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61 results for “giraffes”
Population genomics of the southern giraffe
<p>Dataset used in the study "Population genomics of the southern giraffe". </p> <p>Variant calling data of 110 Individuals, 97 Southern giraffe, 1 Okapi, 12 Masai giraffe. </p> <p> </p> <p>Available as VCF and BEAGLE format:</p> <p>Dataset 1 contains all individuals and sites. </p> <p>Dataset 2 contains all individuals and unlinked sites (Linkage Disequilibrium Pruning).</p> <p>Dataset 3 contains only Southern giraffe individuals and all sites. </p> <p>Dataset 4 contains only Southern giraffe individuals and only unlinked sites. </p>
Table 3 in First insights into past biodiversity of giraffes based on mitochondrial sequences from museum specimens
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Minimum and maximum pairwise distances (in %), as well as mean distance (between brackets), calculated using the mtDNA-91T dataset both within and between haplogroups (Fig. 3). <b>Boldface</b> = maximal intrapopulational variation.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Taxa</th><th><b>I</b>.</th><th><b>II</b>.</th><th><b>III</b>.</th><th><b>IV</b>.</th><th><b>V</b>.</th><th><b>VI</b>.</th><th><b>VII</b>.</th><th><b>VIII</b>.</th><th><b>IX</b>.</th><th><b>X</b>.</th><th><b>XI</b>.</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>I</b>. Nubia</th><td><b>0</b>. <b>17</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>II</b>. Senegal</th><td>1.38 – 1.5 (1.44)</td><td><b>0</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>III</b>. Niger</th><td>1.09 – 1.47 (1.24)</td><td>1.74 – 1.93 (1.82)</td><td><b>0</b>. <b>26</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>IV</b>. Kordofan I</th><td>0.75 – 1.14 (0.96)</td><td>1.67 – 1.78 (1.7)</td><td>1.28 – 1.67 (1.41)</td><td><b>0</b>. <b>52</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>V</b>. Kordofan II</th><td>1.22 – 1.41 (1.32)</td><td>1.99</td><td>1.67 – 1.86 (1.75)</td><td>0.9 – 1.15 (0.98)</td><td><b>0</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>VI</b>. Rothschild</th><td>1.15 – 1.73 (1.35)</td><td>1.49 – 2 (1.68)</td><td>1.21 – 1.67 (1.35)</td><td>1.21 – 1.67 (1.48)</td><td>1.48 – 1.67 (1.58)</td><td><b>0</b>. <b>58</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>VII</b>. Reticulated I</th><td>1.54 – 1.99 (1.69)</td><td>1.55 – 1.87 (1.75)</td><td>1.48 – 2.19 (1.74)</td><td>1.48 – 2.12 (1.68)</td><td>1.8 – 2.06 (1.89)</td><td>1.35 – 1.99 (1.60)</td><td><b>1</b>. <b>16</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>VIII</b>. Masai I</th><td>3.75 – 3.87 (3.82)</td><td>4.13 – 4.13 (4.13)</td><td>3.99 – 4.13 (4.05)</td><td>3.68 – 3.93 (3.80)</td><td>4.12 – 4.12 (4.12)</td><td>3.81 – 4.26 (4.01)</td><td>3.81 – 4.07 (4.00)</td><td><b>0</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>IX</b>. Masai II</th><td>3.73 – 3.99 (3.85)</td><td>4.08 – 4.26 (4.17)</td><td>3.92 – 4.25 (4.04)</td><td>3.50 – 3.91 (3.74)</td><td>4.05 – 4.24 (4.11)</td><td>3.85 – 4.37 (4.03)</td><td>3.86 – 4.31 (4.03)</td><td>0.31 – 0.94 (076)</td><td><b>0</b>. <b>98</b></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>X</b>. Southeast Africa</th><td>4.12 – 4.31 (4.21)</td><td>4.26 – 4.45 (4.34)</td><td>4.31 – 4.69 (4.46)</td><td>4.18 – 4.63 (4.32)</td><td>4.44 – 4.63 (4.51)</td><td>4.18 – 4.63 (4.35)</td><td>4.12 – 4.57 (4.37)</td><td>1.35 – 1.54 (1.43)</td><td>1.29 – 1.56 (1.40)</td><td><b>0</b>. <b>32</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>XI</b>. Southwestern</th><td>3.13 – 3.73 (3.52)</td><td>3.49 – 4.12 (3.95)</td><td>3.53 – 4.11 (3.80)</td><td>3.07 – 3.86 (3.58)</td><td>3.66 – 4.11 (3.91)</td><td>3.54 – 4.31 (3.94)</td><td>3.73 – 4.24 (3.95)</td><td>2.64 – 2.9 (2.78)</td><td>2.48 – 3.09 (2.80)</td><td>3.02 – 3.41 (3.16)</td><td><b>0</b>. <b>65</b></td></tr></tbody></table>
Giraffe kimberlite pipe core GDGT fractional abundance
<p>Database for the fractional abundances of GDGTs present in the Giraffe kimberlite pipe core (paleolatitude ~63o N). Dataset contains depth, in vertical-equivalent meters, of each sample, as well as the fractional abundance of each of the analyzed lipids. This is part of the Martínez-Sosa, et al., <em>in prep</em> manuscript.</p>
Social selection is density dependent but makes little contribution to total selection in New Zealand giraffe weevils
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The five digits of the giraffe metatarsal
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Fine-scale habitat heterogeneity influences browsing damage by elephant and giraffe
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History of the Giraffe Pipe locality inferred from microfossil remains: A thriving freshwater ecosystem near the Arctic Circle during the warm Eocene
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Population analysis of retrotransposons in giraffe genomes supports RTE decline and widespread LINE1 activity in Giraffidae
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Masai giraffe population change over 40 years in Arusha National Park
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Nightly selection of resting sites and group behavior reveal anti-predator strategies in giraffe
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Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes
<p>Studies increasingly show that social connectedness plays a key role in determining survival, in addition to natural and anthropogenic environmental factors. Few studies, however, integrated social, non-social, and demographic data to elucidate what components of an animal's socio-ecological environment are most important to their survival. Female giraffes (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>) form structured societies with highly dynamic group membership but stable long-term associations. We examined the relative contributions of sociability (relationship strength, gregariousness, and betweenness), together with those of the natural (food sources and vegetation types) and anthropogenic environment (distance from human settlements), to adult female giraffe survival. We tested predictions about the influence of sociability and natural and human factors at two social levels: the individual and the social community. Survival was primarily driven by individual- rather than community-level social factors. Gregariousness (the number of other females each individual was observed with on average) was most important in explaining variation in female adult survival, more than other social traits and any natural or anthropogenic environmental factors. For adult female giraffes, grouping with more other females, even as group membership frequently changes, is correlated with better survival, and this sociability appears to be more important than several attributes of their non-social environment.</p>
Data from: Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Polymorphic phenotypes of mammalian coat coloration have been important to the study of genetics and evolution, but less is known about the inheritance and fitness consequences of individual variation in complex coat pattern traits such as spots and stripes. Giraffe coat markings are highly complex and variable and it has been hypothesized that variation in coat patterns most likely affects fitness by camouflaging neonates against visually hunting predators. We quantified complex coat pattern traits of wild Masai giraffes using image analysis software, determined the similarity of spot pattern traits between mother and offspring, and assessed whether variation in spot pattern traits was related to fitness as measured by juvenile survival. The methods we described could comprise a framework for objective quantification of complex mammal coat pattern traits based on photographic coat pattern data. We demonstrated that some characteristics of giraffe coat spot shape were likely to be heritable, as measured by mother-offspring regression. We found significant variation in juvenile survival among phenotypic groups of neonates defined by multivariate clustering based on spot trait measurement variables. We also found significant variation in neonatal survival associated with spot size and shape covariates. Larger spots (smaller number of spots) and irregularly shaped spots (smaller aspect ratio) were correlated with increased survival. These findings will inform investigations into developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value.
Figure 1 in Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one
Figure 1. Distribution and Sampling Locations of Different Giraffe Subspecies in Africa (A) Distribution ranges (colored shading) provided by the Giraffe Conservation Foundation [7], plotted on a map of Africa (http://www.naturalearthdata. com/). Circles represent sampling locations; for coding, see Figure 2. (B) Enlarged view of the South Sudan region. Note that the samples of the putative Nubian giraffe were taken west and east of the Nile River. See also Table S1.
Figure 1 in Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one
Figure 1. Distribution and Sampling Locations of Different Giraffe Subspecies in Africa (A) Distribution ranges (colored shading) provided by the Giraffe Conservation Foundation [7], plotted on a map of Africa (http://www.naturalearthdata. com/). Circles represent sampling locations; for coding, see Figure 2. (B) Enlarged view of the South Sudan region. Note that the samples of the putative Nubian giraffe were taken west and east of the Nile River. See also Table S1.
Figure S3 in Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one
Figure S3. Additional Structure and PCA analyses. Related to Figure 3. A) Structure analysis for all subspecies for K=2 to K=6. K=4 has the highest delta K and from K=5 increasing admixtures is evident. B) A separate Structure analysis for the subspecies of the northern giraffe reveals evidence for additional cluster of West African (WA) and Nubian (former Rothschild's, MF) giraffe. However, in this data set haplotypes sharing with other subspecies is evident and these are not distinct in other analyses. C) Southern giraffe do not show additional clustering when analyzed separately. This is in contrast the the clear separation of the subspecies by mtDNA sequences. Abbreviations for the geographic origin are explained in Table S1. D) PCAs of giraffe haplotypes with grouping according to traditional nine subspecies classification 1 - G. c. angolensis, 2 - G. c. antiquorum, 3 – G. c. thornicrofti, 4 - G. c.
Figure S1 in Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one
Figure S1. Haplotype networks of seven intron sequences. Related to Figure 2 and 3. The networks for 105 giraffe show that numerous single alleles are shared and that for most loci subspecies cannot be easily distinguished. Notable exceptions are intron 52 and 930 that are exclusive for Masai (tippelskirchi, including the formerly recognized Thornicroft's giraffe) and 241 that is nearly exclusive for the West African giraffe (peralta). Furthermore, a southern clade (angolensis plus giraffa) and northern clade (antiquorum, peralta, rothschildi) are prominent for most loci. The lack of further resolution is possibly a consequence of insufficient data and gene flow remains uncertain.
Figure S2 in Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one
Figure S2. Evolutionary trees with details on the individual IDs. Related to Figure 2. A) ASTRAL tree from individual nuclear loci with ML branch lengths. While analysis of concatenated sequences is problematic [S1] a ML tree based on concatenated sequences, which shows the West African Giraffe separate can be found in doi:10.5061/dryad.h3tc2. B) BEAST mtDNA tree with details for accession numbers and individual IDs and their location. Note – the okapi branch (root) is not to scale in both figures to allow for better resolution among giraffe branches. Genbank accession numbers for published data are shown and are detailed in [S2] and individual ID and sample location can be found in doi:10.5061/dryad.h3tc2.
Figure S1 in Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one
Figure S1. Haplotype networks of seven intron sequences. Related to Figure 2 and 3. The networks for 105 giraffe show that numerous single alleles are shared and that for most loci subspecies cannot be easily distinguished. Notable exceptions are intron 52 and 930 that are exclusive for Masai (tippelskirchi, including the formerly recognized
Figure 3 in Multi-locus analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one
Figure 3. Population Structuring and Giraffe Divergence Times (A) STRUCTURE analysis of seven nuclear loci for 105 individuals. Vertical bars show the membership in a cluster for each individual. Separate colors represent separate clusters. K = 4 has the highest credibility and shows well-resolved groups: blue: southern cluster (South African plus Angolan giraffe); green: Masai giraffe; orange: reticulated giraffe; yellow: northern cluster of the remaining subspecies. K = 5 or higher shows no further resolution. (B) PCA axes 1–2 for four distinct giraffe clusters (1: southern; 2; northern; 3: Masai; 4: reticulated giraffe) according to STRUCTURE clusters (K = 4). The x axis explains 12.5% and the y axis 7.15% of variation. The oval outlines represent 95% confidential intervals and are colored after STRUCTURE clusters. Nonoverlapping frames denote significantly different clusters. Analyses along axes 1–3 (data not shown) produced nearly identical results. (C) Divergence times among giraffe species estimated by BEAST to 1.99, 1.89, and 1.25 mya, respectively. (D) Time-calibrated phylogenomic analysis based on 540,000 bp of protein coding sequences. The divergence time of Giraffidae was estimated at 28.7 mya. See also Figure S3 and Table S2.
THE GIRAFFE Study: Genomic Risk Markers for Atrial Fibrillation Following Extended Cardiac Rhythm Monitoring
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01970969. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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