explained by two interactions: (1) a three-way interaction between large geographic range, animal-mediated dispersal, and high within-genus species richness, whereby genera possessing all three traits have high diversification rates, and (2) a four-way interaction by which the three-way interaction is stronger in woody genera than in herbaceous genera.</p> <p>Colonization ability may underlie the relationship between dispersal type and range size and may influence past diversification rates by decreasing extinction rates during late Cenozoic times of climate volatility. Thus, colonization ability could be used to predict future extinction risk to improve conservation success.</p> <p>Please be aware that if you ask to have your user record removed, we will retain your name in the records concerning manuscripts for which you were an author, reviewer, or editor. In compliance with data protection regulations, you may request that we remove your personal registration details at any time. (Use the following URL: https://www.editorialmanager.com/ajb/login.asp?a=r). Please contact the publication office if you have any questions.</p>
EcoPhyloMapper: an R package for integrating geographic ranges, phylogeny, and morphology
<p>1. Spatial patterns of species richness, phylogenetic and morphological diversity are key to answering many questions in ecology and evolution. Across spatial scales, geographic and environmental features, as well as evolutionary history and phenotypic traits, are thought to play roles in shaping both local species communities and regional assemblages. By examining these geographic patterns, it is possible to infer how different axes of biodiversity influence one another, and how their interaction with abiotic factors has led to the spatial distribution of species assemblages – and their attributes – that we observe in the present. Although there has been interest in this area of research for some time, it has recently become more tractable to include multivariate shape data in such analyses. Shape information has the potential to provide a more direct measure of the functional morphology of species as compared to individual trait measurements and might be more relevant to understanding community composition. However, few tools currently exist to explore geographic patterns of both phylogenetic and shape diversity.</p> <p>2. We present the ecoPhyloMapper R package (epm) that aims to streamline the handling of geographic range polygons or point occurrences and integration of resulting species metacommunities with phylogenetic trees and morphological shape.</p> <p>3. Geographic maps can be generated that demonstrate spatial patterns in diversity metrics pertaining to phylogenetic similarity, multivariate shape similarity and disparity, and combinations of the two. Patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic and shape disparity turnover can also be visualized. Biodiversity indices summarized across grid cells can easily be exported to GIS software as well as to other R packages that specialize in community assembly or geospatial statistics.</p> <p>4. This R package will facilitate the geographic exploration of multivariate shape data in concert with phylogenetic diversity, which will in turn support macroecological research exploring how species assemblages are structured. Further, this R package should prove useful across a wide range of macroecological applications that extend beyond the study of morphology.</p>
Geographical distribution of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in the Sea of Japan. in The extension of the distributional range of an invasive mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in the Sea of Japan
Geographical distribution of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in the Sea of Japan.
Fig. 5 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.
Fig. 5 Phylogenetic reconstruction of the 18S rRNA gene tree of the novel Sarcocystis species and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia based on 1465 homologous positions of 40 aligned nucleotide sequences under the minimum evolution (ME) criterion; selected eimeriid coccidia served as outgroup. The new sequences of Sarcocystis sp. from China are highlighted by black symbols. Branch support values are shown for 1000 bootstrap replicates of three independent alignments with a site coverage of 95%. The shaded box highlights the taxa included in the so-called S. zuoi complex
Fig. 6 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.
Fig. 6 ML analysis of the ITS1 region of Sarcocystis sp., S. zuoi and other species of the Sarcocystidae; members of the Toxoplasmatinae served as outgroup. Bootstrap branch support values are shown in triplicate, indicating results from three independent alignments and analyses.The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The analysis involved 204 homologous positions of 33 nucleotide sequences
Fig. 1 a–f in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.
Fig. 1 a–f Light microscopic and ultrastructural morphology of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis sp. in SD rats 5 months after inoculation with sporocysts isolated from rat snakes in Thailand. a Typical sporocyst from a fecal sample of Coelognathus radiatus; sporocysts from C. flavolineatus were identical in size and appearance; asterisk indicates single sporozoite. b Live sarcocyst, freed from muscle tissue; note the broad, palisade-like villar protrusions that could at times resemble those of Sarcocystis singaporensis with which this species can co-occur; however, the protrusions lack the basal stalks typical for the former species; the arrow highlights the septated compartments in the interior of the sarcocyst, and the inset shows a micrograph of live cystozoites freshly released from a cyst (arrowheads). c Typical structure of a cyst wall protrusion (isolate from C. flavolineatus); the arrows point to the electron-dense, knob-like structures of the primary cyst wall, whereby the knobs could apparently fuse to form an electron-dense borderline in larger protrusions (inset: arrowhead); also note the electron-light, thin layer of ground substance (GS) underneath the protrusions. d Typical cystozoites of the new species, which contained only two rhoptries (arrowheads) among relatively few micronemes (asterisks); additionally, the cystozoites exhibited vesicle-like structures in the anterior third of the cell containing electron-light, reticulate matter (arrow); the inset shows such a vesicle-like compartment at higher magnification, which was apparently not bound by a membrane (white arrow) and often located near micronemes (white asterisk); dense granules were present but rarely observed. e Interior and cyst wall of a mature sarcocyst (isolate from C. radiatus); metrocytes (asterisks) exclusively divided by endodyogeny, producing only two cystozoites (CZ). f Full-length section through a 15-µm-long protrusion of the sarcocyst wall; note that larger protrusions often occurred close to the tips of a cyst and showed a base with folds. AP, apicoplast; MI, mitochondrion; NU, nucleus; PT, villar protrusions
Fig. 4 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.
Fig. 4 Two separate phylogenies of the 28S rRNA gene (longer and shorter sequence fragments) of the new Sarcocystis sp. sampled in China, newly sequenced S. zuoi from China and novel Sarcocystis isolates from Borneo. Symbols indicate the new sequences of this study, whereby taxa considered conspecific are grouped by shape. GenBank accession numbers are given behind each taxon name. a Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of an alignment of 29 sequences and 1383 homologous positions. Branch support by bootstrapping (1000 replicate trees) is shown next to the branches, whereby the results of three independent analyses based on independent alignments are shown. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. All positions with <85% site coverage were eliminated, i.e. fewer than 15% alignment gaps, missing data and ambiguous bases were allowed at any position (partial deletion option). Selected eimeriid coccidia served as outgroup. b ML analysis of a trimmed alignment including five shorter sequences of Sarcocystis sampled in Borneo compared with the samples of Sarcocystis sp. from China; a total of 16 sequences and 366 homologous positions with site coverage of 95% were compared. Sarcocystis pantherophisi served as outgroup. The corresponding natural intermediate hosts are also indicated
Fig. 2 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.
Fig. 2 Light microscopic and ultrastructural morphology of sarcocysts from Maxomys whiteheadi in Borneo (a–c) and wild Rattus norvegicus in China (d, e). Note, due to ethanol fixation some ultrastructural details of the samples from Borneo are poorly resolved. a Richardsen's dye-stained 1.0-µm thin section through a mature sarcocyst showing the villar protrusions (PT) of the cyst wall and numerous relatively small cystozoites (CZ). b Same sample as before under the electron microscope; note the thin layer of ground substance underneath the protrusions. c Enlarged part of the interior of the sarcocyst showing cystozoites—although with limited resolution—that possess a pair of rhoptries each, which is characteristic for this Sarcocystis species (black and white arrows; compare with Fig. 1d). d Live sarcocyst isolated from striated muscle tissue of a wild Norway rat in China; the inset shows live cystozoites that were freshly released from a cyst. e Ultrastructure of the same sarcocyst as before; note that the villar protrusions are highly similar to the samples from Borneo and Thailand regarding size and shape (Fig. 1e); again, cystozoites only exhibit one pair of rhoptries (arrows) and relatively few micronemes
Fig. 3 in A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.
Fig. 3 Graph showing the size of sporocysts (length plotted against diameter, in μm; error bars indicate s.e.) of the Sarcocystis isolates from the colubrid snakes Coelognathus flavolineatus and C. radiatus in Thailand and closely related Sarcocystis. Every isolate/ species is indicated by a different symbol (legend), whereby sporocyst samples with the same shape index (= length/diameter) share the same background shading: white = 1.3; dark = 1.5; Sarcocystis pantherophisi = 1.2. Here, S. pantherophisi is included as reference for the snake host Sarcocystis lineage S2, while all other species belong to lineage S1 (except for S. murinotechis, for which no genetic information is available)
Text-fig. 1. The Czech Republic with the position of the Příbram-Jince Basin (A), distribution of Cambrian rocks of the Jince Formation in the Příbram-Jince Basin (B), geographic position of discussed localities (C), stratigraphic ranges of Condylopyge in the Jince Formation of the Příbram-Jince Basin (D). 1. foot of the slope known as Vinice near Jince (locality 15 in Fatka and Kordule 1992); lowermost levels of the Acadolenus snajdri Zone sensu Fatka and Szabad (2014). 2. locality Potůček near Rejkovice (= locality 12 in Fatka and Kordule 1992); lower levels of the Paradoxides (Eccaparadoxides) pusillus Zone sensu Fatka and Szabad (2014). Specimens CGS CW 17 and CGS FK 63. 3. foot of the slope known as Vinice near Jince (locality 20 in Fatka and Kordule 1992); lower levels of the Onymagnostus hybridus Biozone sensu Fatka and Szabad (2014). Specimen CGS CW 18. in Condylopyge Hawle Et Corda, 1847 In The Příbram-Jince Basin (Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic, Agnostida)
Text-fig. 1. The Czech Republic with the position of the Příbram-Jince Basin (A), distribution of Cambrian rocks of the Jince Formation in the Příbram-Jince Basin (B), geographic position of discussed localities (C), stratigraphic ranges of Condylopyge in the Jince Formation of the Příbram-Jince Basin (D). 1. foot of the slope known as Vinice near Jince (locality 15 in Fatka and Kordule 1992); lowermost levels of the Acadolenus snajdri Zone sensu Fatka and Szabad (2014). 2. locality Potůček near Rejkovice (= locality 12 in Fatka and Kordule 1992); lower levels of the Paradoxides (Eccaparadoxides) pusillus Zone sensu Fatka and Szabad (2014). Specimens CGS CW 17 and CGS FK 63. 3. foot of the slope known as Vinice near Jince (locality 20 in Fatka and Kordule 1992); lower levels of the Onymagnostus hybridus Biozone sensu Fatka and Szabad (2014). Specimen CGS CW 18.
Fig. 3 in Geographic range extension of Speke's Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys spekii Gray, 1863
Fig. 3. Top: Lateral views of the putative hybrids from the Afungi Peninsula, Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique, which have mtDNA sequences of Kinixys spekii but morphologically resemble K. zombensis. Bottom: Lateral views of genetically verified K. zombensis from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Photos: Luke Verburgt and Flora Ihlow.
Fig. 1 in Geographic range extension of Speke's Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys spekii Gray, 1863
Fig. 1. Known distribution of Kinixys spekii. Range according to TTWG (2017) is displayed as green shaded area. Open circles refer to iNaturalist observations, while solid green circles represent literature records and specimens deposited in scientific collections. Solid red circles correspond to genetically verified records, and triangles to name-bearing type specimens of Kinixys spekii and its synonyms.
Fig. 2 in Geographic range extension of Speke's Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys spekii Gray, 1863
Fig. 2. Top: Lateral views of adult Kinixys lobatsiana (left) and K. spekii (right). Center: Ventral views of young (SCL 106 mm) and adult (SCL 161 mm) K. lobatsiana (left) and young (SCL 131 mm) and adult (SCL 151 mm) K. spekii (right). Note the strongly serrated posterior marginal scutes in K. lobatsiana compared to the smooth carapace rim in K. spekii. Bottom: Lateral views of adult K. natalensis (left) and young K. spekii (right). Photos: James Harvey and Flora Ihlow.
Fig. 4 in Geographic range extension for the Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise, Kinixys lobatsiana (Power, 1927), with first records from the Soutpansberg region
Fig. 4. Top: Juvenile Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise (Kinixys lobatsiana, SCL = 81 mm) from Sigurwana, western Soutpansberg, Limpopo. Bottom: Young Speke's Hinge-back Tortoise (K. spekii, SCL = 106 mm) from Leshiba Wilderness, western Soutpansberg. Scale bar: 1 cm. Species identification of both tortoises was genetically confirmed. Photos by Flora Ihlow.
Fig. 5 in Geographic range extension for the Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise, Kinixys lobatsiana (Power, 1927), with first records from the Soutpansberg region
Fig. 5. Speke's Hinge-back Tortoise (Kinixys spekii) from the vicinity of Vaalwater (left) and Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise (K. lobatsiana) from the Lapalala Wilderness Reserve (right) with very similar color patterns. Species identification of both tortoises was genetically confirmed. Photos by Flora Ihlow.
Fig. 2 in Geographic range extension for the Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise, Kinixys lobatsiana (Power, 1927), with first records from the Soutpansberg region
Fig. 2. Distribution range of the Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise (Kinixys lobatsiana) according to TTWG (2017), with genetically confirmed range extensions (dots), not yet processed samples (dots with bold black outline), and recent observations (triangles). Observations marked with an asterisk refer to collection material in the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (TM 36366, TM 67909, TM 79431). Right: Characteristic habitats from different parts of the distribution range. Photos by Flora Ihlow.
Fig. 1 in Geographic range extension for the Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise, Kinixys lobatsiana (Power, 1927), with first records from the Soutpansberg region
Fig. 1. Putative range of the Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise (Kinixys lobatsiana) according to TTWG (2017), with historic records compiled from scientific collections. Inset: K. lobatsiana from the Lapalala Wilderness Reserve. Photo by Flora Ihlow.
Fig. 3 in Geographic range extension for the Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise, Kinixys lobatsiana (Power, 1927), with first records from the Soutpansberg region
Fig. 3. Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise (Kinixys lobatsiana, TM 36366) collected at Rochdale Farm, Waterpoort, from the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History. Photo by Adriaan Jordaan.
Fig. 1 in SHORT COMMUNICATION Noblella lynchi Duellman 1991 (Anura: Craugastoridae): Geographic range extension, Peru
Fig. 1. Noblella lynchi (A and B: male, MUSM 28216, SVL 24.8 mm; C and D: young, MUSM 24886, SVL 7.8 mm; E and F: female, MUSM 26448, SVL 19.5 mm). Photos by D. Rodríguez.
Fig. 2 in Consistency in fruit preferences across the geographical range of the frugivorous bats Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera)
Fig. 2. Distribution of three bat genera (Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira – solid gray) and the four most frequent plant genera (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper and Solanum – dotted pattern) in their diet in the Neotropical region. Sources: bat distribution follows GARDNER (2008); plant distribution follows JARAMILLO & MANOS (2001) for Piper; KNAPP et al. (2004) for Solanum, LOBOVA et al. (2003) for Cecropia; SHANAHAN et al. (2001) for Ficus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.