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178 results for “great tit”
Data from: Sex-specific effects of experimental ectoparasite infestation on telomere length in great tit nestlings
<p>Telomere length is a biomarker of biological ageing and lifespan in various vertebrate taxa. Evidence is accumulating that telomeres shorten more rapidly when an individual is exposed to environmental stressors. Parasites are potent selective agents that can cause physiological stress directly or indirectly through the activation of the host's immune system. Yet to date, empirical evidence for a role of parasites in telomere dynamics in natural populations is limited.</p> <p>Here we show experimentally that exposure to ectoparasitic hen fleas (<i>Ceratophyllus gallinae</i>) during growth results in shorter telomeres in female, but not male, great tit (<i>Parus major</i>) nestlings. Females had significantly longer telomeres than males when growing up in experimentally deparasitized nests but because of the sex-specific effects of parasitism on telomere length, this sexual dimorphism was absent in birds growing up in experimentally infested nests. Our results provide the first experimental evidence for a role of ectoparasitism in telomere dynamics in a natural vertebrate population, and suggest that the costs of infection manifest in sex-specific ways.</p>
A time-lagged association between the gut microbiome, nestling weight and nestling survival in wild great tits
<ol> <li>Natal body mass is a key predictor of viability and fitness in many animals. While variation in body mass and therefore viability of juveniles may be explained by genetic and environmental factors, emerging evidence points to the gut microbiota as an important factor influencing host health. The gut microbiota is known to change during development, but it remains unclear whether the microbiome predicts fitness, and if it does, at which developmental stage it affects fitness traits.</li> <li>We collected data on two traits associated with fitness in wild nestling great tits (<i>Parus major</i>): weight and survival to fledging. We characterised the gut microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing from nestling faeces and investigated temporal associations between the gut microbiome and fitness traits across development at day 8 (D8) and day 15 (D15) post-hatching. We also explored whether particular microbial taxa were 'indicator species' that reflected whether nestlings survived or not.</li> <li>There was no link between mass and microbial diversity on D8 or D15. However, we detected a time-lagged relationship whereby the microbial diversity at D8 was negatively associated with weight at D15, while controlling for weight at D8. Indicator species analysis revealed that while several taxa were unique to birds that either survived or did not survive, there were no universal taxa that were consistently found across all birds within either survival group. This suggests that the presence of particular bacterial taxa may be sufficient, but not necessary for determining future survival, perhaps owing to functional overlap in microbiota.</li> <li>We highlight that measuring microbiome-fitness relationships at just one time point may be misleading, especially early in life. Instead, microbial-host fitness effects should be investigated longitudinally as there may be critical development windows in which key microbiota are established and prime host traits associated with nestling weight. Pinpointing which features of the gut microbial community impact on host fitness, and when during development this occurs, will shed light on population level processes and has the potential to support conservation.</li> </ol>
Repeatable differences in exploratory behaviour predict tick infestation probability in wild great tits
Abstract Ecological factors and individual-specific traits affect parasite infestation in wild animals. Ixodid ticks are important ectoparasites of various vertebrate hosts, which include passerine bird species such as the great tit (Parus major). We studied various key ecological variables (breeding density, human disturbance) and phenotypic traits (exploratory behaviour, body condition) proposed to predict tick infestation probability and burden in great tits. Our study spanned 3 years and 12 nest box plots located in southern Germany. Breeding, adult great tits were assessed for exploration behaviour, body condition, and tick burden. Plots were open to human recreation; human disturbance was quantified in each plot as a recreation pressure index from biweekly nest box inspections. Infested individuals were repeatable in tick burden across years. These repeatable among-individual differences in tick burden were not attributable to exploration behaviour. However, faster explorers did have a higher infestation probability. Furthermore, body condition was negatively correlated to tick burden. Recreation pressure was correlated to increased infestation probability, although this relationship was just above the threshold of statistical significance. Our study implies that avian infestation probability and tick burden are each determined by distinct phenotypic traits and ecological factors. Our findings highlight the importance of animal behaviour and human disturbance in understanding variation in tick burden among avian hosts. Significance statement Various abiotic and biotic factors, including personality type, influence tick parasitism in birds, but exactly how all these factors interplay remains unclear. We studied a wild population of great tits over a 3-year period and assessed birds for their exploration behaviour and tick infestation. We found that more explorative great tits were more likely to be infested with ticks. By contrast, faster explorers did not have higher tick burdens. Tick burden was nevertheless moderately repeatable among individuals. Our results imply that animal personality influences the probability of parasite infestation, and that infestation likelihood versus intensity are determined by distinct mechanisms. Our work highlights the importance of animal behaviour to understand parasite infestation in wild populations.
Winter feeding preferences and personality vary with territory characteristics in wild great tits
<p>Differences in habitat characteristics experienced during rearing associate with variation in a range of behavioral phenotypes such as exploratory behavior, foraging behavior and food preference. The habitat-dependent selection hypothesis predicts that animals develop behavioral characteristics fitted to their rearing environment. Yet, little is known about how habitat characteristics during rearing shape how animals face winter conditions and adjust their winter foraging behavior. The aim of this study was to explore how fine-scale rearing habitat characteristics associate with exploratory behavior, food selection and foraging performance during winter. For this, we measured habitat characteristics during the breeding season in territories of wild great tits (<em>Parus major</em>), and tested first-year juvenile birds that fledged from these territories for exploratory and foraging behavior at feeders during winter. We found evidence that faster explorers were raised in territories with lower quality-related habitat characteristics. In addition, fast exploring fledglings visited the feeders significantly more (total visits). Moreover, the rearing environment, via caterpillar availability and tree species composition, determined diet selection during winter in first year birds. These results show support for the habitat-dependent selection hypothesis, since exploratory behavior as well as food preferences during winter associate with habitat features of the rearing territories during development. This pattern can be caused either by the kinds of foods prevalent at these sites or because of intrinsic individual differences. Further experiments are needed to disentangle these two.</p>
Data from: the great tit HapMap project: a continental-scale analysis of genomic variation in a songbird
<p>A major aim of evolutionary biology is to understand why patterns of genomic diversity vary within taxa and space. Large-scale genomic studies of widespread species are useful for studying how environment and demography shape patterns of genomic divergence. Here, we describe one of the most geographically comprehensive surveys of genomic variation in a wild vertebrate to date; the great tit (<em>Parus major</em>) HapMap project. We screened <em>ca</em> 500,000 SNP markers across 647 individuals from 29 populations, spanning ~30 degrees of latitude and 40 degrees of longitude - almost the entire geographic range of the European subspecies. Genome-wide variation was consistent with a recent colonisation across Europe from a South-East European refugiam, with bottlenecks and reduced genetic diversity in island populations. Differentiation across the genome was highly heterogeneous, with clear "islands of differentiation", even among populations with very low levels of genome-wide differentiation. Low local recombination rates were a strong predictor of high local genomic differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub>), especially in island and peripheral mainland populations, suggesting that the interplay between genetic drift and recombination causes highly heterogeneous differentiation landscapes. We also detected genomic outlier regions that were confined to one or more peripheral great tit populations, probably as a result of recent directional selection at the species' range edges. Haplotype-based measures of selection were related to recombination rate, albeit less strongly, and highlighted population-specific sweeps that likely resulted from positive selection. Our study highlights how comprehensive screens of genomic variation in wild organisms can provide unique insights into spatio-temporal evolutionary dynamics.</p>
Playa-Montmany, et al.: The thermoregulatory role of relative bill and leg surface areas in a Mediterranean population of Great tit
<p>There is growing evidence on the role of legs and bill as 'thermal windows' in birds coping with heat stress. However, there is a lack of empirical work examining the relationship between the relative bill and/or leg surface areas and key thermoregulatory traits such as the limits of the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) or the cooling efficiency at high temperatures. Here, we explored this relationship in a Mediterranean population of Great tit (<i>Parus major</i>) facing increasing thermal stress in its environment. The lower and upper critical limits of the TNZ were found to be 17.7 ± 1.6°C and 34.5 ± 0.7°C, respectively, and the basal metabolic rate was 0.96 ± 0.12 ml O<sub>2</sub> min<sup>-1 </sup>on average. The evaporative water loss (EWL) inflection point was established at 31.85 ± 0.27°C<sup> </sup>and was not significantly different from the value of the upper critical limit. No significant relationship was observed between the relative bill or tarsi size and TNZ critical limits, breadth, mass-independent VO<sub>2</sub> or mass-independent EWL at any environmental temperature (from 10°C to 40°C). However, Great tit males (but not females) with larger tarsi areas (a proxy of leg surface area) showed higher cooling efficiencies at 40°C. We found no support for the hypothesis that the bill surface area plays a significant role as a thermal window in Great tits, but the leg surface areas may play a role in males' physiological responses to high temperatures. On the one hand, we argue that the studied population occupies habitats with available microclimates and fresh water for drinking during summer, so active heat dissipation by EWL might be favored instead of dry heat loss through the bill surface. Conversely, male dominance behaviors could imply a greater dependence on cutaneous evaporative water loss through the upper leg surfaces as a consequence of higher exposure to harsh environmental conditions than faced by females.</p>
Recent natural variability in global warming weakened phenological mismatch and selection on seasonal timing in great tits (Parus major)
<p></p><p> Climate change has led to phenological shifts in many species, but with large variation in magnitude among species and trophic levels. The poster child example of the resulting phenological mismatches between the phenology of predators and their prey is the great tit (Parus major), where this mismatch led to directional selection for earlier seasonal breeding. Natural climate variability can obscure the impacts of climate change over certain periods, weakening phenological mismatching and selection. Here, we show that selection on seasonal timing indeed weakened significantly over the past two decades as increases in late spring temperatures have slowed down. Consequently, there has been no further advancement in the date of peak caterpillar food abundance, while great tit phenology has continued to advance, thereby weakening the phenological mismatch. We thus show that the relationships between temperature, phenologies of prey and predator, and selection on predator phenology are robust, also in times of a slowdown of warming. Using projected temperatures from a large ensemble of climate simulations that take natural climate variability into account, we show that prey phenology is again projected to advance faster than great tit phenology in the coming decades, and therefore that long-term global warming will intensify phenological mismatches. </p><p></p>
Data for: Serotonin transporter (SERT) polymorphisms, personality and problem-solving in urban great tits
<p class="CxSpFirst"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Understanding underlying genetic variation can elucidate how diversity in behavioral phenotypes evolves and is maintained. Genes in the serotonergic signaling pathway, including the serotonin transporter gene (<i>SERT)</i>, are candidates for affecting animal personality, cognition and fitness. In a model species, the great tit (<i>Parus major</i>), we reevaluated previous findings suggesting relationships between <i>SERT</i> polymorphisms, neophobia, exploratory behavior and fitness parameters, and performed a first test of the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SERT and problem-solving in birds. We found some evidence for associations between <i>SERT </i>SNPs and neophobia, exploratory behavior and laying date. Furthermore, several SNPs were associated with behavioral patterns and success rates during obstacle removal problem-solving tests performed at nest boxes. In females, minor allele homozygotes (AA) for nonsynonymous SNP226 in exon 1 made fewer incorrect attempts and were more likely to problem-solve. In both sexes, there was some evidence that minor allele homozygotes (CC) for SNP84 in exon 9 were more likely to problem-solve. Only one SNP-behavior relationship was statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, but several were associated with substantial effect sizes. Our study provides a foundation for future research on the genetic basis of behavioral and cognitive variation in wild animal populations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Risk-taking coping style correlates with SERT SNP290 polymorphisms in free-living great tits
<p>The coping style of an individual in relation to potentially dangerous situations has been suggested to be inherited in a polygenic fashion, being SERT one of the candidate genes. In this paper, we assessed in free-living great tits Parus major the association between SNP290 in the SERT promoter and three standard fear-related behaviors, namely the response of the birds to a black and white flag fixed to the top of the nest-box, distress calling rate of the birds in the hand once captured and the hissing call of incubating females when approached by a predator. We found a strong association between SNP290 polymorphism and the three risk-taking behaviors, with birds with genotype CT entering faster to the nest box with the flag and displaying more distress calls and less hissing calls. CT birds could therefore be described as more proactive than CC individuals. These results also suggest that hissing behavior should be regarded as a fear-induced shy behavior, and confirm that SERT has an important function in relation to risk aversion behaviors and coping style.</p>
Data and code from: Great tits differ in glucocorticoid plasticity in response to spring temperature
<p>No description provided.</p> <p>This repository contains R-codes used for a project on glucocorticoid plasticity using data from a free-living great tit population. Specifically, the repository contains R-codes used in the following study:</p> <p>Hau M, Deimel C, Moiron M (2022) Great tits differ in glucocorticoid plasticity in response to spring temperature.BioRxiv (doi: 10.1101/2022.04.21.489013) Link to paper: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489013v1">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489013v1</a></p> <p>For any further information, please get in touch with at least one (preferably both) of the following researchers: Dr. Maria Moiron, email: <a href="mailto:mariamoironc@gmail.com">mariamoironc@gmail.com</a> Prof. Dr. Michaela Hau, email: <a href="mailto:mhau@orn.mpg.de">mhau@orn.mpg.de</a></p> <p>Code: All R code is available in the main folder and scripts are numbered in order of use from 001 to 004. Scripts titles should be self-explanatory, but each script contains a "Description of script and Instructions" section with further information.</p>
Data and code for: Social phenotype-dependent selection of social environment in wild great and blue tits: An experimental study
<p>There is growing evidence that individuals actively assess the match between their phenotype and their environment when making habitat choice decisions (so-called matching habitat choice). However, to our knowledge, no studies have considered how the social environment may interact with social phenotype in determining habitat choice, despite habitat choice being an inherently social process and growing evidence for individual variation in sociability. We conducted an experiment using wild great and blue tits to understand how birds integrate their social phenotype and social environment when choosing where and how to feed. We used programmable feeders to (i) record social interactions and estimate social phenotype and (ii) experimentally manipulate the local density experienced by birds of differing social phenotype. By tracking feeder usage, we estimated how social environment and social phenotype predicted feeder choice and feeding behaviour. Both social environment and social phenotype predicted feeder usage, but a bird's decision to remain in a particular social environment did not depend on their social phenotype. In contrast, for feeding behaviour, responses to the social environment depended on social phenotype. Our results provide rare evidence of matching habitat choice and shed light on the dependence of habitat choice on between-individual differences in social phenotype.</p>
Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAGs) from faecal microbiomes of great tits and blue tits
<h2><span>Overview:</span></h2> <p><span>The vertebrate gut microbiome plays crucial roles in host health and disease. However, there is limited data on the microbiomes of wild birds, most of which is restricted to barcode sequences. We therefore explored the use of shotgun metagenomics on the faecal microbiomes of two wild bird species widely used as model organisms in ecological studies: the great tit (<em>Parus major</em>) and the Eurasian blue tit (<em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>). High and Medium quality Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAGs) were assembled from these metagenomes and are made available as a catalogue in this archive.</span></p> <h2><span>Methods:</span></h2> <p><span><span>Metagenomic reads were trimmed, and quality controlled using FastP configured to a minimum phred score of 20 and minimum length of 50 bp</span><span>. In order to avoid contamination of the bins by eukaryotic sequences, Tiara v1.0.3 was used to classify contigs longer than 3.000 kb into their high-level kingdoms, allowing to exclude sequences of a eukaryotic or of an organelle origin, and only retaining all unclassified contigs and prokaryotic contigs for the binning step. <br>Contigs were binned using MaxBin2 v2.2.7 , SemiBin2 v2.1.0 and Metabat2 v 2.15 independently. The bins were refined using DasTool v 1.1.7 using a min score threshold of 0.3. The quality of the refined bins was obtained using CheckM2 v 1.0.2, and any bin with a contamination above 10% were excluded. The final MAGs were classified as Low-quality (<50% completeness, <10% contamination), medium-quality (>50% completeness, <10% contamination) and high-quality (>90% completeness, <5% contamination), as recommended by the MIMAG specification . Finally, the MAGs were dereplicated using an dRep v 3.4.3 with an ANI of 95% and classified using gtdb-tk v2.4.0 using the gtdb database release220.<br></span></span></p> <p><span><span>Files:</span></span></p> <ul> <li><span><span>The <strong>MAGs_sequences_v1.0.0 </strong>contains the fasta sequence for the individual MAGs assembled in this project</span></span></li> <li><span><span>The <strong>MAGs_catalogue_v1.0.0.xlsx</strong> contains a description of the quality, taxonomic annotation and characteristics of each MAGs in the dataset</span></span></li> </ul>
Data from: Functional relations between body mass and risk-taking behavior in wild great tits
Natural selection often favors particular combinations of functionally-related traits, resulting in adaptive phenotypic integration. Phenotypic integration has been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the existence of repeatable among-individual differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality). In this study, we investigated patterns of covariation between morphology and behavior in a population of free-living great tits (Parus major) monitored for seven years. In particular, we aimed to disentangle the effect of structural size versus body condition on risk-taking behavior. To do so, we repeatedly quantified multiple morphological (body mass, wing, tarsus, and bill length) and behavioral traits (aggressiveness and exploration) in 742 individual males. Structural equation modelling (SEM) allowed us to test causal a priori hypothesized relationships between the different morphological and behavioral traits. Our best-fitting SEM model supported the existence of a behavioral character, "risk-taking behavior" that covaried simultaneously with the latent variable "body size", and "body condition". Our findings thus demonstrate that an individual's morphological and behavioral traits represent expressions of an integrated phenotype, suggesting a role for phenotypic integration in generating animal personality in a wild bird population.
Longitudinal evidence for immunosenescence and inflammaging in free-living great tits
<p>The first-line effector mechanisms of immune defence, including inflammation and oxidative burst, contribute significantly to host-pathogen resistance. Whether these immune responses undergo age-related changes in birds remains unknown. Here, we tracked selected inflammatory parameters in 54 free-living great tits (<i>Parus major</i>) of known age, captured repeatedly over three consecutive years, with the aims to investigate long-term repeatability and age-dependent changes in cellular oxidative burst responsiveness upon <i>in vitro</i> stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and to identify its relationships with leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels and haematological traits. In addition, we linked these immunological traits to selected physiological markers (antioxidants and oxidative stress markers). LTB4 levels increased with age and we have shown a similar non-significant tendency also for absolute granulocyte counts, indicating propagating chronic inflammation over the bird's lifetime, consistent with the <i>Inflammaging hypothesis</i>. In contrast, cellular oxidative burst followed a quadratic trend of dependency on age with a peak in midlife individuals, in line with the <i>Immunosenescence hypothesis</i>. Interestingly, LTB4 levels were positively associated with general oxidative damage, but negatively with antioxidant glutathione peroxidase activity, indicating links to redox balance. This longitudinal study demonstrates the contrasting patterns of age-related changes in background and acute markers of pro-inflammatory immunity contributing to immunosenescence in birds and thus provides basis for interpretation of the tested inflammatory markers in cross-cohort datasets.</p>
List of known SNP positions (based on SNP chip data) for base quality score recalibration of alignments for whole-genome resequencing and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data from great tits (Parus major)
<p>The profiling of epigenetic marks like DNA methylation has become a central aspect of studies in evolution and ecology. Bisulfite sequencing is commonly used for assessing genome-wide DNA methylation at single nucleotide resolution but these data can also provide information on genetic variants like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, bisulfite conversion causes unmethylated cytosines to appear as thymines, complicating the alignment and subsequent SNP calling. Several tools have been developed to overcome this challenge, but there is no independent evaluation of such tools for non-model species, which often lack genomic references. Here, we used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data from four female great tits (<i>Parus major</i>) to evaluate the performance of seven tools for SNP calling from bisulfite sequencing data. We used SNPs from whole-genome resequencing data of the same samples as baseline SNPs to assess common performance metrics like sensitivity, precision, and the number of true positive, false positive, and false negative SNPs for the full range of variant and genotype quality values. We found clear differences between the tools in either optimizing precision (Bis-SNP), sensitivity (biscuit), or a compromise between both (all other tools). Overall, the choice of SNP caller strongly depends on which performance parameter should be maximized and whether ascertainment bias should be minimized to optimize downstream analysis, highlighting the need for studies that assess such differences.</p>
Data for: Telomere dynamics in relation to experimentally increased locomotion costs and fitness in great tits
<p>Evidence that telomere length (TL) and dynamics can be interpreted as proxy for 'life stress' experienced by individuals stems largely from correlational studies. We tested for effects of an experimental increase of workload on telomere dynamics by equipping male great tits (Parus major) with a 0.9 gram backpack for a full year. In addition, we analysed associations between natural life-history variation, TL and TL dynamics. Carrying 5% extra weight for a year did not significantly accelerate telomere attrition. This agrees with our earlier finding that this experiment did not affect survival or future reproduction. Apparently, great tit males were able to compensate behaviourally or physiologically for the increase in locomotion costs we imposed. We found no cross-sectional association between reproductive success and TL, but individuals with higher reproductive success (number of recruits) lost fewer telomere base pairs in the subsequent year. We used the TRF method to measure TL, which method yields a TL distribution for each sample, and the association between reproductive success and telomere loss was more pronounced in the higher percentiles of the telomere distribution, in agreement with the higher impact of ageing on longer telomeres within individuals. Individuals with longer telomeres and less telomere shortening were more likely to survive to the next breeding season, but these patterns did not reach statistical significance. Whether successful individuals are characterized by losing fewer or more base pairs from their telomeres varies between species, and we discuss aspects of ecology and social organisation that may explain this variation.</p>
Color of artificial light at night affects incubation behavior in the great tit, Parus major
<p>Artificial light at night (ALAN) has been recognized as a biodiversity threat due to the drastic effects it can have on many organisms. In wild birds, artificial illumination alters many natural behaviors that are important for fitness, including chick provisioning. Although incubation is a key determinant of the early developmental environment, studies into the effects of ALAN on bird incubation behavior are lacking. We measured nest temperature in nest boxes of great tits during the incubation period in two consecutive years. Nest boxes were located in eight previously dark field sites that have been experimentally illuminated since 2012 with white, green, or red light, or were left dark. We tested if light treatment affected mean nest temperature, number of times birds leave the nest (off-bout frequency), and off-bout duration during the incubation period. Subsequently, we investigated if incubation behavior is related to fitness. We found that birds incubating in the white light during a cold, early spring had lower mean nest temperatures at the end of incubation, both during the day and during the night, compared to birds in the green light. Moreover, birds incubating in white light took fewer off-bouts, but off-bouts were on average longer. The opposite was true for birds breeding in the green light. Low incubation temperatures and few but long off-bouts can have severe consequences for developing embryos. In our study, eggs from birds that took on average few off-bouts needed more incubation days to hatch compared to eggs from birds that took many off-bouts. Nevertheless, we found no clear fitness effects of light treatment or incubation behavior on the number of hatchlings or hatchling weight. Our results add to the growing body of literature that shows that effects of ALAN can be subtle, can differ due to the spectral composition of light, and can be year-dependent. These subtle alterations of natural behaviors might not have severe fitness consequences in the short-term. However, in the long term they could add up, negatively affecting parent condition and survival as well as offspring recruitment, especially in urban environments where more environmental pollutants are present.</p>
Data for: Strong phenotypic trait correlations between mating partners do not result from assortative mating in wild great tits (Parus major)
<p>There is considerable debate about the occurrence of assortative mating between phenotypic traits measured within natural populations. Meta-analyses have implied that assortative mating occurs generally in natural populations but recent work indicates these conclusions largely result from biased data. Specifically, estimates of phenotypic correlations between mating partners do not solely result from non-random associations between individual-level traits of partners but also from other biological processes (joint phenotypic plasticity, indirect genetic effects), methodological practices (observer bias), and other unexplained residual correlations (e.g. correlated measurement error). This paper puts this critique to test. First, we estimated the overall phenotypic correlation between phenotypic traits of mating partners for a wild population of great tits. Second, we estimated various key variance components to reveal the extent to which phenotypic correlations between partners resulted from assortative mating, reversible plasticity, social partner effects, and methodological practices. We performed our analyses for a range of phenotypic traits (body mass, breathing rate, exploration behaviour, wing and tarsus length) to derive general conclusions not hinging on the specifics of the traits involved. Our analyses support the conclusion that patterns of assortative mating exist at first glance but occur because of the biasing effects of correlated residuals likely caused by a combination of phenotypic responses to unknown environmental factors or measurement error – not because of intrinsic patterns of assortative mating.</p>
Dataset of the great tits (Parus major) from Sagunto (Spain)
<p>A big dataset of the pairs of great tits (Parus major) breeding in Sagunto (eastern Spain) with many variables, for both parents and their chicks.</p>
Fenology dataset of the great tits (Parus major) from Sagunto (Spain)
<p>Fenology dataset of the individuals of great tits (Parus major) breeding in Sagunto (eastern Spain).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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