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36 results for “habitat transition”
Critical transitions and evolutionary hysteresis in movement: Habitat fragmentation can cause abrupt shifts in dispersal that are difficult to revert
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Effects of habitat transitions on rainforest bird communities across an anthropogenic landscape mosaic
<p>We compared bird community responses to the habitat transitions of: rainforest-to-pasture conversion, consequent habitat fragmentation, and post-agricultural regeneration, across a landscape mosaic of <span>about </span><span><span>600 km<sup><span>2</span></sup></span></span><span> in the eastern Australian subtropics. Birds were surveyed in seven habitats: continuous mature rainforest; two size-classes of mature rainforest fragment (4-21 ha, 1-3 ha); regrowth forest patches dominated by a non-native tree (2-20 ha, 30-50 years old); two types of isolated mature trees in pasture; and treeless pasture; with six sites per habitat. We compared the avifauna among habitats, and among sites, at the levels of species, functional guilds, and community-wide. Community-wide species richness and abundance of birds in pasture sites were about one-fifth and one-third, respectively, of their values in mature rainforest (irrespective of patch size). Many measured attributes changed progressively across a gradient of increased habitat simplification. Rainforest </span><span><span>specialists</span></span><span> became less common and less diverse with decreased habitat patch size and vegetation maturity. However, even rainforest fragments of 1-3 ha supported about half of these species. Forest generalist species were largely insensitive to patch size and successional stage. </span><span><span>Few</span></span><span> species reach</span>ed their greatest abundance in either small rainforest fragments or regrowth. All pastures were dominated by bird species whose typical native habitats were grassland, wetland and open eucalypt forest, while pasture trees modestly enhanced local bird communities. Overall, even small scattered patches of mature and regrowth forest contributed substantial bird diversity to local landscapes. Therefore, maximising the aggregate rainforest area is a useful regional conservation strategy.</p>
Data from: Speciation with gene flow and the genetics of habitat transitions
Whether speciation can advance to completion in the face of initially high levels of gene flow is a very controversial topic in evolutionary biology. Extensive gene exchange is generally considered to homogenize populations and counteract divergence. Moreover, the role of introgressive hybridization in evolution remains largely unexplored in animals, particularly in freshwater zooplankton in which allopatric speciation is considered to be the norm. Our work investigates the genetic structure of two young ecological species: the pond species, Daphnia pulex and the lake species, Daphnia pulicaria. Phylogenetic and population genetics analyses were conducted on mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) gene, the nuclear Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) gene, and 21 nuclear microsatellite markers in 416 individuals from habitats with various degrees of permanence. The strong and consistent phylogenetic discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial markers suggests a complex evolutionary history of multiple independent habitat transition events that involved hybridization and introgression between lake and pond Daphnia. On the other hand, the low level of contemporary gene flow between adjacent populations indicates the presence of effective habitat isolating barriers. The Daphnia system provides strong evidence for a divergence-with-gene flow speciation model that involves multiple habitat transition events.
Data from: Apparent signal of competition limits diversification after ecological transitions from marine to freshwater habitats
Adaptive radiations are typically triggered when a lineage encounters a significant range of open niche space (ecological opportunity), stemming from i) colonization of new areas, ii) extinction of competitors, or iii) key innovations. The most well-known of these is the colonization of new areas, either through geographic dispersal or the invasion of a novel ecological habitats. One aspect of ecological opportunity that has rarely been studied, however, is whether the existence of potential competitors may act to limit evolutionary diversification in newly colonized adaptive zones. Here, we show that in multiple geographically independent reinvasions of freshwaters by marine Sea Catfishes (Ariidae), rates of diversification (estimated as a function of morphological disparity and cladogenesis) have been constrained by pre-existing high diversity freshwater lineages. Only one region (Australia-New Guinea), characterized by an otherwise-depauperate freshwater fauna, has an ariid invasion gained any substantial traction. This is true at both regional and community scales, suggesting that competitive constraints may be an important factor for adaptive radiation.
Figure 7 from: Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ (2022) Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037
Figure 7 Presence of guano on researched habitats (0 – absent, 1 – low quantity, 2 – medium quantity, 3 – high quantity).
Figure 3 from: Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ (2022) Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037
Figure 3 ACentropyxis bipilata; B, CCyphoderia ampullaB test C collar CCryptodifflugia oviformisETrinema lineareF, GEuglypha tuberculataF test G aperture HDifflugia oblonga. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B, H); 20 µm (F); 10 µm (C–E, G); light microscopy.
Figure 2 from: Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ (2022) Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037
Figure 2 Map of the Veternica cave [adapted from Čapelak (1979)] with marked sampling sites (CP-clay pools; SP-sinter pools and HP-hygropetric).
Figure 4 from: Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ (2022) Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037
Figure 4 A, BRaphidocystis marginataA LM micrograph of a living cell B REM micrograph of plate-scales and spine-scales C, DAcanthocystis myriospinaC LM micrograph of a living cell D REM micrograph of plate-scales. Scale bars: 20 µm (A, C); 2 µm (B, D); LM, light microscopy; REM, raster electron microscopy.
Effects of habitat transitions on rainforest bird communities across an anthropogenic landscape mosaic
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Data from: Speciation with gene flow and the genetics of habitat transitions
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Apparent signal of competition limits diversification after ecological transitions from marine to freshwater habitats
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 5 from: Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ (2022) Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037
Figure 5 Taxon richness and abundance of protist taxa at the sites investigated.
Figure 1 from: Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ (2022) Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037
Figure 1 Location of the Veternica cave.
Figure 6 from: Baković N, Matoničkin Kepčija R, Siemensma FJ (2022) Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia). Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037
Figure 6 nMDS based on Bray Curtis similarity between samples.
FIG. 1 in Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)
FIG. 1. Illustrations of aulopiform biodiversity with associated habitats. (A) Aulopidae; (B) Synodontidae: Harpadontinae; (C) Synodontidae: Synodontinae; (D) Paraulopidae; (E) Chlorophthalmidae; (F) Ipnopidae; (G) Evermannellidae; (H) Lestidiidae; (I) Giganturidae; (J) Alepisauridae: AnotopteruS; (K) Alepisauridae: AlepiSauruS.
FIG. 4 in Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)
FIG. 4. Phylomorphospace visualization plot of principal component 1 and principal component 2 incorporating the phylogeny from Davis and Fielitz (2010). Circle positions represent the average location in morphospace for each genus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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